Social cognitive views of learning.
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Transcript of Social cognitive views of learning.
Social Cognitive Views of Learning
A theoretical perspective that focuses on how people learn by observing others and how they
eventually assume control over their own behavior.
Joan SchoenlingEDF 6211, Section 798Week 9, Chapter 10University of South Florida
Five Basic Assumptions Underlying Social Cognitive
Theory(Ormrod, 2011, p. 324-325)
• People can learn by observing others.
• Learning is an internal process that may or may not lead to a behavior change.
• Cognitive processes influence motivation as well as learning.
• People and their environments mutually influence each other.
• Behavior becomes increasingly self-regulated.
Learning by Observation
Educational ImplicationHelp students acquire new behaviors more quickly by demonstrating those behaviors yourself.
ExampleDemonstrate appropriate ways to deal with and resolve interpersonal conflicts. Then ask students to role-play conflict resolution in small groups, and compliment those who use pro-social strategies.
Learning As An Internal Process That May
Or May Not Be Reflected In Behavior
Educational Implication
Remember that new learning doesn’t always reveal itself immediately but may instead be reflected in students’ behaviors at a later time.
Example
When one student engages in disruptive classroom behavior, take appropriate steps to discourage it. Otherwise, classmates who have witnessed the mis-behavior, may be similarly disruptive in the future.
Cognitive Processes in Motivation
Education Implications
Encourage students to set productive goals for themselves, especially goals that are challenging yet achievable.
Example
When teaching American Sign Language to help students communicate with classmates who are deaf, ask them to predict how many new words and phrases they can learn each week.
Reciprocal Influences Among Environmental, Behavioral, and
Personal Variables
Educational Implication
Encourage students to make choices that will lead to beneficial learning experiences.
Example
Describe the benefits of taking an advanced writing course, not only as a means of enhancing writing skills but also as a way of discovering whether one might enjoy a career in writing
Increasing Self-regulation With Age
Educational Implication
Teach students strategies through which they can better control their own behavior and direct their own learning.
ExampleGive students concrete suggestions about how they can remind themselves to bring needed supplies to school each day.
The Social Cognitive View of Reinforcement and Punishment
Ormrod, 2011, p. 326)
Learners’ Expectations are Influenced by What Happens to
Other People
Vicarious Reinforcement
Phenomenon in which a response increases in frequency when another person is observed being reinforced for that response.
Vicarious Punishment
Phenomenon in which a response decreases in frequency when another person is observed being punished for that response.
Difference Between Incentive and Reinforcer
Incentive
Hoped-for but not guaranteed future consequence of behavior
Reinforcer
A reward or stimulus used to encourage an action in order to increase the probability that it will be repeated
Nonoccurrence of Expected Consequence Can Have a
Reinforcing or Punishing Effect
Follow through with the consequences students have been led to expect for certain
behaviors
With This Or This
Promoting Learning Through Modeling
Ormrod, 2011, p. 329 – 334)
Live Model
Currently living individual whose behavior is observed in person.
Symbolic Model
Real or fictional character portrayed in the media that influences an observer’s behavior
Behaviors That Can be Learned From Models
Observations of Others Enable People to Acquire A Variety Of
Behaviors:
• Academic Skills• Aggression• Interpersonal Behaviors
Albert Bandera's Experiment With Children Who Observe
Aggressive Behavior
http://youtu.be/JHKb3wfdJI4 (Stickert and Schafer, July 17, 2012).
Characteristics of Effective Models
• Competent
• Prestige and Power
• Exhibit Behaviors Relevant to Learners’ Own Circumstances
Four Conditions Essential for Learning From Models
• “A”ttention – The learner must pay attention to the model
• “R”etention – The learner must remember what the model does.
• “M”otor Reproduction – The learner must be physically capable of reproducing the modeled behavior.
• “M”otivation – The learner must be motivated.
ARMoR
Nature and Origins of Self-Efficacy
(Ormrod, 2011, p. 335-340)
• A self-constructed judgment about his or her ability to execute certain behaviors or reach certain goals.
• Is more task or situation specific and involves judgments (rather than feelings) almost exclusively (e.g., “Do you believe you’ll be able to understand and apply educational psychology by reading Educational Psychology by Jeanne Ormrod?”).
How Self-Efficacy Affects Behavior and Cognition
• Choice of Activities
• Goals
• Effort and Persistence
• Learning and Achievement
Enhancing Students’ Self-Efficacy
• A Learner’s Previous Successes and Failures
• Messages from Others
• Successes and Failures of Other Individuals
• Successes and Failures as Part of a Group
Enhancing Teacher’s Self-Efficacy
• Be willing to experiment with new teaching strategies that can better help students learn.
• Have higher expectations for – and thus set higher goals for students’ performance.
• Put more effort into their teaching and are more persistent in helping students learn.
Self-Regulated Behavior(Ormrod, 2011, p. 341-347)
Self-chosen and self-directed behavior that leads to the fulfillment of personally constructed standards and goals
Components of Self-Regulated Behavior
Before the Response:• Self-Determined Standards and Goals
During the Response• Emotion Regulation• Self-Instructions• Self-Monitoring
After the Response:• Self-Evaluation• Self-Imposed Contingencies
Self-Regulated Learning(Ormrod, 2011, p. 347-348)
Regulation of one’s own cognitive processes and studying behaviors in
order to learn successfully
Components of Self-Regulated Learning
• Goal Setting• Planning• Self-motivation• Attention control• Flexible use of learning strategies• Self-monitoring• Appropriate help-seeking• Self-evaluation
Encouraging Self-Regulated Learning
(Ormrod, 2011, p. 349-352)
• Effective teachers provide a structure, or scaffolding to help students acquire various components of self-regulation.
• Scaffolding helps most students become increasingly capable of working independently as they move through grade levels.
Teacher Strategies For Self-Regulated Learning
(Ormrod, 2011, p. 350-352)
• Teach students the mental steps they can follow to solve complex problems more effectively.
• Teach students strategies for effectively mediating classmates’ interpersonal conflicts.
• Teach self-regulation strategies to students with special needs.
Reciprocal Causation(Ormrod, 2011, p. 352-355
A phenomenon that results from environment, behavior, and person mutually influencing one another.
Bandura’s Model of Triadic Reciprocal Determinism
http://thestrangestsituation.blogspot.com/2011/06/triadic-reciprocity-happens.html
The blue squares in the middle are the core of the model. The red circles are just some of the components of each square
The red arrows are the key. Note they aren't just pointing one way. People don't develop along a linear path. We aren't affected by one thing, one time, and that's it. This model shows how our personality and preferences, for example, influence the environments we choose (and vice versa), which in turn influence how we behave in those situations (and vice versa).
Examples Of Reciprocal Causation
Effect of Environment
• On Behavior: Reinforcement and punishment affect future behavior.
• On Person: Feedback from others
Examples of Reciprocal Causation
(Cont’d)
Effects of Behavior
• On Environment: Specific behaviors affect the amount of reinforcement and punishment received.
• On Person: Success and failure affect expectations for future performance.
Examples of Reciprocal Causation
(Cont’d)
Effect of Person
• On environment: Self-efficacy affects choices of activities and therefore also affects the specific environment encountered.
• On behavior: Attention, retention, and motivation affect the degree to which a learner imitates behaviors modeled by others.
Compare/Contrast The Three Perspectives of Learning
(Ormrod, 2011, p. 356)
Issues Cognitive Psychology
Behaviorism Social Cognitive Theory
Learning is defined as. .
An internal mental phenomenon that may or may not be reflected in behavior
A behavior change An internal mental phenomenon that may or may not be reflected in behavior
The focus of investigation is on . . .
Cognitive processes Stimuli and responses that can be readily observed
Both behavior and cognitive processes
Principles of learning describe how . . .
People mentally process new information and construct knowledge from their experiences
People’s behaviors are affected by environmental stimuli
People’s observations of those around them affect their behavior and cognitive processes
Consequences of Behavior . . .
Are not a major focus of consideration
Must be experienced directly if they are to affect learning
Can be experienced either directly or vicariously
Learning and behavior are controlled
Primarily by cognitive processes within the individual
Primarily by environmental circumstances
Partly by the environment and partly by cognitive processes (people become increasingly self-regulating – and therefore less controlled by the environment – over time)
Educational implications focus on how we can help students . . .
Process information in effective ways and construct accurate and complete knowledge about classroom topics
Acquire more productive classroom behaviors
Learn by observing others and acquire effective self-regulation skills
Resources
Ormrod, J.E. (2011). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (7th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
“Sarah” (June 10, 2011 Blog). The Strangest Situation Where Psychology and YA Literature/Media Meet. Collide. Meld. Fight to the Death.http://thestrangestsituation.blogspot.com/2011/06/triadic-reciprocity-happens.html
Stickert, L. and Schafer, K. (July 17, 2012). The Experimental Design and Procedure of Bandura's experiment on aggression http://youtu.be/JHKb3wfdJI4