Social Aspects of Social Aspects of Contact Contact

LanguagesLanguages

*Language contact**Language contact*

LCLC is the use of more than one is the use of more than one language in the language in the

same place at the same time.same place at the same time.

RussenorskRussenorsk RussenorskRussenorsk (or "Russonorsk") was a (or "Russonorsk") was a

pidginpidgin language combining elements of language combining elements of RussianRussian and and NorwegianNorwegian, created by , created by traders and whalers from the Norwegian traders and whalers from the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago and the Russian Svalbard archipelago and the Russian Kola peninsula in the 19th century. Kola peninsula in the 19th century. Russenorsk was a ‘seasonal’ language, not used continuously throughout the year but only during part of the summer fishing season (Lunden 1978: 213).

Typical Situations for Typical Situations for Language ContactLanguage Contact

International International TradingTrading

Colonization, slavery Colonization, slavery and and

warswars

Immigration:Immigration: “ “guest workers”,guest workers”, refugees,refugees, missionariesmissionaries

Nez Percé Jargon Nez Percé Jargon SpeakersSpeakers

The Nez Perce Tribe is The Nez Perce Tribe is located in North Central located in North Central Idaho near Lewiston. Idaho near Lewiston. Although they are called Although they are called the Nez Perce, that the Nez Perce, that name came from a name came from a French Canadian French Canadian interpreter and means interpreter and means “pierced nose.” Most “pierced nose.” Most Nez Perce did not pierce Nez Perce did not pierce their noses, and their noses, and although the name is although the name is widely used they refer widely used they refer to themselves as to themselves as Nimi’ipuu, which means Nimi’ipuu, which means the “real people” or “we the “real people” or “we the people.” the people.”

Nez Perce Tribe Web SiteNez Perce Tribe Web Site

Phone:  (208) 843-2253Phone:  (208) 843-2253PO Box 365, Lapwai, Idaho 83540PO Box 365, Lapwai, Idaho 83540

Contact LanguagesContact Languages CL is any new language that arises in a CL is any new language that arises in a

contact situation between the speakers contact situation between the speakers who have no language in common:who have no language in common:

PidginPidgin PidginsPidgins are speech-forms which do not have are speech-forms which do not have

native speakers, and are therefore primarily native speakers, and are therefore primarily used as a means of communication among used as a means of communication among people who do not share a common language.people who do not share a common language.

(Muysken/Smith 1995: 2)(Muysken/Smith 1995: 2) Pidgins Pidgins are languages developed by speakers of are languages developed by speakers of

distinct languages who come into contact with distinct languages who come into contact with one another and share no common language one another and share no common language among them. Pidgins typically spring up in among them. Pidgins typically spring up in trading centres and in areas under trading centres and in areas under industrialization, where the opportunities for industrialization, where the opportunities for trade and work attract large numbers of people trade and work attract large numbers of people with different native tongues.with different native tongues.(Cipollone/Keiser/Vasishth 1998: 357)(Cipollone/Keiser/Vasishth 1998: 357)

Origin of PidginOrigin of Pidgin

English “business” in a defective English “business” in a defective Chinese pronunciationChinese pronunciation

Portuguese Portuguese ocupaocupação ção “business”“business” Hebrew Hebrew pidjompidjom “exchange, trade” “exchange, trade” Portuguese Portuguese pequenopequeno “small, child” “small, child” Phonetic resemblance with “pigeon”Phonetic resemblance with “pigeon”

ClassificationClassification Military pidgins: Military pidgins: SabirSabir (Lingua Franca), Juba (Lingua Franca), Juba

Arabic…Arabic… Seafaring and trade pidgins: Russenorsk, Eskimo Seafaring and trade pidgins: Russenorsk, Eskimo

trade Jargon, Tok Pisin, Mobilian Jargon…trade Jargon, Tok Pisin, Mobilian Jargon… Plantation pidgins: English-based (Jamaica, Plantation pidgins: English-based (Jamaica,

Trinidad, Nicaragua), French-based (Haiti, Trinidad, Nicaragua), French-based (Haiti, Guadalupe), Dutch-based (Virgin Islands), Guadalupe), Dutch-based (Virgin Islands), Spanish-based Papiamento (Aruba, CuraSpanish-based Papiamento (Aruba, Curaçao), çao), Portuguese-based (island off the coast of West Portuguese-based (island off the coast of West Africa) Africa)

Mine pidgins: Pidgin A-70 (Truck-drivers’ Bulu)Mine pidgins: Pidgin A-70 (Truck-drivers’ Bulu) Immigrants’ pidgins: Cocoliche (Argentina)Immigrants’ pidgins: Cocoliche (Argentina)

CreoelsCreoels

Traditionally, creole languages Traditionally, creole languages were defined as pidgin languages were defined as pidgin languages that had been adopted as the that had been adopted as the first, or native, language of a first, or native, language of a group of speakers.group of speakers. (Cipollone/Keiser/Vasishth 1998: (Cipollone/Keiser/Vasishth 1998: 363)363)

Origin of CreolesOrigin of Creoles

Portuguese Portuguese crioulucrioulu “white man” (16th “white man” (16th century)century)

Portuguese Portuguese criarcriar “to nurse, breed, “to nurse, breed, nourish” nourish”

““Slave born in a colony” or “non-Slave born in a colony” or “non-indigenous animal”indigenous animal”

Concise Oxford Dictionary “settler in Concise Oxford Dictionary “settler in W.Indies and used with nouns referring W.Indies and used with nouns referring to something like “exotic” or “spicy”to something like “exotic” or “spicy”

Social AspectsSocial Aspects ( (Peter Peter

Mühlhäusler, 1997Mühlhäusler, 1997))jargonjargon jargonjargon jargonjargon

↓↓ stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

↓↓ ↓↓ expanded expanded PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

creolecreole creolecreole creolecreoleHawaianHawaianCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

Torres Torres StraitsStraitsCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

New Guinea New Guinea Tok PisinTok Pisin

JargonJargon

A [prepidgian unstable] A [prepidgian unstable] jargonjargon is is an extremely rudimentary and an extremely rudimentary and variable type of language formed variable type of language formed in contact situations. If the in contact situations. If the conditions are right, jargons can conditions are right, jargons can settle and crystallize into settle and crystallize into [pidgins or creoles]. [pidgins or creoles]. (Cipollone/Keiser/Vasishth 1998: (Cipollone/Keiser/Vasishth 1998: 363)363)

The Jargon StageThe Jargon Stage

Great individual variationGreat individual variation Simple sound systemSimple sound system One or two-word sentencesOne or two-word sentences Small lexiconSmall lexicon

*Russenorsk*Russenorsk

moja/twoja moja/twoja ‘me/you’ ‘me/you’

imorra imorra ‘tomorrow’ ‘tomorrow’

dagdag ‘day’ ‘day’

morra-morra dag morra-morra dag ‘the day after ‘the day after tomorrow’ tomorrow’ *Chinese-Russian Jargon of *Chinese-Russian Jargon of Kjachta:Kjachta:

uma konecaijlo uma konecaijlo (sanity + finished) ‘mad’ (sanity + finished) ‘mad’

ruka sapogiruka sapogi (hands + boots) ‘gloves’ (hands + boots) ‘gloves’

jazyka medajazyka meda (tongue + honey) ‘skilful orator (tongue + honey) ‘skilful orator

Social AspectsSocial Aspects1) jargon1) jargon 2) jargon2) jargon 3) jargon3) jargon

↓↓ stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

↓↓ ↓↓ expanded expanded PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

creolecreole creolecreole creolecreoleHawaianHawaianCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

Torres Torres StraitsStraitsCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

New Guinea New Guinea Tok PisinTok Pisin

StabilizationStabilization

Unstable pronunciation and Unstable pronunciation and phonologyphonology

Elimination and reduction of the Elimination and reduction of the sounds:sounds:

[s], [∫] and [t∫] were replaced by [s] [s], [∫] and [t∫] were replaced by [s] as in Tok as in Tok Pisin Pisin sansan ‘sun ‘sun’’, , semsem ‘shame ‘shame’’ and and soksok ‘chalk ‘chalk’’

[[θθ]] and and [ð] were replaced by [d] and [t][ð] were replaced by [d] and [t]

as in Cameronian Pidgin English as in Cameronian Pidgin English denden ‘them ‘them’’

MorphologyMorphology

Portuguese Portuguese estamestam ‘they are’ → - ‘they are’ → -nannan pluralizer pluralizer

**buki/bukinan – ‘book/books buki/bukinan – ‘book/books (Papiamentu)(Papiamentu)

Time relationship was indicated by Time relationship was indicated by morphemes:morphemes:

**mi baimbai gomi baimbai go I will [by and I will [by and by] goby] go

Category of case:Category of case:

**bel bilog me (Tok Pisin)bel bilog me (Tok Pisin) ‘my ‘my stomach’stomach’

Phrase-like formulaPhrase-like formula Early Tok PisinEarly Tok Pisin – sip : ‘sheep’, ‘ship’, ‘jeep’, ‘jib’– sip : ‘sheep’, ‘ship’, ‘jeep’, ‘jib’ Hiri Motu Hiri Motu Gloss Gloss TranslationTranslation kuku ania gaunakuku ania gauna smoke it thing smoke it thing ‘pipe’ ‘pipe’ lahi gabua gaunalahi gabua gauna fire burn thingfire burn thing ‘match’ ‘match’ godo abia gaunagodo abia gauna voice take thingvoice take thing ‘tape- ‘tape-

recorder’recorder’ man bilong paitman bilong pait man belong to fight man belong to fight ‘fighter’ ‘fighter’

Pidgin FrenchPidgin French The  French  forces occupied the remote valley of The  French  forces occupied the remote valley of

Dien Bien Phu  in the Winter of 1953. Under Dien Bien Phu  in the Winter of 1953. Under French rule, the French language was widely French rule, the French language was widely used in the cities Many less educated people, used in the cities Many less educated people, including merchants, low ranking civil servants, including merchants, low ranking civil servants, army veterans, and domestics working for army veterans, and domestics working for French households, also had some familiarity French households, also had some familiarity with the language, although their knowledge with the language, although their knowledge might be limited to a form of pidgin French. In might be limited to a form of pidgin French. In the rural areas the language generally was less the rural areas the language generally was less well-known , but a number of minority peoples well-known , but a number of minority peoples learned its rudiments in school or during service learned its rudiments in school or during service with the French army. The pidgin has completely with the French army. The pidgin has completely disappeared after the withdrawal of the French. disappeared after the withdrawal of the French.

Social AspectsSocial Aspectsjargonjargon jargonjargon jargonjargon

↓↓ stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

↓↓ ↓↓ expanded expanded PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

creolecreole creolecreole creolecreoleHawaianHawaianCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

Torres Torres StraitsStraitsCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

New Guinea New Guinea Tok PisinTok Pisin

ExpansionExpansion Tok Pisin Tok Pisin EnglishEnglish gras gras grass grass mausgrasmausgras

moustache moustache gras bilong fesgras bilong fes beard beard gras bilong hed gras bilong hed hair hair gras bilong pisin gras bilong pisin feather feather gras antap long ai gras antap long ai eyebrow eyebrow gras nogutgras nogut weedweed

PhonologyPhonology

Reduction: Reduction: baimbaibaimbai → bai → bai

*Ol man bai stap wantaim hetman bilong ol*Ol man bai stap wantaim hetman bilong ol

‘ ‘People will stay with their leader’ People will stay with their leader’ Vocalic intrusion in ‘speak’ and ‘straight’ :Vocalic intrusion in ‘speak’ and ‘straight’ :

*spik (stable pidgin)*spik (stable pidgin) sìpik (expanded sìpik (expanded pidgin) →Nigerian Pidginpidgin) →Nigerian Pidgin

stret (stable pidgin)stret (stable pidgin) sitiret (expanded sitiret (expanded pidgin) →Tok Pisinpidgin) →Tok Pisin

MorphologyMorphology

Reduplication:Reduplication:

*bad-bad pikin*bad-bad pikin ‘a very bad child’‘a very bad child’ One item instead of lengthy One item instead of lengthy

phrases:phrases:

*man bilong pait ‘man of fighting’ -- *man bilong pait ‘man of fighting’ -- paitman ‘fighter’paitman ‘fighter’

Fixed collocationFixed collocation

blackboiblackboi black indentured black indentured labourerlabourer

biknem biknem famefame bikplesbikples mainlandmainland stronghedstronghed stubbornstubborn opunayopunay boldnessboldness

Poetic metaphorsPoetic metaphors

bel bilong mi i hevibel bilong mi i hevi my my belly is heavy belly is heavy

‘ ‘I am sad’I am sad’ bel bilong mi i isibel bilong mi i isi my belly is my belly is

easy easy

‘ ‘I am contented’I am contented’

Backslang (tok mainus)Backslang (tok mainus)

TabooTaboo AppropriateAppropriate TranslationTranslation

FormForm kepkepkepkep pekpekpekpek ‘to ‘to

defecate’defecate’ puspuspuspus supsupsupsup ‘to have ‘to have

sexual intercourse’sexual intercourse’

Social AspectsSocial Aspectsjargonjargon jargonjargon jargonjargon

↓↓ stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

stabilized stabilized PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

↓↓ ↓↓ expanded expanded PidginPidgin

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

creolecreole creolecreole creolecreoleHawaianHawaianCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

Torres Torres StraitsStraitsCreole Creole EnglishEnglish

New Guinea New Guinea Tok PisinTok Pisin

CreolizationCreolization

Involves Involves expansion of expansion of vocabularyvocabulary

Emerges when Emerges when the children the children begin to learn begin to learn pidgin as their pidgin as their native languagenative language

Post-Creole Continuum (Post-Creole Continuum (DeCamp, 1971DeCamp, 1971))

BasilectBasilect is a term for dialects of speech which have is a term for dialects of speech which have diverged so far from the standard language that in diverged so far from the standard language that in essence they have become a different language. essence they have become a different language.

MesolectMesolect refers to all varieties between acrolect and refers to all varieties between acrolect and basilect and to the phenomenon of code-switching used basilect and to the phenomenon of code-switching used by some users of creole languages who also have some by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the standard language upon which the contact fluency in the standard language upon which the contact language is based. language is based.

AAcrolectcrolect is a register of a spoken language that is is a register of a spoken language that is considered formal and high style.considered formal and high style.

Post-Creole Continuum

Guyanese -------- I gave him     Acrolect

• Creole ------- a geev im

• English ------- a giv im -------- a giv ii

-------- a did give ii       Mesolect:

-------- a di giv ii

------- mi di gi ii --------- mi bin gi ii -------- mi bin gii am

----------- mi giiam     Basilect

Pidgins in the East EuropePidgins in the East Europe TrasiankaTrasianka ( (трасянкатрасянка) ) is a unique is a unique

feature of Belarusian language, feature of Belarusian language, the Belarusian-Russian patoisthe Belarusian-Russian patois (a very offensive word). (a very offensive word). In In Belarusian language the word Belarusian language the word itself "trasianka" literally means itself "trasianka" literally means low quality hay, when indigent low quality hay, when indigent farmers mix (shake - трасуць) farmers mix (shake - трасуць) fresh grass with the fresh grass with the yesteryear's dried hay. There yesteryear's dried hay. There are certain social problems with are certain social problems with speaking in trasianka, speaking in trasianka, especially the issue of especially the issue of generation gap that trasianka generation gap that trasianka and literary Belarusian create and literary Belarusian create between parents and children, between parents and children, and the rejection and alienation and the rejection and alienation that has been experienced by that has been experienced by some nationalistic activists who some nationalistic activists who insist on using correct literary insist on using correct literary Belarusian. Belarusian.

SurzhikSurzhik is called an Ukrainian-Russian is called an Ukrainian-Russian Pidgin. The word means amixed Pidgin. The word means amixed wholewheat bread or a flour from it, wholewheat bread or a flour from it, f.e. wheat and buckwheat, or a man of f.e. wheat and buckwheat, or a man of the mixed race. the mixed race. Ukrainian language Ukrainian language was suppressed by decrees of Russian was suppressed by decrees of Russian State since Catherine The Great. It State since Catherine The Great. It was prohibited to write and print in was prohibited to write and print in Ukrainian. The language was in the Ukrainian. The language was in the period of stagnation. In the situation period of stagnation. In the situation of statelessness, when the high of statelessness, when the high society was exclusively Russian society was exclusively Russian speaking, when the Ukrainian speaking, when the Ukrainian language was limited to speaking in language was limited to speaking in the the village and all the term the the village and all the term literature was based on borrowings, literature was based on borrowings, the Ukrainians had to adjust the Ukrainians had to adjust themselves to the language of the themselves to the language of the ‘pan’ (or master) and due to their ‘pan’ (or master) and due to their illiteracy they began to mix the illiteracy they began to mix the elements of the two languages. elements of the two languages. Surzhik is a temporary element, a Surzhik is a temporary element, a leftover of the slave mentality of leftover of the slave mentality of Ukrainian serfs.Ukrainian serfs.

Some of the World’s Pidgins and Creoles

The Caribbean Creoles

SSociety forociety for PPidgin and idgin and CCreole reole LLinguistics inguistics

SSociety for ociety for PPidgin and idgin and CCreole reole LLinguistics inguistics is organized in the is organized in the interest of the academic interest of the academic community and not for community and not for profit. Its object is the profit. Its object is the study of pidgin and study of pidgin and creole languages world-creole languages world-wide, together with other wide, together with other languages or dialects of languages or dialects of other languages other languages influencing them or influencing them or influenced by them. influenced by them.

Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea Kólim nem bilóng yuKólim nem bilóng yu?? Call name belong youCall name belong you What is your nameWhat is your name?? Mi laik yu gívim wára long Mi laik yu gívim wára long

mípelamípela.. I like you give water to weI like you give water to we Please, give us some waterPlease, give us some water Mónitaim - morningMónitaim - morning Biksan - noonBiksan - noon Apinún – afternoon (16-18)Apinún – afternoon (16-18) Tudak – too dark, nightTudak – too dark, night Biknait - midnightBiknait - midnight Taim san I go daun - dawnTaim san I go daun - dawn