Social Exclusion and Inclusion

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Social Exclusion and

Inclusion


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Social exclusion is usually defned as adynamic process o progressivemultidimensional rupturing o the social

bond at the individual and collectivelevels.

By social bond, ilary Silver means thesocial relations, institutions, and imaginedidentities o belonging constituting socialcohesion, integration, or solidarity.


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Social exclusion precludes ullparticipation in the normativelyprescribed activities o a givensociety and denies access toin ormation, resources, sociability,recognition, and identity, erodingsel !respect and reducing capabilitiesto achieve personal goals.


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A BRIEF GENEALOGY

It is common to attribute the invention othe term social exclusion to "ene #enoir,then Secretaire d$Etat a l$%ction Sociale in

the &hirac 'overnment, (ho published LesExclus: Un Francais sur dix, in 1974.Lenoirs excluded included a wide varietyof people, not only the poor, but alsohandicapped, suicidal people, aged,abused children, substance abusers, etc. )about *+ per cent o the rench population.


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irst, the -British concept o poverty hadnever been popular in rance. It (asdiscredited because o its association (ith&hristian charity, the ancient regime, andutilitarian liberalism. rench "epublicanshave re/ected both liberal individualism andsocialism in avour o the idea o solidarity,and the (el are state (as /ustifed as ameans o urthering social integration.&orrespondingly, social exclusion (asdefned as rupture o the social abric, andattributed to a ailure o the state.


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In the *01+s (as a period o economic crisisand restructuring, crisis o the (el are state,and various social and political crises.

2he term exclusion (as used to re er tovarious types o social disadvantage, relatedto the ne( social problems that arose3unemployment, ghettoisation, undamental

changes in amily li e . 4ld (el are stateprovisions (ere thought incapable o dealing(ith these problems, and a ne( set o socialpolicies (as developed


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2he concept has gained popularity inother countries, partly through E5channels -Silver *001 . 2he E5 hasbeen committed to fghting socialexclusion throughout 0+s.

It disseminated unding or social

insertion via the European Social und,the European %nti!poverty 6et(or7,and %nti!poverty 8rogrammes.


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Signifcant (as the change interminology in the %nti!8overtyprogrammes3 (hile poverty (ascentral concern in the *st 8rogramme,in the 9rd 8rogramme this had becomesocial exclusion.

2he E5 induced ne( thin7ing on thenature o urban poverty and integrated,participatory strategies o regeneration.


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Silver -*001 stresses the convergence in thedebates (ithin :estern Europe, and theincreasingly common use o the notion o

social exclusion. o(ever, the (ay in (hichthe concept has been used seems ratherdi;erent.

5sing Silvers earlier (or7 -*00< on di;erent

interpretations o the notion, it seems thatthe British use o the term is rooted in an%nglo!Saxon liberal individualism.


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=espite the adoption o the renchnotion, %merican models o (el arere orm seem to have more in>uentialin the British social policy debates.

2he rench notion, particularly (iththe le t!(ing government, remains

based more strongly in a nationalsolidarity paradigm.


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2hree 8aradigms o SocialExclusion

2he rench "epublican 2radition %n %ngo!saxon tradition

2he ?onopoloy 8aradigm &onsidering Indian experience o

caste, the ourth paradigm could be

called @2(o (aysA paradigm


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e renc epu can 2radition

=ra(ing on "ousseau and (ith an emphasison solidarity, and an idea o the state as theembodiment o the general (ill o the nation,

has given the notion a specifc meaning. Exclusion is primarily defned as the rupture

o a social bond ) (hich is cultural and moral) bet(een the individual and society. 6ational

solidarity implies political right and duties. 2he poor, unemployed and ethnic minoritiesare defned as outsiders.


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%n %nglo!Saxon 2radition In an %nglo!Saxon tradition, social

exclusion means a rather di;erentthing. 4ne o the main theoreticaldi;erences appear to us to be the

act that poverty is seen as an issue(hich is separate rom social

exclusion perhaps a7in to theunderclass debate ) rather than asan ele ent of social exclusion.


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2he %nglo!Saxon tradition ischaracterised by Silver as aspecialisation paradigm, dra(ing onliberal thin7ers li7e #oc7e.

5nen orced rights and mar7et ailuresare seen as common causes o

exclusion. #iberal models ociti enship emphasise the contractualexchange o rights and obligations.


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In this paradigm, exclusion re>ectsdiscrimination, the dra(ing o groupdistinctions that denies individuals

ull participation in exchange orinteraction.


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2he monopoly paradigm 2his dra(s on the (or7 o :eber and is

particularly in>uential in 6orthernEuropean countries.

2he monopoly paradigm emphasi es theexistence o hierarchical po(er relationsin the constitution o a social order.

'roup monopolies are seen as responsibleor exclusion. 8o(er ul groups restrict theaccess o outsiders through social closure.


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2(o main defningcharacteristics

irst, it is a multi!dimensionalconcept. 8eople may be excluded,e.g., rom livelihoods, employment,earnings, propertyC housing,minimum consumption, education,the (el are state, citi enship,

personal contacts or respect, etc.


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But the concept ocuses on themultidimensionality o deprivation,on the act that people are o tendeprived o di;erent things at thesame time. It re ers to exclusion-deprivation in the economic, social

and political sphere.


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Second, social exclusion implies a ocuson the relations and processes that causedeprivation.

8eople can be excluded by many di;erentsorts o groups, o ten at the same time3landlords exclude people rom access toland or housingC elite political groupsexclude others rom legal rightsC priests inIndia may exclude scheduled castes romaccess to temples.


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minorities may be excluded romexpressing their identityC labour mar7ets,but also some trade unions exclude

people -non!members rom getting /obsCand so on.

Exclusion happens at each level osociety. 'roup ormation is a undamentalcharacteristic o human society, and thisis accompanied by exclusion o others.


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Social Inclusion

8overty alleviation programmes o thegovernments

8articipation in =ecision!ma7ing "eservation 8olicies 8olitics o representation3 moves to identi y

(ith the oppressed and marginali ed

6on!party political ormations o &ivilSociety 4rgani ations3 6'4s and 8eoplesmovements

Social Exclusion and Inclusion

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