Social Contract Archaeology

7/31/2019 Social Contract Archaeology

1/8

SocialContractArchaeology:abusinesscaseforthefuture

BrendonWilkins,ProjectDirector,FlagFenLives

LisaWestcottWilkins,ManagingDirector,FlagFenLives

Paperpresentedtothe18th

AnnualMeetingoftheEuropeanAssociationofArchaeologists,Helsinki,31

stAugust2012

PowerPointpresentationavailabletoviewhere:

http://www.slideshare.net/DigVentures/social-contract-archaeology-a-business-case-for-

the-future

Audiencetweetsavailabletoviewhere:

http://storify.com/TheDigVenturers/digventures-at-eaa-2012-helsinki

Abstract

In July 2012,DigVenturespioneeredan entirely newprocurementmodel forarchaeology,

hosting Europes first crowdfunded and crowdsourced excavation at the internationally

significantBronzeAge siteatFlagFen(www.digventures.com).TheDigVenturesapproach

canbest bedescribedas SocialContract Archaeology a value-led archaeology situated

withintheemergingtrendforsocialcommerce,enteringintoasocialcontractwithaswidea

constituency of funders and stakeholders as possible. Assessing the success of this new

businessmodel in terms of audience reach and engagement, this paperwill present key

metrics for breadth, depth and diversity of on and off-line participation, evaluating our

contributiontothepublicgood.

Introduction

Tobegin,andattheriskofmarkingourcardsascyber-utopians,wedliketostartbymaking

anarchaeologicalstatementaboutthepresent:

Neverbeforeinthehistoryofourspecieshasitbeeneasiertouniteagroupofpeoplein

pursuitofacommonpurpose.

Werethinking of course abouttheArab Spring;about the election of Obama; even the

Londonriots.Thisisthedefiningmotifofourage,andourquestiontotheEAAconferenceis:whatdoesthisnowmeanforarchaeology?Howcanweworkthistoouradvantage?

Webelievewevefoundatleastoneoftheanswerstothesequestions.Sixmonthsagothe

custodians of an internationally significant Bronze Age wetland and visitor attraction

approached us. The archaeologywas drying out, the visitor numbers drying up, and the

moneytoexcavatehadlongsincegone.Inthatshortspaceoftimewehave:

Assembledateamofspecialists. Raisedover27,000fromanetworkof250people. Broughtasiteteamofover100peopletogethertocompletea3weekexcavation. Raisedsitevisitornumbersby29%andarenowassessingtheexcavationresultsandwritingamanagementplanforthefuturerunningofthesite.


2/8

Wedliketosharethelearningfromthisexperiencewithyoutoday,andsetthisnewmodel

somethingwearecallingSocialContractArchaeology intoawidersocialandeconomic

context.

CrisisandOpportunity

Its fair to say thatweare the product of the era of austerity, and whilst the following

narrativemaynothaveanydirectrelevancetosomeofourEuropeancolleagues,Imsure

youwillallsharesimilarcircumstances.Castyourmindsback,ifyouwill,totheheadydays

ofJanuary2006.WithLehmanBrothers18months frombankruptcy, thepartywasstillin

full swing and archaeologists were busy bees. So busy in fact, that the biggest problem

facingtheprofessionwasfindingtimetotalktoeachother.

InthatmonthRichardBradleypresentedapapertotheSocietyofAntiquariesarguingthat

thereweretwodifferentculturesofarchaeology:academic,committedtoresearchandthe

pursuit of knowledge; and commercial, devoted to the preservation by record ofarchaeologicalremainsthreatenedwithdestruction(Bradley2006,1).Ifexcavationprojects

were to be fit for purpose, and if we were to fully realise our public benefit as

archaeologists, then bridging this disciplinary schism was themost pressing issue facing

archaeology.Fast-forwardto2012andsuchconcernspaleintoinsignificance.

The Northants Effect looms large on the horizon, with an unofficial 11% cut infrontlinelocalauthorityarchaeologypostscreatingblackholesinserviceprovision

(ALGAO2012).

Withdrawalofgrant-in-aidfortheCouncilforBritishArchaeologyandEnglishHeritagemayyetseethoseorganisationschangebeyondrecognition(Thurley2011).

The tripling of university fees for entry-level archaeology qualifications, for whichthereisasubstantiallydecreasingmarket(Schlanger&Aitchison2012;Horton2012).

Opportunity

And yet it is said that archaeology has never been more popular. Membership of the

NationalTrust,EnglishHeritage,andtheCouncilforBritishArchaeologyisgrowing(Thomas

2010),whilsttheCM&SSelectcommitteeidentifiedthatheritagetourismcontributes20.6

billion to the UK economy (HLF 2010).With no certainty that commercial, academic, or

community archaeology funding models will survive much longer in their current form,

creative solutions are required to square the shortfall in excavation funding. Certain

activitiesremainofflimitshowever,suchasthesaleofartefacts,whicharchaeologistsfearwouldunderminekeymessagesaboutthevalueofarchaeologytosociety.

Butthereareotheralternativesthatstillsitcomfortablywithasocialconscience.Admission

feestohistoricsitesarecommon,whilstTimeTeamandCurrentArchaeologyaretwoof

themostestablishedandlucrativearchaeologybusinessesintheUK.FollowingGarrodand

Williss statement that ...in some cases it may be possible to subsidise the public good

attributesofasite throughexploiting certainof itsothermoremarketableassets,(2002,

50) DigVentures set out to leverage the publics fascination with the past to financially

supporttheworldsfirstcrowdfundedexcavation.


3/8

SowhatareCrowdfundingandCrowdsourcing?

Therearecurrentlyover450crowdfundingplatformsgloballythatcanbesummarisedinto4

different types. These include lending-based; equity-based; reward-based and donation-

based.Wehaveadoptedthereward-basedmodelessentiallyasystemofmicro-patronage

that has been most successful in creative industries such as film, music and drama.Supporterscanlaunchprojectssuchasfilms,records,exhibitionsandrunwayshowsthrough

buyingperks andrewards oncrowdfunding hubslikeKickstarteror Sponsume. Ideas that

maynotfitthepatternrequiredbyconventionalfinanciersthereforeachievetractioninthe

marketplace,supportedbywhathasbeencalledthewisdomofcrowds(Surowiecki2005;

Shirkey2008).

Wecombinedthisapproachwithcrowdsourcing,invitingthepublictobecomepartofour

process eithervia a robustdigitalplatform from thecomfortoftheirarmchairs(in real

time),orwith theirsleevesrolleduponthe site itself. Crowdsourcing isa termcoinedin

2006bythejournalistJeffHowe,whowroteanarticleinWiredmagazinecalledTheRiseof

Crowdsourcing.

Crowdsourcingisawhenacompanytakesajobthatwasonceperformedbyemployeesand

outsourceitintheformofanopencalltoalargeundefinedgroupofpeoplegenerallyusing

theinternet.(2008Crowdsourcing:whythepowerofthecrowdisdrivingthe futureof

business).

Crowdfunding technology is yet to be thoroughly tested in archaeology, although close

parallels can be seen in the citizen science model successfully used by conservation

organisationslikeEarthwatch,whohavesoughttodemocratiseaccesstoscientificresearch

(seeFeyerband1978).ThedifferencewithDigVenturescomesfromtheuseofsocialmedia

tools what have been called architectures of participation to facilitate informationsharing, interaction and community formation (ORielly 2004). Hence our tag line:

Archaeologyinyourhands.

WhoareDigVenturesandwhatisFlagFenLives?

DigVentures Ltd is a social enterprise committed to providing seed capital and building

audiencesforarchaeologyprojectsworldwide.ThecompanywasincorporatedinNovember

2011,andlauncheditsfirstproject,FlagFenLives,on29thFebruary2012.Theprojectwas

fullyfundedbyJune,andathree-weekfieldschoolwasdeliveredbymid-Augustandnow

wearehere,inHelsinki,lessthantwoweekslatertosharetheinitialresultsofourproject.

Flag Fen Lives is a crowdfunding and crowdsourcing campaign, excavation and post-

excavation programme built around the Bronze Age monument of Flag Fen, near

Peterboroughin theUnitedKingdom. The27kof crowdfundedstart-upcapitalwasused

thisyeartoundertakeathree-weekevaluationofthesite,withviewtoconstructingafully

funded five-year researchprogrammeatFlag Fen. This field seasonsworkwastherefore

limitedinscope,andfocusedontargetedtrenchingonthedrylandandtestpitsoverthe

waterlogged structures to assess the impact of dewatering. The aim is to generate data

acrosskeymetricsinsupportofafullyfundedfive-yearexcavationproject.Giventhatonly

5%ofthesitehasbeenexcavatedthusfar,thepotentialforfurtherlearningissignificant.

Asaresearchprojectonaninternationallysignificantsite,theprojectwilladheretoEnglish

Heritages MoRPHE framework. Project partners include Vivacity, The British Museum,


4/8

EnglishHeritage,DurhamUniversity,BirminghamUniversityandUniversityCollegeLondon.

Anevaluationof thecommunityimpactoftheproject (onandoffline)wasundertakenby

publicarchaeologistsfromUCL,assessingthesuccessofthenewmodelintermsofaudience

reachandengagement,andthebreadth,depthanddiversityofonandoff-lineparticipation.

Inadditiontothearchaeologicalimperative,thereweretwoadditionalobjectivesforFlagFenLives:toreinvigoratethefailingvisitorattractionwhichhasexperiencedasharpdecline

invisitornumberssincetheendofliveexcavationintheearly2000s,andtoprovidehands-

on,marketablearchaeologicalfieldskillstrainingtoourVenturers.

SpectrumofEngagement

Thecritique levelled at theuseof socialmedia in archaeology centreson concernsover

digitalparticipationandbarrierstoentry.Howmeaningfulcansocialmediareallybewhen

comparedwith traditional formsofengagementand byextension,how sustainablecan

thisnewmodelactuallybe?

Byanyyardstick,raising27,000fromanetworkedcommunityisaveryrealindicationof

commitment.Peoplepartingwiththeirhardearnedcashisonewayofmeasuringthis,but

wealsoputa rigorouspublicarchaeologyevaluationin place toassessthequalityof the

depthandbreadthofthatengagement,andwewilloutlinetheinitialresultsbelow.

To frame these results and this debate, wed also like to introduce the concept of a

SpectrumofEngagement.Weopenedbysayingthatsocialmediahasgivenusthecapacity

tobringpeopletogetherasneverbefore.Onthatbasiswebelievethatthemoneyweraised

throughcrowdfunding no insubstantial sum isactually secondary to thefact thatwe

havebuiltacommunityofadvocatesaroundoursite.

Wevedonethisbyprovidingaspectrumofengagementlevels,startingwithsomethingvery

small but meaningful (a one click engagement a Facebook share of our Videos) and

graduatingupwardstoactuallyvisitingthesiteorfundingourcampaign.Fromoneminutea

day,to tenminutesaday, todiggingwithus foraday,aweekend,aweekorlonger.This

meansthatpeopleareable tomoveupthescale,andin futureyears, justaseasilymove

down.Thepointisthatweareallpullinginthesamedirection,andifwecontinuetobe

focussedonourventurers,wecanensurethatwecarrythesepeoplewithusintoyears2,3,

4 and beyond. Far from the one-click engagement being ameaningless statistic, it can

insteadbeviewedasanessentialbuildingblockformeaningfulpublicimpact,andthrough

thesemeanswebelievethatwecangrowoursupportyearonyear.

EvaluationVisitorsandVenturers

SusieThomasresearchfortheCBAindicatesthatthereareover200,000peopleintheUK

thatself-identifyasmembersofalocalhistoryorarchaeologysociety(Thomas2010);these

werethepeopleweconsideredtobeourprimarymarket.Whenbuiltthecommunityfor

FlagFenLives,wemadeadeliberatedecisionaboutthetoneofourwebsite,thelanguage

wewoulduse, and themethods of communication wewouldemploy.Weknew that in

ordertoreachourfundinggoal,wewouldhavetogetbeyondourfirstandsecondcircle

contacts; beyond the friends and family boundary that has proved an insurmountable

obstacleforotherarchaeologycrowdfundingcampaigns.


5/8

In order to better understand whether we achieved this, we conducted two separate

evaluations,onelookingatourVenturers,andtheotheratcasualvisitorstothesite.We

lookedatwheretheyheardaboutus,howtheyfeltaboutseeingarchaeologyonsite,what

they learned fromvisiting,what they learned fromdigging, andmost importantly,where

theycamefrom.

Theresultsareastounding.EvenupagainsttheOlympicsandthefirstdecentbitofsummer

weather for 2012, when the lido in Peterborough had 5,000 visitors per day, we still

managedtoraisevisitornumbersatFlagFenby29%.Hereisasnapshotofourinitialresults:

Weengagedover250peopleasfunders(Venturers),from11countries:theUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,Ireland,Canada,Australia,France,Germany,Italy,Norway,

SouthAfrica,andChina

Wetrainedover120peopleinarchaeologicalfieldskills,includingstudentsfromfiveuniversities and four countries, aswell as retirees and those employed in other

professions

Ourwebsiteandonlinecommunitiesachieved 100,000uniquevisitors Webroughtover 2,000visitors toFlagFenin threeweeks, includinginternational

visitors

VisitornumbersattheFlagFenArchaeologyParkwereraisedby over29%;ofthese,nearly60%hadneverbeentoFlagFenbefore

Estimatedtraditionalbroadcastaudienceof5million WehostedachildrensDigTentincooperationwithVivacity,whichwelcomedover

100children(uptoage12)overtwoweekstolearnbasicskillsandengagewiththe

archaeologicalteam

Whatdidwelearn?

Wehave learnedthat youcan constructanarchaeologicalexperience forthe public that

satisfieswhat they want tounderstand or feel. Its possible to undertake internationally

significantarchaeology ona ScheduledAncientMonument with a teamofall skill levels,

satisfyingresearchimperativesaswellasmakeit sexyandfun.Thekey istoconsiderthe

needs of the archaeology first and foremost. Then, be radically open to how that is

communicated and delivered on the ground. The teaching element is the easy bit; the

hardestpartisbuildingtheteam,andcreatingatribeofsuperfanswhowillgooutintothe

worldandadvocatenotonly foryourprojectbut for theprocess ofarchaeology aswell.

Thesearethepeoplewhowillhelpusexpandourreachandbuildouraudience.

So what does this mean for archaeology? Aswe saw with Bradleys two cultures, even

before the deepest recession in European history, there was a growing unease that

archaeological procurement models were not fit for purpose. Undertaken by different

people,paidforbydifferentsponsors,andwithresultsjudgedanddisseminatedindifferent

ways,theprofessionisdividedandthishasnotbeenservedwellbythepresentclimateof

austerity.

Theradicalpotentialforarchaeologyinadoptingadecentralisedcrowdfundingmodelisthat

wecan correct our inbuiltdrifttowhat economistscallmarket failure. Cultural heritageassetsfallunderthecategoryofpublicgoods,sothetotaleconomicvalue(TEV)cannotbe

limited to the desire of a market actor to achieve, for example, a least cost means of

dischargingaplanningrequirement(Scanlon2011).TEVcanbedefinedasacombinationof


6/8

usevalue(publicparticipationthroughoutreach,opendaysandnon-specialistpublication);

optionvalue(conservation,consolidationandpreservationofarchaeologyinsituforuseby

futuregenerations);andexistencevalue(publishedandaccessibleresultsandfindsforuse

byresearchers).

The public benefit of an archaeological investigation can therefore be measured as acombinationofalltheseaspects,andprocurementmodelswillonlybefitforpurposewhen

theyproduceoutcomesthatmaximisethesevaluestosociety(Wilkins2012).Thetroubleis

that currentprocurementmodelspull usaway from that centregroundaccording to the

primarymissionofthefundingbody.

OurapproachtopublicengagementisnotaboltontoourresearchitstheDNAofour

research,becausewithoutthattotalpublic-facingcommitment,thecrowdwillneverfund

us.Butequally importantly,wemust contribute to knowledge in ameaningfulway, and

ensurethefutureconservationandmanagementofoursites.Thisisourtriplebottomline

ourfullcostaccounting.Itmeasuresanexpandedrangeofvaluesandcriteriaformeasuring

organisationalandsocietalsuccess.Todayweveonlydiscussedtheevaluationofthepublicaspectsofourprojectbutrestassured,wecouldsubmitpapersintothewetlandsession

thatwouldhaveevaluatedoursuccessinthoseareas.Thisiswhatwemeanbyavalue-led

archaeology,andwerecalling it SocialContractArchaeologybecauseweenterintoa

socialcontractwithaswideaconstituencyoffundersandstakeholdersaspossible.Thisis

ourbusinesscaseforthefuture.

Conclusion

Social Contract Archaeology is an explicit attempt to reconnect the paying publics

fascinationwith thepast toour aspirations as archaeologists. It rises toMartinCarvers

challengeinAntiquitytochangethewholebasisonwhichmostarchaeologistsarepaid:nottoridsitesoftheirarchaeologyascheaplyandspeedilyaspossible,buttocreateapastthat

wasnttherebeforeWhatever thefuturebrings,letshangonto this principle:the true

currencyofarchaeologyisknowledge;thatsourgoldstandard,valideverywhere .(Carver

2010,938).

ToextendCarversmetaphor, theprojectaims toestablish a financial value for ourgold

standard,promisingtopaythebearerondemandthesumofoneexcavation.

References

Bradley, R. 2006. Bridging the two cultures. Commercial archaeology and the study ofPrehistoricBritain.AntiquariesJournal86:113.

ALGAO2012.PresentationtoIfAdebate:whatis thefuture forLocalPlanningAuthorities

andarchaeology?

Carver,M.2010.Editorial.Antiquity.84:935-938.

DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment,2011. DraftNationalPlanningPolicy

Framework.London

Feyerband,P.1978.ScienceinaFreeSociety. Routledge:NewYork.


7/8

Garrod,G.andK.Willis.2002.Northumbria:castles,cathedralsandtownsinNavrud,S.and

Ready, R. 2002.Valuing CulturalHeritage. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: Cheltenham,

Gloucester.

HeritageLotteryFund,2010. InvestinginSuccess:HeritageandtheUKtourismeconomy.HLF

&VisitBritain.

Horton,M.2012.Anoncomingarchaeologicalcrisisinuniversities. CurrentArchaeology268:

48-49.

Howe,J.2008.Crowdsourcing:whythepowerofthecrowdisdrivingthefutureofbusiness .

OReilly,T.2004.TheArchitectureofParticipation.OReillyMediaNewsletter(availableon-

line: http://oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/articles/architecture_of_participation.html,

accessed28thSeptember2011).

Scanlon,K, Fernandez,M,Travers,T andWhiteheadC.2011.Aneconomicanalysisofthemarketforarchaeologicalservicesin theplanningprocess. InTheSouthportGroup.2011.

Realisingthebenefitsofplanning-ledinvestigationinthehistoricenvironment:aframework

fordelivery.

Schlanger,N.&K.Aitchison(ed.).2010.Archaeologyandtheglobaleconomiccrisis:Multiple

impacts.Possiblesolutions. ACE/CultureLabEditions:107-116.

Shirky,C.2008.Herecomeseverybody:thepoweroforganisingwithoutorganisations.New

York:PenguinPress.

Surowiecki,J.2005.TheWisdomofCrowds.Anchor.

Thomas, S. 2010.Community Archaeology in theUK:Recent Findings. Council for British

Archaeology.

Thurley, S. 2011. Heritage Guardian: Interview with Christopher Caitling and Mathew

Symonds.CurrentArchaeology.259:41-43.

Wilkins, B. 2012. Where the Rubber Hits the Road: A Critical Analysis of Archaeological

Decision making on Highways Projects in Ireland. In H. Cobb et al. (eds.) Reconsidering

Archaeological Fieldwork: Exploring On-Site Relationahips Between Theory and Practice.

Springer:NewYork.Acknowledgments

Aprojectlikethisreallydoesinvolveacastofthousands,andwhilstits inevitablewellmiss

peopleoutiftryandlistthemall,werestillgoingtogiveitago!

So thanks, first and foremost toouron site team: Dave Britchfield,Mike Bamforth,Matt

Juddery, Louise Iles,Daniel Juhasz, KateDaviesand sitespecialists BenGeary,KrisKrawiec,

IanRowlandson,FayWorley,IanPanter,andCorneliusBartonandLaurawhosteppedinto

help at the 11th hour. Thanks to Kezia Evans, Tim Schadla Hall and David Prince for

undertaking and offering guidance on the evaluation. Thanks to our partners, Sarah

StannageatVivacity,andEnglishHeritageInspectorWillFletcher,andMonumentWarden

DaveKenny.ThanksalsotoAdrianSmithatEmulusCommunications,JessOgdenandGuy


8/8

HuntatLPArchaeology,andNigelGoughatSISLive.AndnotforgettingAceVenturersSteve

Kiln at the Robert Kiln Trust, Oliver Gilkes and Flora Scutt at Andante Travels.Wewere

helpedonsitebyDavidSavory,StuartOrmeandJamesatFlagFen.

LastbutbynomeansleastthankstotheVenturerswithoutwhomthisworkwouldnever

havetakenplace.Thankssomuchandhopetoseeyouallnextyear!DavidAllsop,KatieArbuckle, Richard Arnopp, Patricia Barber, Philip Barker, Alison Barker, Cornilius Barton,

Charlotte BeattieChristine Beddoe, Duncan Berryman, Sharron Betts, Christopher Booth,

Andrew Borg, Annette Boulton, Fiona Boyd, Matthew Bradwell, John Bratt, Terry Brock,

SuzanneBrown,DebButterfield, JessamyCarlsson,VictoriaCarter,KevinChristopher,Paul

Clabburn,SarahClark,GaryColcombe,StevenCole,DavidConnolly,DavidConnolly,Sheelagh

Conran, JohnCooper, Roger Craven, Deborah Curtis, Christine Cuthbertson, Lynne Davey,

VictoriaDavidson,MargaritadeGuzman,AmieDillon,KeithEdwards,MikeEfstathiou,Joby

Elliott,StewartFerris,AlexFisher,HughFiske,JoeFlatman,HayleyForsyth,EmmaFreeman,

Andrew French, Charlotte, Frost, Steve Gamester, Pippa Gardner, Rebbecca Gibbs, Jamie

Gibbs (SEAT),ClareGillett, LouiseGlasson, SusanGreaney,DorothyHalfhide,TracyHarley,

Neil Hart, Mark Haworth, Sarah Hefford, Sian Hill, Steve Holden, seana rhiannon hovel,Leighton Howells, Colin Howey, Jack Hughes, Susan Ing, Nicola Jennings, Scott Johnson,

Eleanor Johnson, Rhona Johnstone, Maxine Kaye, Dave and Rachel, Brian Kerr, Alice

Kershaw,AnitaKimber,JodieKing,KarenKirk,JackieKirkham,JoanneKirton,KaytLamballe

Armstrong, Cally Langhurst, Matt Law, Eugene Lefeuvre, Penny Lock, Stephanie Lockwood,

Zoe MacDonald, Rena Maguire, Jeffrey Marks, Margaret Massey, Olwen Mayes, Brenden

McIntyre, Tina McNeil, Patrick McNulty, Matthew Miller, Shaun Mitchem, Bob Moody,

DeclanMoore, TracyMorgan,GabrielMoshenska, JimMower, AbbieMuir, PhilipMullen,

TimNash,RayNewton,RachelNorman,JeremyNorman,RosOMaolduin,GillianO'Boyle,

Nina O'Hare, Gill Osler, Andrew Pacey, Catherine Parker Heath, Rebecca Parr, Reena

Pastakia,DianaPerkins,HazelPerry,StuartPierson,TheCelticMythPodshow/attnRuthie

Smith, Lesley Probert, Pip Pulfer, Jessica Ramsey, Miia Ranta, Rachel Renwick, JamesRimmer, Toni Ring, Jacky Robertson, Roy Robson, Gillian Rowe, Ian Rowlandson, Susan

Royce, Joanna Russell, Bronwen Russell, Gloria Sanders, Emily Sanders, Mike Sarna,

christopherScott,FayeSharpe,NickShepherd,ItaSherlock,MarySherlock,LouiseSherratt,

Daniel Shoup, Alan Simkins, Lorraine Slade, Thomas Slager, Barendina Smedley, Adrian

Smith,Kerri Spangaro,CliffStanton, Barry Sterry,Ben Stokes,Margaret Struckmeier, John

Suckling,AlexSuddaby,JoanSutherland,BenSwain,ChrisSwindells,MichelleThick,Andrew

Thomas,GuyThornton,RebeccaTry,NicholasTurland,MelanieTurner,MarionUckelmann,

FrankVilleneuve-smith, EileenWade, JonWalker, RebeccaWells,AdamWells,Joanneand

BobWestcott,RuthWheeler,NikWhitehead,TheodoreWilkins,LucyWilkins,MarkWilliams,

Rob Wiseman, KatieWitherington, Neil Witney, RebbeccaWoodman, Richard Worth, Jill

Wozniak,MrsWright,andTinaYates.

ThankYou!

Brendon,Lisa,Raksha(andFergus!)

Social Contract Archaeology

Documents

Transcript of Social Contract Archaeology