Social Aspect of Health & Diseases

8/14/2019 Social Aspect of Health & Diseases

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Social Aspect of

Health & Diseases

DR. A. M. Kadri,M.D. (PSM),

Associate Professor,

PDU Medical College, Rajkot


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Individual & his environment


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Health is no more considered as a physicalor biological entity. "Human being isconsidered as a product of heredity andenvironment".

In the second half of the twentieth century itwas largely believed that besides biological

make up of an individual there are manysocial factors which directly or indirectlyinfluences the health and disease conditionof the community.

This put forth a hypothesis of a dynamicequilibrium between man and hisenvironment as a health, while a disease is amaladjustment of human organism to his

environment.


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There is a growing consensus on the

importance of systematic differences inexposure to health hazards and riskconditions in the population. This meanssome groups in society have a much poorerchance of achieving their full health potentialas a result of their life circumstancesincluding political, social, economic andenvironmental conditions.

Differences are observed in the health statusof groups according to a range ofsocioeconomic indicators. The mostdisadvantaged groups have the pooresthealth and the highest exposure to health-damaging risk factors.


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There is evidence that poorer

socioeconomic groups tend to have poorernutrition, less physical activity in leisure

time, greater prevalence of smoking and

more damaging patterns of alcohol use.

Poorer people live shorter lives and are

more often ill than the rich. This disparity

has drawn attention to the remarkable

sensitivity of health to the social

environment.


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Social gradient in health, influence

psychological and social and physicalhealth and longevity.

Political environment, Public Health Policyand Programms are most important socialdeterminants of health today, which canplay in shaping a social environment thatis more conducive to better health.

Policy and action for health need toaddress the social determinants of health,attacking the causes of ill health beforethey can lead to problems.


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Definition of Health

Health is a complete state of physical,

mental and social wellbeing, not merely

the absence of disease or infirmity.


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Social Determinants

Income and social status

Social support networks

Education and literacy, i.e. health literacy

Employment/Working conditions

Social environments Physical environments


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Social Development Approach For Health Promotion

Healthy conditions &

environments

Safe physical environments

Supportive Economic & Social

ConditionsRegular supply of food & Water.

Restricted access to tobacco &

Drugs

Healthy public policy & organizationpractices.

Provision of meaningful, paid

employment.

Provision of affordable housing

Effective health

services

Provision of

preventative

services

Access to culturally

appropriate health

services

Community

participation in the

planning and delivery of

health services

Psychosocial factors

Participation in

civic activities and

socialengagement

Strong social networks

Feeling of trust

Feeling of power and

control over life decisions

Supportive family

structure

Positive self-esteem

Healthy lifestyles

Decreased

use of

tobacco and

drugs

Regular physicalactivity

Balanced nutritional

intake

Positive mental health

Safe sexual activity

Protective factors

Quality of life, functional independence, Wellbeing,

Mortality, Morbidity, Disability

aRisk conditions PhysiologicalPsychosocial factors Behavioural


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Quality of life, functional independence, Wellbeing,

Mortality, Morbidity, Disability

aRisk conditions

Poverty

Low social status

Dangerous workPolluted environment

Natural resource depletion

Discrimination (age, sex, race,

disability)

Steep power hierarchy

(wealth, status,

authority) within a

community and

workplace

Physiological

risk factors

High blood

PressureHigh cholesterol

Release of stress

hormone

Altered levels of

biochemical markers

Genetic factors

Psychosocial factors

Isolation

Lack of social support

Poor social networksLow self-esteem

High self-blame

Low perceived power

Loss of meaning or

purpose

Abuse

Behavioural

risk factors

Smoking

Poor nutritional intake

Physical inactivitySubstance abuse

Poor hygiene

Being overweight

Unsafe

sexual activity

Risk factors


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Nutrition

Guthiis given to newborn baby immediately after birth.

Jain & many Hindus in dont eat mutton, egg, fishes.

Muslims consider pig as impure and dont consume it.

Shikh consumes pig. Different community consumes different type of edible oil

e.g. Gujarati -groundnut oil, South Indian-Coconut oil.

Some foods are Hot and some are Cold Meat, fish,eggs, and jaggery are considered to generate heat in

the body, while curd, milk, vegetables and lemon areconsidered cool foods.

Muslims observe fasts in specific months. Hindus areobserving on special days.

Alcohol drinking is considered tabooed in muslims.


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Pregnancy & Child rearing : Early marriage & universal practice of marriage.

Multi-sexual partner is considered immoral in theIndia.

The pregnant lady is given Shiraor similar type

nutritious foods. Post delivery, for around six weeks, in many

community women stays at their parents home.

Infant are breastfed for more than one year. In Indiaprolonged breastfeeding is universal culture.

Colostrums is considered bad. Child is not breastfedfor first three days and prelacteal food is given.

Olabath, massage and exposure to the sunlight arethe routine practices in rural community.

Some foods are forbidden (eggs, green leafy

vegetables etc.) during pregnancy.


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Treatment seeking behaviour

Many ailments e.g. chickenpox, measles etc. are considered asa wrath of the god/goddess or black magic/evil eyes etc.

For certain mental illnesses, people go to bhuva, ozas, sadhus,fakirsetc.

Belief about Traditional methods are always better thanallopathic care.

Others Daily tooth brushing and regular bathing are accepted

practices.

In many communities bathing naked is considered as taboo. Putting the Kajal on eyelids and Surma in eyes.

Circumcision in males in Muslims.

Joint family is preferred mode of staying and taking care ofolder persons in family is the common culture in India.


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Socio-economical Aspects

The word economics literally means

house keeping. Individually, also socio-

economical conditions put the person atparticular risk or advantage.


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Socio-economical Aspects

Lower economical conditions indirectlyaffects...

Purchasing capacity of the foods, hence nutritionalstatus of the individual and health,

Education, hence illiteracy and lack of opportunity tohealth life skill.

Living conditions : overcrowded-ill health houses,poor water and sanitation facility.

Medical Care seeking : Unaffordability of the medicalresults in to delay seeking of the medical care,inadequate medical care, hence higher rate ofadverse outcome.

Population groups that suffer the worst health statusalso are those that have the highest poverty rates

and the least education.


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Higher SocioEconomical Condition

Disparities in income and education levels areassociated with differences in the occurrence ofillness and death,

It permit increased access to medical care, enablepeople to afford better housing and live in saferneighborhoods, and increase the opportunity toengage in health-promoting behaviors.

Higher socio-economical conditions also influencethe health of the individual because of the adoptionof the some unhealthy life behaviours, like sedentarylife style, junk-high fatty foods, stressful life etc.

They develop heart disease, diabetes, obesity,elevated blood level, stress


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Thank you

Social Aspect of Health & Diseases

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