SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTS & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU.
SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTS & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU
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Transcript of SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTS & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU
SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTS & COMMUNITY AGENTS & COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE PROJECTS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU TIBETAN PLATEAU
Fulbright-Hays Summer Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar in China 2006Seminar in China 2006
Prepared byPrepared by
Karen KrauseKaren Krause
OUTLINE OF CONTENTOUTLINE OF CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL CHANGE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
• SOCIAL ENTRPRENUERS
• QINGHAI NORMAL UNIVERSITY – STUDENT COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
• SHEM – TIBETAN WOMEN’S GROUP & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
OUTLINEOUTLINE(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)
EXERCISE TO LEARN ABOUT
SOCIAL CHANGE
• Community Development Projects
• Change Agents/Social Entrepreneurs
• Identifying and Examining Community Social Needs
WEB LINKS
SOCIAL CHANGESOCIAL CHANGE
• IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES, CHANGE OCCURS SLOWLY.
• FAMILY AND COMMUNITY TRADITIONS USUALLY SPAN MANY GENERATIONS.
• AS SOCIETIES MODERNIZE, SOCIAL CHANGE ACCELERATES.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGECAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
• POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES
• CULTURAL INNOVATION
• INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND CULTURAL PRACTICES
• PLANNED CHANGES
• SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
FOCUS:FOCUS:PLANNED SOCAL CHANGEPLANNED SOCAL CHANGE
• The Sociological Tradition
• Applied Sociology
• Social Entrepreneurs– Qinghai Province PRC– Shem Women’s Group
SOCIAL CHANGE: SOCIAL CHANGE:
• THE FIRST SOCIOLOGISTS ENVISIONED USING SOCIOLOGY TO BUILD A BETTER WORLD.
• FROM THE BEGINNINGS IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY, SOCIOLOGISTS SUCH AS COMTE WANTED TO APPLY SOCIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING TO SOLVING SOCIAL PROBLEMS.
APPLYING SOCIOLOGYAPPLYING SOCIOLOGYEARLY SOCIOLOGISTSEARLY SOCIOLOGISTS
• KARL MARX FOCUSED ON TRANSFORMING THE SYSTEM OF STRUCTURED INEQUALITY IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES.
• DURKHEIM ADVOCATED FOR EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
SOCIOLOGISTS IN THE SOCIOLOGISTS IN THE UNITED STATESUNITED STATES
• CHICAGO SCHOOL – FOCUSED THEIR RESEARCH ON THE NEIGHBORHOODS OF CHICAGO AND ESTABLISHING A PROGRAM OF PLANNED SOCIAL CHANGE.
• JANE ADDAMS ESTABLISHED HULL HOUSE, A SETTLEMENT HOUSE TO SERVE THE POOR IN CHICAGO NEIGHBORHOOD
SOCIOLOGISTS IN THESOCIOLOGISTS IN THEUNITED STATESUNITED STATES
• W.E.B. DU BOIS CREATED THE FIRST SOCIOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN 1897 TO SERVE THE POOR AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN THAT AREA.
SOCIOLOGISTS IN THESOCIOLOGISTS IN THEUNITED STATESUNITED STATES
• C.W. MILLS, IN HIS BOOK,
“THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION,” HE CHALLENGED SOCIOLOGISTS TO EXAMINE THE LINK BETWEEN PERSONAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL ISSUES AND TO DEVELOP NEW SOCIAL FORMS TO ALLEVIATE INDIVIDUAL PROBLEMS.
APPLIED SOCIOLOGY &APPLIED SOCIOLOGY &SOCIOLOGICAL PRACTICESOCIOLOGICAL PRACTICE
• APPLICATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH TO CREATE SOCIAL CHANGE AT THE:
• MICRO LEVEL: PROGRAMS DEVELOPED TO AFFECT INDIVIDUALS IN COMMUNITIES.
• MACRO LEVEL: PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO AFFECT SOCIAL POLICY
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSSOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
• IDENTIFIES AND SOLVES SOCIAL PROBLEMS.
• ACT AS CHANGE AGENTS FOR SOCIETY.
• DEVELOPS SOLUTIONS THAT CREATE SOCIAL VALUE.
• EXAMPLE: MUHAMMAD YUNUS
GRAMEEN BANK IN BANGLADESH
GRAMEEN BANKGRAMEEN BANKMICRO-FINANCE PROGRAMMICRO-FINANCE PROGRAM
• BANK THAT MAKES LOANS ONLY TO POOR PEOPLE, MOSTLY WOMEN.
• STARTED BY ONE MAN GIVING SMALL LOANS TO VILLAGERS.
• TODAY THE PROGRAM REACHES 12 MILLION HOUSEHOLDS AND HAS 5.5 MILLION BORROWERS AND HAS LENT OVER $5 BILLION.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSSOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
• THEIR WORK GROWS OUT OF DIRECT CONTACT WITH PEOPLE WHO NEED ASSISTANCE.
• HISTORICAL TREND: GREAT INCREASE IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS SINCE THE 1990s.
SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTAGENT
KEVIN STUARTKEVIN STUART
QINGHAI NORMAL UNIVERSITYQINGHAI NORMAL UNIVERSITY
CHANGE AGENT :KEVIN STUARTCHANGE AGENT :KEVIN STUART
• INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IN THE NATIONALITIES DEPARTMENT IN QINGHAI NORMAL UNIVERSITY
• ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS OF:– LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
AMONG ETHNIC MINORITIES BELOW THE NATIONAL AVERAGE.
– NEED FOR TRAINING IN ENGLISH AS A THIRD LANGUAGE.
DAZHUAN LEVEL ENGLISH DAZHUAN LEVEL ENGLISH PROGRAMPROGRAM
• RECRUITMENT OF OUTSTANDING STUDENTS FROM MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES IN GANSU, QINGHAI, SICHUAN, THE TIBETAN REGION OF YUNNAN PROVINCE AND THE TIBET AUTONOMOUS REGION.
• STUDENTS HAVE 30 HOURS OF INSTRUCTION PER WEEK, 12 – 14 HOURS IN ENGLISH.
• IN LESS THAN TWO YEARS ARE READING ENGLISH CLASSICS (OLD MAN & THE SEA)
GRASSROOTS SUSTAINABLE GRASSROOTS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTSDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
• IN ADDITION TO LEARNING ENGLISH, STUDENTS HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN HOW TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT SMALL-SCALE GRASSROOTS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR THEIR LOCAL COMMUNITIES.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DEVELOPMENT TRAININGTRAINING
• WRITING PROJECT PROPOSALS
• APPLYING FOR FUNDING FOR PROJECTS
• MONITORING AND MANAGING PROJECT FINANCES
• WRITE REPORTS EVALUATING PROJECTS
PROJECTSPROJECTS
• BUILD VILLAGE SCHOOLS• IMPLEMENT WATER PROJECTS• PROVIDE SOLAR COOKERS TO RURAL
HOUSEHOLDS
IN THE PROCESS OF LEANING ENGLISH,STUDENTS ARE IMPLEMENTING PROJECTS TO BENEFIT THEIR COMMUNITIES.
DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAUON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU
• SOME OF THE PROJECTS CONDUCTED BY STUDENTS IN KEVIN STUART’S CLASS:– GREGORY– LUKE– ZACHARERY– KIMBERLY
XIRE ( GREGORY)XIRE ( GREGORY)XIREJIANCUOXIREJIANCUO
Comes from a small Comes from a small Tibetan village called Tibetan village called
Sa dkyilSa dkyilin Tongren County,in Tongren County,
HuangnanHuangnanTibetan Autonomous Tibetan Autonomous
Prefecture,Prefecture,Qinghai Province Qinghai Province
PRCPRC
GregoryGregory
• In 1999, he was one of five students chosen to study English at
Qinghai Normal University.
• While learning English, he also learned about development work and the possibilities for development programs in his home village and nearby communities.
Gregory’s First ProjectGregory’s First Project
• Mountain God Temple in Sa dkyil village.
• Gregory secured a $11,000 grant from the Bridge Fund for restoring the temple.
RESTORATION OF MOUNTAIN RESTORATION OF MOUNTAIN GOD TEMPLE IN REBGONGGOD TEMPLE IN REBGONG
Sa dkyl Village Temple Sa dkyl Village Temple Project Supported Project Supported
PROJECT: PROVIDE BEDDING PROJECT: PROVIDE BEDDING FOR BOARDING SCHOOLFOR BOARDING SCHOOL
Gregory Giving Bedding to StudentGregory Giving Bedding to Student
Gregory’s Current Project:Gregory’s Current Project:Kaji Rima Primary School ProjectKaji Rima Primary School Project
Kajia Rima Village, Madpa Townshi
Tongren County,
Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,
Qinghai Province, PRC
Kaji Rima Primary School ProjectKaji Rima Primary School Project
• Poor and remote village that wants an education for their children.
• 95 % of villagers are illiterate.
• Village of twenty-two households.
• 30 kilometers from Tongren town.
• Must travel by foot for 4 hours on winding treacherous path to reach the village.
• Situated on top of a mountain.
Kaji Rima School Project Kaji Rima School Project Potential Benefits:Potential Benefits:
• The school will have a room for grades 1-2 and a second room for grade 3.
• Students will be taught Tibetan, Chinese, and math in Tibetan.
• Twenty students (males and females) will have an opportunity to receive an education.
• With education, poverty will be reduced.
Nomadic kids reciting books on the Nomadic kids reciting books on the grasslandsgrasslands
LukeLuke(Mr.Caihera (Mr.Caihera
Dorji)Dorji)
“Rural “Rural Village Village
Develop-Develop-ment ment
Projects”Projects”
GERMAN EMBASSY (BEIJING) GERMAN EMBASSY (BEIJING) TIBETAN VILLAGE IRRIGATION TIBETAN VILLAGE IRRIGATION
PROJECTPROJECT• ZHURMER NANG VILLAGE, QINGHAI
PROVINCE, PRC.• CONCRETE-STONE IRRIGATION DITCH.• PROBLEMS SOLVED:
– NO MORE TIME LOST FIXING BROKEN SYSTEM.
– LARGER CROP YIELDS & MORE INCOME– LESS EROSION OF LAND FROM WATER
LUKELUKE
• LUKE IS CURRENTLY SEEKING FUNDING FOR SEVEN PROJECTS (SIX RUNNING WATER PROJECTS AND ONE SCHOOL PROJECT).
Social Change Social Change Agent: ZacharyAgent: Zachary
(Mr. Dawa (Mr. Dawa Tenzin)Tenzin)
“The Namyi: “The Namyi: Language Language Cultural Cultural
Preservation”Preservation”
CULTURAL PRESERVATION CULTURAL PRESERVATION PROJECTSPROJECTS
• STUDENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO GET INVOLVED IN CULTURAL PRESERVATION PROJECTS:– FOLKLORE COLLECTION IN AUDIO AND
VIDEO FORMATS.– TRANSCRIPTION OF MATERIAL IN
TIBETAN WITH IPA(INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET) AND TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH.
Social Change Social Change Agent-BritneyAgent-Britney
(Ms. Dawa (Ms. Dawa Zhoma)Zhoma)
“Endangered “Endangered Tibetan Music Tibetan Music
Project”Project”
FOR MORE INFORMATIONFOR MORE INFORMATION
• DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS:
http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/community/commdev.html
ENGLISH PROGRAM:
http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/education/english/EnglishTrainingForTibetans.pdf
TIBETAN-FRIENDLY ENGLISH TEACHING MATERIAL:http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/xml/showEssay.php?xml=/education/english/index.xml&m=print
Social Change AgentsSocial Change Agents
SHEM WOMEN’S GROUPSHEM WOMEN’S GROUP
SHEMSHEMWomen’s GroupWomen’s Group
• Focus on the empowerment of Tibetan women and their communities through grassroots development.
• Trains young, educated women to design, implement, and manage sustainable grassroots development projects that will address needs for water, fuel, and education in their home communities.
Most Projects are Designed to Most Projects are Designed to Directly Benefit WomenDirectly Benefit Women
• Reason for this focus:– Knowledge: As women, Shem members have first
hand knowledge of the needs for women in impoverished villages.
– Women’s Roles: Women’s lives are greatly impacted by limited access to clean water, electricity, health care and education. Projects are designed to provide women with more free time, better health and safer access to water and fuel.
– Challenging Traditional Attitudes: Shem members serve as positive role models demonstrating the importance of education for women.
HOW “SHEM” GOT STARTEDHOW “SHEM” GOT STARTED
• After hours course in Gender Studies taught by Michelle Kleisath – raised student’s awareness about women’s roles.
• Discussion of gender specific concerns lead to motivation to move forward to help women through small scale development projects.
• At student’s request. Michelle designed a development skills training class.
Michelle and ChugpilhamoMichelle and Chugpilhamo
GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT SKILLS TRAINING COURSESKILLS TRAINING COURSE
• STUDENTS LEARNED HOW TO:– PLAN PROJECTS– FIND FUNDING FROM LOCAL, NATIONAL
AND INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES– ORGANIZE THE TASKS TO BE COMLETED– MANAGE THE PEOPLE AND PROJECT– IMPLEMENT AND MONITOR THE PROJECT– PROVIDE A FINAL REPORT FOR THE
FUNDING AGENCIES
GROWTH OF SHEMGROWTH OF SHEM
• SHEM WAS FORMED IN 2005• FIRST GROUP TO PROVIDE TIBETAN
WOMEN WITH THE OPPORTUNITY TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT COMMUNITY PROJECTS.
• PROJECT DIRECTORS: CHUGPILHAMO & LHAMOTSO.
• IN THEIR FIRST YEAR OF OPERATION, SHEM RAISED NEARLY $40,000 AND COMPLETED SIX DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN TIBETAN COMMUNITIES.
TYPES OF PROJECTS TYPES OF PROJECTS CONDUCTED BY SHEMCONDUCTED BY SHEM
• BRINGING POTABLE WATER TO VILLAGES• IMPROVING SCHOOLS• IMPROVING VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE BY
BUILDING BRIDGES• SUPPORTING MICRO-FINANCING IN THE
FORM OF YAK LOANS• BRINGING SOLAR ELECTICITY TO NOMADIC
COMMUNITIES
SHEMSHEMTibetan Women’s GroupTibetan Women’s Group
http://www.shemgroup.org/http://www.shemgroup.org/
TIBETAN CULTURETIBETAN CULTURE
Tibetan CultureTibetan Culture
Ethnic NationalitiesEthnic Nationalities
• There are 57 National ethnic groups within China.
• The Han Chinese are the dominant group and comprise the largest group in China.
• The Tibetans are one of the largest ethnic groups.
What is Culture?What is Culture?
• Culture
the language, beliefs,
values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next.
• Material Culture
the material objects that distinguish a culture.
Non-material Culture – a group’s
way of thinking and doing things.
How Culture Affects Our LivesHow Culture Affects Our Lives
• The effects of our own culture generally remain imperceptible to us.
• These learned and shared ways penetrate our being.
• Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on around us.
Folkways and MoresFolkways and Mores
• Folkways – norms that are not strictly enforced.
• If someone does not follow a folkway, we may stare or shrug our shoulders.
• Mores – norms that are considered essential to our core values.
Norms in TibetNorms in Tibet
• Clothing – Cover your arms and legs
Especially women “of a certain age.”
• Do not stretch your legs out.
• Don’t kiss in public.
• Do not point to images of deities with index finger. Use the entire hand.
• Take off your shoes when sitting on the kang
Norms In TibetNorms In Tibet
• Go outside to blow your nose.
• Gesture of respect – hands together in prayer form and bow (to elders).
• Gestures:
Thumb up – good
Little finger up – bad
Middle finger up – so, so
Traditional Traditional TibetanTibetan
Women’sWomen’sFestiveFestiveAttireAttire
TRADITIONAL DANCETRADITIONAL DANCE AND CULTURE AND CULTURE
Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion
• The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another.
• Travel and communication unite us,
Chinese Nationalities MuseumChinese Nationalities Museum Beijing, China Beijing, China
TIBETAN VILLAGETIBETAN VILLAGE
Tibetan Village: Chinese Tibetan Village: Chinese Nationalities Museum Nationalities Museum
Chinese Nationalities: Tibetan VillageChinese Nationalities: Tibetan Village
Replica of TempleReplica of Temple
Replica of Tibetan VillageReplica of Tibetan Village
Prayer WheelPrayer Wheel
Prayer WheelPrayer Wheel
Thangka PaintingThangka Painting
GREGORY’S VILLAGEGREGORY’S VILLAGEHome Stay in Tongren VillageHome Stay in Tongren Village
On the road to the villageOn the road to the village
On the road to the villageOn the road to the village
On the road to the villageOn the road to the village
Home and CourtyardHome and Courtyard
Women’s WorkWomen’s Work
Storage for FirewoodStorage for Firewood
Firewood for Kang - Under WindowFirewood for Kang - Under Window
Cook StoveCook Stove
Preparing breakfastPreparing breakfast
TsampaTsampa
Making TsampaMaking Tsampa
Outdoor BathroomOutdoor Bathroom
WELLWELL
Washing FacilitiesWashing Facilities
Cultural OrientationsCultural Orientations
• Culture Shock – the• Disorientation that
people experience when they come into contact with a different culture.
• Ethnocentrism – the tendency to use one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other societies.
• It can create in-group loyalties or lead to harmful discrimination.
Practicing Cultural RelativismPracticing Cultural Relativism
• Try to see any item or practice in terms of the culture it occurs in.
• Analyze another culture on its own terms.
• Analyze how the elements of culture fit together.
• To counter our tendency to use our own culture as a tool for judgement.
The EndThe End