Social influence and group processes - Psychology
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SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND
GROUP PROCESSES
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INTRODUCTIONIn our day to day life we interact with
our family, friends, teachers & classmates.
These groups provide us the needed support, comfort and facilitates our
growth & development as an individual.
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WHAT IS A GROUP?
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A group is an organised system of two or more individuals, who are
interacting & interdependent, who have common motives, have a set of
role relationships among its members, and have norms that regulate the
behaviour of its members.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS
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--It is a social unit consisting of 2 or more individuals who perceive themselves as belonging to the group.--Have common motives & goals--Individuals are interdependent on each other--Satisfies a need through their joint association & also influence each other--Individuals interact with each other--The interactions of individuals are structured by a set of roles & norms.
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CROWD--Collection of people present at a place/situation by chance.--There is neither any structure nor feeling of belongingness.--Behaviour of people in a crowd is irrational & there is no interdependence among members.
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TEAMS -special kinds of groups-have complementary skills-committed to a common goal or purpose-members are mutually accountable for their activities-have positive synergy attained through the coordinated efforts of the members
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GROUPS -Performance is dependent on contributions of individual members-Leader holds responsibility for the work
TEAMS-Both individual contribution and team work matters.
-Although there is a leader, members hold themselves responsible.
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AUDIENCE-Collection of people assembled for a special purpose-Generally passive
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MOBS-When audiences go into a frenzy they become mobs-definite sense of purpose-polarization in attention-actions of people are in a common directionThere is homogeneity of thought & behaviour as well as impulsivity
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WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS?
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SECURITY -Provides a sense of comfort and satisfaction -People feel stronger and-Less vulnerable to threats
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STATUSWhen we are members of a group that is perceived to be important by others,
we feel recognized & experience a sense of power.
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SELF ESTEEMGroups provide feelings of self worth &
establish a positive social identity.Being a member of a prestigious group
enhances one’s self-concept.
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SATISFACTION OF ONE’S PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL NEEDS-Provides sense of belongingness-Giving and receiving attention-Love-Power
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GOAL ACHIEVEMENTGroups help in achieving goals which
cannot be attained individually.There is power in majority.
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PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE & INFORMATION
Group members provide knowledge & information and thus broadens our
view.
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GROUP FORMATION
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PROXIMITYRepeated interactions with the same set of individuals give us a chance to
know them, their interests & attitudes.
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SIMILARITYPeople prefer consistency & like relationships that are consistent.
When we meet similar people, they reinforce & validate our opinions &
values which we feel are right & thus we start liking them.
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COMMON MOTIVES AND GOALS
When people have common motives and goals they get together & form a
group which facilitate .their goal attainment
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STAGES OF GROUP FORMATION
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FORMING STAGE-group members first meet-uncertainty about the group, the goal & how it is to be achieved-try to know each other & assess whether they will fit inthere is excitement as well as apprehensions
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STORMINGis the intra group conflict about -how the target is to be achieved-who is to control-who is to perform what task AFTER THE STAGE IS COMPLETE-hierarchy of leadership develops-clear vision about how to achieve the group goal
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NORMINGDevelop norms related to group
behaviour.This leads to the formation of positive
group identity.
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PERFORMINGThe group moves towards achieving
the group goal.For some groups, this may be the last
stage of group development.
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ADJOURNING STAGEOnce the function is over the group
may be disbanded.
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GROUP STRUCTURE
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During the process of group formation groups also develop a structure. The group structure develops as group members interact. Over time this interaction shows regularities in
distribution of task to be performed, responsibilities assigned to members and the prestige or relative status of
members.
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ROLESSocially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are
expected to fulfill.
ROLE EXPECTATIONSBehaviour expected of someone in a
particular role.
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NORMSExpected standard of behaviour & beliefs established, agreed upon &
enforced by group members.They may be considered as a group’s
‘unspoken rules’.
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STATUSRelative social position given to group
members by others.ASCRIBED:-given because of one’s
seniorityACHIEVED:-achieved because of
expertise or hard work
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COHESIVENESSTogetherness, binding & mutual
attraction among group members .Group members start to think, feel &
act like a social unit and less like isolated individuals.
It is the team spirit or ‘we’ feeling or a sense of belonging.
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GROUP THINK is a consequence of extreme
cohesiveness.No one expresses dissenting opinion
because each person believes it would undermine the cohesion of the group
and s/he would be unpopular
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Such groups have an exaggerated sense of its own power to control
things & tend to ignore or minimise cues from the real world that suggest
danger to its plan.
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WAYS TO COUNTERACT OR
PREVENT GROUPTHINK
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-Encouraging & rewarding critical thinking and disagreement among group members- Encouraging group members to present alternative courses of action -Inviting outside experts to evaluate group’s decisions-Encourage members to seek feedback from trusted others
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TYPES OF GROUPS
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PRIMARY -Pre-existing formations are given to the individual-eg. family, caste, religion-face-to-face interaction-close physical proximity-share warm emotional bonds-central to individual’s functioning-boundaries are less permeable
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SECONDARY -individual joins by chance -eg. Political party-relationships are more impersonal, indirect & less frequent-It is easy to leave & join another group
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INGROUP OUTGROUP• -one’s own group• -refer using ‘WE’• -supposed to be
similar• -viewed favourably• -have desirable traits
• -another group• -refer using
‘THEY’• -viewed differently• -perceived
negatively
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FORMAL-functions are explicitly stated.Eg. Office, university-roles of group members are stated-formation is based on specific rules or laws-have set of norms
INFORMAL-not based on rules or laws-there is close relationship among members
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INFLUENCE OF GROUP ON INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOUR
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SOCIAL FACILITATIONPerformance on specific tasks is
influenced by the mere presence of others.
Norman Triplett observed that individuals show better performance in
the presence of others, than when they are performing the same task
alone.
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Cycling
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SOCIAL LOAFINGIndividuals perform less hard in a
group than they do when performing alone.
It is reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task i.e., one in which outputs are pooled with those of
other group members.
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Tug-of-war
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EXPERIMENT BY LATANEClap or Cheer
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WHY DOES SOCIAL LOAFING
OCCUR?
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-members feel less responsible -motivation decreases as their contributions will not be evaluated on individual basis--improper coordination-performance of group is not compared with other group--belonging to the same group is not important for the members.
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HOW CAN SOCIAL
LOAFING BE REDUCED?
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-Identify efforts of each person-increase pressure to work hard-make group members committed-increase importance or value of a task-strengthen group cohesiveness
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GROUP POLARISATIONThe strengthening of the group’s initial position as a result of group interaction
& discussion .Groups are more likely to take extreme
decisions than individuals alone.
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CONFORMITY, COMPLIANCE & OBEDIENCE
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SOCIAL INFLUENCErefers to those processes whereby our
attitudes and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined
presence of other people.
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There are three important group influence processes:1)Conformity2)Compliance3)Obedience
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CONFORMITY
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-Behaving according to group norm i.e., expectations of other group members
-Persons who do not conform are called deviants or non-conformists.
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WHY IS THERE A TENDENCY TO
FOLLOW A NORM?
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Norms are set of unwritten & informal rules of behaviour that provide information to members about what is expected of them in specific situations--This allows both individual & group to function smoothly.--Avoid disapproval--most people believe that majority is more likely to be right
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Easier to say ‘yes’ rather than ‘no’ to a harmless & eventually meaningful request.
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The Auto kinetic Effect
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DETERMINANTS OF CONFORMITY
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SIZE OF THE GROUPConformity is greater when the group
is smallIn a large group the majority is stronger, therefore the norm is
stronger & the group pressure is also stronger.
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SIZE OF THE MINORITY
When the dissenting or deviating minority size increases the likelihood of
conformity decreases.The number of dissenters or non-
conformists increases in the group.
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NATURE OF THE TASKSituation1.A task that required an answer to be verified & it could be correct or incorrect.Situation2.Task to give opinion about some topic
Conformity will be less likely in Situation2.
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PUBLIC OR PRIVATE EXPRESSION OF
BEHAVIOURLess conformity is found in private
expression than under public expression.
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PERSONALITYSome have a conforming personality
while others are independent.People who are highly intelligent, confident, strongly committed &
having self-esteem are less likely to conform.
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INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCEInfluence from accepting evidence than reality &
observing reality.
NORMATIVE INFLUENCEInfluence based on a person’s desire to be accepted or
admired by others.Conform because of fear of rejection.
Sometimes when the minority takes a firm & uncompromising stand the majority decision gets
undermined.
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COMPLIANCE
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In compliance there are external conditions that force the individual to accept the influence of the significant
other.Behaving in response to a request even
in the absence of a norm.
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SALES PERSON
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WHY DO PEOPLE COMPLY?-It is an easy way out of the situation-more polite-the other party is pleased
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FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TCCHNIQUE
Begins by making a small request & once it is carried out, bigger requests
are made.
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PROMOTION
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THE DEAD LINE TECHNIQUE
People comply more when there is a dead line.
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DOOR-IN-THE-FACE TECHNIQUE
Begins with a large request & when this is refused a later request for
something smaller(actually desired) is made , which is usually granted.
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OBEDIENCE
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When compliance is shown to an instruction or order from a person of authority that behaviour is called obedience.
WHY PEOPLE SHOW OBEDIENCE?-fear of punishment-belief that authority must be obeyed
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.
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Ordinary people are ready to harm innocent people if ordered by someone in authority.
WHY?-Does not feel responsible-Difficult to resist as it is form an authority-Initial obedience binds the followers for commitment-Events are moving at a fast speed
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RIOT
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COOPERATION AND
COMPETITION
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COOPERATION-Groups work together to achieve
shared goals-group rewards
-each member can attain the goal only if other members of the group also
attain the goal.
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In cooperative groups there is:-more coordination-acceptance for each other’s ideas-members are friendly-main concern is to see that the group excels
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Relay race
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Doubles
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COMPETITION-members try to maximize their own benefits & work for the realization of self interest-individual rewards-each individual can get his goals only if others don’t
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100m race
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Competition between individuals in a group leads to conflict & disharmony.
Competition between groups leads to cohesion & solidarity.
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SHERIF’S SUMMER CAMP EXPERIMENTSFRIENDSHIP FORMATION-spend time together & mixed freelyINGROUP FORMATION-divided into two groups(separate names & norms)INTERGROUP COMPETITION-ingroup cohesion & loyalty became strongerINTERGROUP COOPERATION-super ordinate goal, i.e., a goal to which personal goals were subordinated were developed
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DETERMINANTS OF COOPERATION
AND COMPETITION
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-- REWARD STRUCTURE
-- INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
-- RECIPROCITY
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SOCIAL IDENTITY
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PERSONAL IDENTITIES are derived from views of oneself as a unique individual.
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BOY GIRL
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SOCIAL IDENTITIES are derived from groups we perceive ourselves to
be members of.
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--Social identity is that aspect of our self-concept which is based on our group membership.--Tells us what & where we are in the larger social context.--Help us locate ourselves in society.--Provide members with a shared set of values, beliefs and goals.
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School/Class
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NEGATIVE ASPECTS-ingroup & outgroup categorisation
-favouritism to own group-rating in group more favourably
-devaluating outgroup-inter group conflicts
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INTERGROUP CONFLICT:
NATURE AND CAUSES
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Conflict is a process in which either an individual or group perceives that others have opposing interests and both try to contradict each other.
-Each protect only their interests-There is opposition of each other-Tries to exert power on each other-Groups are more aggressive than individuals
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MAJOR REASONS FOR GROUP CONFLICTS
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-Lack of communication or faulty communication-Relative deprivation & comparison-Belief of one party that they are better than the other-feeling that the other group does not respect the norms of the other-Desire for revenge-Biased perceptions-Perceived inequity
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Most conflicts begin in the minds of men and then go into the field.
STRUCTURAL CONDITIONSPoverty, economic and social
stratification, inequality, limited social and political opportunities.
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GROUP LEVEL CONDITIONSSocial identity, realistic conflicts between groups over resources,
unequal power relations between groups
INDIVIDUAL LEVELBeliefs, biased attitudes and personality characteristics.
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CONSEQUENCES OF INTERGROUP
CONFLICTS
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-Communication between groups become poor and do not trust each other.-Start magnifying their differences-Each side tries to increase its own power and legitimacy-There is hardening of ingroup opinion, explicit threats directed at the outgroup.
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CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES
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-Introduction of super ordinate goals-Altering perceptions-Increasing intergroup contacts-Redrawing group boundaries-Negotiations-Structural solutions-Respect for other groups norms
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