Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating •...

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11A: From (Social) Psychology to 11A: From (Social) Psychology to Social Evolutionary Psychology Social Evolutionary Psychology !Mating! Shiping Tang Fudan University Fudan University 201415, 2 nd Semester

Transcript of Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating •...

Page 1: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

11A: From (Social) Psychology to11A: From (Social) Psychology to Social Evolutionary PsychologySocial Evolutionary Psychology

!Mating!

Shiping TangFudan UniversityFudan University

2014‐15, 2nd Semester 

Page 2: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Two key tasks: Survival and Reproduction• The majority of our psychology can be understood as serving two tasks: Survival and Reproduction (Mating)h d d d d h ( l)• Why can, indeed must, we try to understand human (social) 

psychology in light of social evolution, not just biology evolution?evolution?

• Why non‐evolutionary approach is inadequate, if not misleading?

• Why a purely biological evolutionary approach is inadequate, if not misleading?T d i l l i (h ) h l• Toward a social evolutionary (human) psychology. 

• Dobzhansky (1973): “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution ”in the light of evolution.  

• To paraphrase it, “Nothing in human psychology makes sense except in the light of social evolution.”p g f

Page 3: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

The Master Emotions/ /• Fear/insecurity (also horror/terror)

• Amazement, surprise, and wonder, p ,• Hatred/resentment (connected to honor, and ego)• Anger/Rage: how to manage it esp rage?• Anger/Rage: how to manage it, esp. rage?• Pleasure/Happiness/Satisfaction • Sadness/grief/agony• Disappointment/Disgust (vs self or others)Disappointment/Disgust (vs. self or others)• Respect/Disrespect

/• Shame/embarassment (we flush!)• LOVE/SEX/DESIRE: The Social Evolutionary / / yPsychology of Mating (to be continued)

Page 4: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

LOVE/DESIRE/(real) SEX/ /• LOVE/DESIRE/(real) SEX: The Social Evolutionary 

Psychology of Mating.• Sex is not inherently linked with love. • Desire is inherently linked with sex Hence desireDesire is inherently linked with sex. Hence, desire is not inherently linked with love either.L• Love – in the strict sense, is exclusively human (with “mind”).– Love is a very strange thing: it is underpinned by sexual desire, but not all of it is sex or sexual desire. 

– Is love purely emotional, buttressed by desire?• Marriage is a social outcome, with a biological g , gfoundation (and now without too) .

Page 5: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

(Inclusive) Fitness in biology• In biology, fitness is fundamentally measured in the number of offspring an individual has left behind.

• Our fitness is part of our welfare, but not the only component of our welfare.

• The strategies of reproduction determined by biological• The strategies of reproduction determined by biological evolution alone are to increase our fitness.

• But our strategies of reproduction determined by socialBut our strategies of reproduction determined by social evolution are not necessarily geared toward an increase of our fitness per se.

/• Inclusive fitness: the number of copies of genome/genes an individual has left behind.

• Inclusive fitness is a bedrock concept in evolutionary• Inclusive fitness is a bedrock concept in evolutionary biology and later, sociobiology, first proposed by William D. Hamilton (1964), “The Genetic Foundation of Social Behavior”, two parts (Journal of Theoretical Biology).

Page 6: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Preferences for Partners i F Sh Lin Fantasy, Short‐term, Long‐term

Fantasy(Day dreaming)

Short‐term(One night stand)

Long‐term(love, even marriage)marriage)

Female ??

??

??

? ??

Male ??

??

??? ? ???

Page 7: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

The Purposes of Sex and EmotionsFor Love For Desire For Profit 

(e.g., food)For safety (i.e., being coerced)

Female ? ? ? ?

Male ? ? ? ?

Page 8: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Oh, appearance is (un‐)important! • The evolution of our recognition of attractive face shape and body shape: both sexesface shape and body shape: both sexes 

Page 9: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Symmetry, Averageness, Sexual Dimorphism

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Competition & Conflicts in (H man) Reprod ctionin (Human) Reproduction

• The competitionp– Competition between the two sexesCompetition members within the same sex– Competition members within the same sex

– Competition between parents and their offspring– Competition among siblings (sibling competition)

• Harmony is difficult without competition/conflict.Harmony is difficult without competition/conflict.• In competition, we often play to win, with ( h )(whatever) means– A competitive relationship produces what?– Even what?

Page 11: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Basic facts of human reproduction‐IO l f l b b• Only females can carry a baby

• In a given period, females can only carry babies by one malemale. 

• In contrast, males can impregnate many females, given opportunities.pp

• Females shoulder the daily task of raising a child.• Human infants are essentially hapless. 

– Although Homo sapiens is not the species with the longest pregnancy period, it takes a tremendous amount of energy‐consumption time and training (or learning/socialization) forconsumption, time, and training (or learning/socialization) for an infant to become an adult.

– In short, rising an offspring is extremely costly, for his/her parentsparents

• Males are more physically built than females. [Hence]– ??– ?

Page 12: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Basic facts of human reproduction‐II• Unlike other primates (e.g., chimps; gorillas), human females do not advertise their ovulation, physically.

• Human beings are the only species with the g y pemotion called “shame”: we flush.– Whereas other primates engage in sexual intercoursesWhereas other primates engage in sexual intercourses in front of other fellow group members, humans [normally] do not engage in sexual intercourse in front [ y] g gof other human beings. 

– This is true even among “barbarians” .g• It is possible that human is the only primate species that cannot remain alert when engaging inspecies that cannot remain alert when engaging in sex. [from forest with love?]

Page 13: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Some Other Facts of Human SocietyF l ti h ti d th i i t• For a long time, hunting and gathering society– Gathering was the primary source of calories– Hunting. Esp. big hunt was rare, with primitive tools.Hunting. Esp. big hunt was rare, with primitive tools.– Hunting has been an overwhelmingly male‐sport.– Females may have some slight advantages in gathering over males.I i i ll h i li i b h li i ll d• Initially, human society was egalitarian, both politically and economically.– First, political equality was gone (maybe ~10000BC), p q y g ( y )– Second, economic equality gone too (maybe ~8000‐6000BC)

• War came fairly later in human civilization, but war became brutal and rampant fairly quicklybrutal and rampant fairly quickly.

• Before human intervention, pregnancy could not be terminated by external intervention, at least not very easily. y , y y

• Relative safe abortion, Contraceptive (morning pill), and condom came rather late in human history, but together they might have had a profound impact on human reproductionhad a profound impact on human reproduction behaviors/conducts, and even cultural norms. 

Page 14: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Psychology of Fear and Trust in LoveJ d t d t i t• Judgment under uncertainty: – Two types of error: false Positive (type I error) vs. false Negative (type 

II error)W i l l i i i b h d i h– We cannot simultaneously minimize both errors: decreasing the likelihood of one error inevitably increases the likelihood of the other error. Evolution primes our brain toward making the less costly error:– Evolution primes our brain toward making the less costly error: evolution has bestowed us with an error‐management capacity (Haselton, Buss, and DeKay 1998). 

• Because failing to detect and (over‐)react toward dangerBecause failing to detect and (over )react toward danger can be so devastating and potentially fatal, our brain is willing to risk false positive than false negative when facing an unknown otherfacing an unknown other. – A false positive error (i.e., elicitation of a fear response to a stimulus 

that turned out to be harmless) entails wasting resources, but reduces risk to survivalreduces risk to survival

– In contrast, a false negative error (i.e., failure to elicit the defensive response when facing a potential threat/danger) can be fatal. 

– A classic example is snake‐phobia.A classic example is snake phobia.• What about fear and trust in love? Hint: it is complicated!

Page 15: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Other Key Traits  of the Integrated Psychology of Fear and Trust‐I (in love)of Fear and Trust I (in love)

• Attribution Biases:When it comes to explain others’ intentional behavior we tend– When it comes to explain others  intentional behavior, we tend to attribution dispositional causes/motives/intentions to others’ undesirable (i.e., unfriendly, real or “perceived” ) behavior: the other side has behaved “unfriendly” because it is inherentlyother side has behaved  unfriendly  because it is inherently malignant. 

– In contrast, we tend to attribute situational intentions to others’ “f dl b h ” h h d h b h d f dl“friendly behavior”: the other side has behaved friendly not because it is inherently benign but because it has to or wanted to manipulate (e.g., to please or to trap us). 

– The function of attribution biases from an evolutionary perspective: these attribution biases keep our mind alert toward potential dangers from others by preventing our mindtoward potential dangers from others by preventing our mind from trusting others too easily and lapsing into complacency for long. What kind of attributions in intimate relationships? Hint: we all– What kind of attributions in intimate relationships? Hint: we all hate being……., especially intimate relationships.

Page 16: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Other Key Traits of the Integrated Psychology of Fear and Trust‐II (in love)of Fear and Trust II (in love)

• Ethnocentrism: egocentrism at the group levelethnocentric individuals value their own group’s interest but– ethnocentric individuals value their own group s interest but neglect other groups’ interest. 

– Individuals tend to neglect others’ legitimate interests (i l di h i f f l ) h i i(including their fear of ourselves) when trying to interpret others’ behavior. Without taking others’ interest into account, we tend to marginalize legitimate reasons behind others’ b h d h h ’ bl lbehavior and emphasize others’ possible malignant intentions. 

– Ethnocentrism emphasizes our loyalty to our own group, we‐‐especially decision makers‐‐fear that we may fail to safeguardespecially decision makers fear that we may fail to safeguard our group’s interest by being soft on a possible opponent (an outgroup) Ethnocentrism prevents critical thinking about our own group– Ethnocentrism prevents critical thinking about our own group. Specifically, ethnocentrism prevents us from pondering whether our own behavior might have somehow contributed to others’ (undesirable) behaviorto others  (undesirable) behavior. 

– Even in intimate relationship, we are still egocentric….. 

Page 17: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Other Key Traits of the Integrated Psychology of Fear and Trust‐III (in love)of Fear and Trust‐III (in love)

• Lack of Systemic Thinking: – During the course of evolution, our brain has been conditioned to think fast 

and frugally (thus simplistically) when facing a potential danger: doing so allows us to react to potential danger faster. Because thinking systemically requires far more effort than thinking simplistically we have developed thisrequires far more effort than thinking simplistically, we have developed this general disinclination to think systemically as a form of “effort‐reduction” for our mental process (Shah and Oppenheimer 2008; see also Gigerenzer and Goldstein 1996). This is energy‐saving, thus perhaps also conducive to survival in the jungle.

– We tend to focus on the more observable part of others (i.e., immediate behavior, military capability). We do not ask whether the other side’s behavior may be a rational reaction to a situation he faces (e g conditionedbehavior may be a rational reaction to a situation he faces (e.g., conditioned by his fear of ourselves and others)—that is, he has reasons to behave as he has behaved. 

– Lack of systemic thinking hinders us from avoiding some of our attributionLack of systemic thinking hinders us from avoiding some of our attribution biases, reducing our ethnocentrism, and containing our fear. This will be true even if decision makers know that our cognition has all those biases and errors, not to mention that most decision makers have only the faintest idea b h f h b dabout the existence of those biases and errors. 

– In intimate relationships, especially, systemic thinking becomes more critical.

Page 18: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

S f Fear or SenseSense ofSecurity

Fear or Senseof insecurity

Oth ’ bilitiOthers’ capabilitiesto do harm

MistrustUncertainty overothers’ intentionsTrust

P i dProvocation andCompetition

Reassuranceand cooperation

The Social Evolutionary Psychology of Fear

Page 19: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

理解他人的行为:复杂的归因过程任何行为是这样的 个函数的结果 行为 F(内部的意愿• 任何行为是这样的一个函数的结果:行为=F(内部的意愿/制约、外部的制约、决心)。

• 内部维度内部维度– 能力(power/capability)– 利益(interest; goals、对结果的偏好、野心)【这里可以将“国

家利益的建构”引入进来 】家利益的建构”引入进来。】– 意图(intentions;通过一方对手段或者战略的偏好而体现)【这

里可以将一个国家内部的决策者或者决策者集团的对战略的偏好引入进来 】引入进来。】

– 决心(resolve)• 外部维度:外部环境(比如盟友的多寡、政治经济趋势,外部维度:外部环境(比如盟友的多寡、政治经济趋势,

乃至地理环境的趋势)• 归因他人的行为(含语言)为何如此之重要?

他 为 含 为 会有 偏差• 归因他人的行为(含语言)为何会有这些偏差?• The challenges posed by other fellow humans!

A d ! N l b i f ! A d hi• And we c‐‐‐‐! Not always but quite often! And this poses a great source of danger!

Page 20: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

不同因素的不同挑战-IIa:同 素 同挑战社会进化决定的偏差(biases)

冲突关系 模棱两可 合作关系冲突关系 模棱两可 合作关系

能力 当我们比对方强大很多时,我们容易低估对方的能力

我们容易低估对方能够给合作带易低估对方的能力。

当双方能力差不多或对方比我们强时,我们比较容易高估对方的能力

方能够给合作带来的东西

决心 和我们对对方能力的估计相似

不太考虑这一个维度

我们容易低估对方合作的决心

利益 我们容易忽视 不理睬 非法化(de legitimate )对利益 我们容易忽视、不理睬、非法化(de-legitimate )对方的利益(而对我们的利益则看得很重)

Page 21: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

不同因素的不同挑战-IIb:同 素 同挑战社会进化决定的偏差(biases)

冲突关系 模棱两可 合作关系冲突关系 模棱两可 合作关系

意图 我们容易高估对方的恶意,而低估对方的善意。

环境 如果对方的行为是我们喜好的,我们认为对方时被迫的。如果对方的行为是我们不喜好的,我们认为对方是有意的。

总体趋势 面对不确定性时 我们的认知更利于导致冲突 而不总体趋势 面对不确定性时,我们的认知更利于导致冲突,而不利于构建合作。

Page 22: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Other Biological Tools for Selecting matesTh S t f W• The Scents of a Woman.

• Body odor/pheromones• Deception detection: some evidences that females are more• Deception detection: some evidences that females are more 

capable than males in detecting deception? But then why still so many females got deceived? Hint: ….

• Women’s mating preferences: – Female lust as adaptive trait, biologically speaking

• Men’s mating preferences• Men s mating preferences– Male lust as an adaptive trait, biologically speaking.

• Costly signaling in mating: mostly by men.• But lust is only one factor in shaping actual marriage, if not for 

merely sexual encounters. • The cost/benefit of female chastity [贞洁 贞操] in human• The cost/benefit of female chastity [贞洁、贞操] in human. 

– [In our close relatives/primates,  there is no such thing.]– So why did we develop the fairly powerful norm/notion of female y p y p /

chastity, but not much for “male chastity”?

Page 23: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Understanding Human Mating• Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political power.• Sociobiology: the first step toward an evolutionary understanding of human mating choices/strategies?

• Sexual Selection Theory & Parental Investment Theory• Sexual Selection Theory & Parental Investment Theory (Darwin 1871; Fisher 1930; Trivers 1972; Buss 1988; 1989)

• But a purely biological evolution‐point of view isBut a purely biological evolution point of view is incomplete, and hence, misleading. 

• Our mating choices/strategies are both biological and i l ( ll i i d i h )social. (Recall, priority and weight)

• So how do socialization/anti‐socialization shape our mating choices and strategies?mating choices and strategies?

• Hint: the more critical forces in human societies are not necessarily the physical attraction, although it helps, to y p y , g p ,some degree. [….]+[….] are usually more powerful.

Page 24: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

Why not just sex (with love)? The Social Evolution of Marriage PatternThe Social Evolution of Marriage Pattern

• Sex is fun, but not for fun only. If sex is for fun only, y ywhat would it be? Promiscuity.

• Sex is fun partially because the humanSex is fun partially because the human reproduction process demands some kind of long‐term bonds within a nuclear family and havingterm bonds within a nuclear family, and having sex is helpful (biologically or socially?).

• Yet sex (without love) is fundamentally• Yet, sex (without love) is fundamentally detrimental to the welfare of which sex?

• Yet, sex (without love) is fundamentally conducive to the welfare of which sex?

• What about fitness?

Page 25: Social Evolutionary Psychology - Fudan University · 2015-07-23 · Understanding Human Mating • Sociology: norms, taboos, laws etc. • Economics/politics: material gains, political

The Social Evolution of Marriage Patternl l• Note: we only discuss marriages involving two sexes. It can 

be argued that same sex marriage is a purely socially driven outcome: it has no reproduction roleoutcome: it has no reproduction role.

• Marriage is universal: nuclear family or not.I t t b /E d ( i t E t)• Incest taboo/Endogamy (ancient Egypt)

• ExogamyP l• Polygamy– Polygyny (multiple females within a family): imperial harem; but sometimes in male depleted societies Conducive to?sometimes, in male‐depleted societies. Conducive to?

– Polyandry (multiple males within a family): Tibet (or Himalaya Mountains). High male absteneeism. Conducive to?) g

• Monogamy: legal or not, monogamy is the predominant form  of marriage. 

• The key question is why monogamy? (as a social outcome)