Editor

Luis SpitzL. Spitz, Inc.

Skokie, Illinois, USA

Champaign, Illinois

PRESS

SODEOPECSoaps, Detergents, Oleochemicals,

and Personal Care Products

Copyright 2004 AOCS Press

AOCS Mission StatementTo be the global forum for professionals interested in lipids and related materials throughthe exchange of ideas, information science, and technology.

AOCS Books and Special Publications CommitteeM. Mossoba, chairperson, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MarylandR. Adlof, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, IllinoisJ. Endres, The Endres Group, Fort Wayne, IndianaT. Foglia, USDA, ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PennsylvaniaL. Johnson, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaH. Knapp, Deaconess Billings Clinic, Billings, MontanaA. Sinclair, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaP. White, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaR. Wilson, USDA, REE, ARS, NPS, CPPVS, Beltsville, Maryland

Copyright 2004 by AOCS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproducedor transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.

The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines established to ensurepermanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

SODEOPEC : soaps, detergents, oleochemicals, and personal care products / editor, Luis Spitz.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-893997-76-6 (acid-free paper)1. Soap. 2. Detergents. 3. Toilet preparations. I. Spitz, Luis.

TP991.S6884 2004668'.12--dc22

2004008574CIP

Printed in the United States of America.08 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1

Copyright 2004 AOCS Press

Preface

I first approached the American Oil Chemists Society about a seminar on soap tech-nology more than 15 years agoan idea which eventually launched four conferencesand three books. At the time, many firms had expressed interest in conferences andpublications devoted exclusively to the issues and advances important to the soapindustry, so I presented an outline for a comprehensive overview of soap technology.

The project was approved and the seminar took place on May 1 and 2, 1989, inCincinnati, Ohio. With over 375 participants, we had the largest attendance of anypreviously held AOCS technical seminar.

The success of our 1989 meeting prompted three additional and expanded AOCSconferences: Soaps and Detergents Technology Today (1994), Soaps, Detergents, andOleochemicals (1997) and SODEOPEC (2002).

This book contains updated material from some of the salient presentations atthe 1997 and 2002 conferences, including several new chapters.

Like its two predecessors, Soap Technology for the 1990s and Soaps andDetergents: A Theoretical and Practical Review, I hope this publication will be avaluable resource for those of us who are active in the increasingly interrelated andquickly changing fields of soaps, detergents, oleochemicals, and personal care prod-ucts.

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to AOCS for their trust, backing, andhelp in organizing this series of seminars, and for publishing this book and its pre-decessors.

My gratitude also goes to all the contributors of this book for sharing their exper-tise for the benefit of all of us in these industries.

Luis SpitzL. Spitz, Inc.

Skokie, Illinois, USAes, there has been remarkable advancement in the field of biotechnology. The first

phase of genetic engineering in crops was centered on agronomic traits, whereasthe current trend focuses on value-added traits such as oil or protein content, mod-

ifications, or yield enhancement. This biotechnology advancement in conjunctionwith the globalization in trade has resulted in the development of new opportuni-

ties and challenges for the industry and society.Appropriate valuation and differentiation of these value-added quality products

around the globe pose a major challenge faced by large number of industries andother grading organizations in different regions of the world. This is caused by dif-ferences in the technologies and procedures approved by various official agenciesfor the assay of value-added traits.

Accurate determination and proper assessment of value-enhanced products are

Copyright 2004 AOCS Press

Contents

Chapter 1 Preface

Chapter 1 The History of Soaps and Detergents Luis Spitz

Chapter 2 Soap Structure and Phase BehaviorMichael Hill and Teanoosh Moaddel

Chapter 3 Formulation of Toilet, Combo, and Synthetic Cleansing BarsEdmund D. George

Chapter 4 Comparison of Palm- and Tallow-Based Soaps:Specifications, Formulations, and PerformanceAinie Kuntom and Luis Spitz

Chapter 5 Chemistry, Formulation, and Performance of Syndet and Combo BarsMarcel Friedman

Chapter 6 Laundry Products in Bar FormJos L. Berna, Csar Bengoechea, and Alfonso Moreno

Chapter 7 Multicolored and Multicomponent SoapsLuis Spitz

Chapter 8 Raw Materials for Sulfonation and Sulfation:Production, Characteristics, and UsesJos L. Berna

Chapter 9 Manufacture of Methyl Ester Sulfonates and OtherDerivativesNorman C. Foster

Chapter 10 Household Detergents Production: Technological Evolution and TrendsIcilio Adami

Copyright 2004 AOCS Press

Chapter 11 Oleochemicals: Physical Constants, Specifications, and Product StabilityDonald V. Kinsman

Chapter 12 Palm-Based Oleochemicals: Overview and PerspectivesTian Lye Ooi and Hamirin Kifli

Chapter 13 New Developments in Liquid Hand Soaps and Body Wash ProductsRobert. J. Jaworski

Chapter 14 Secondary Surfactants for Personal Care ApplicationsMinh V. Tong and Thomas J. Giese

Chapter 15 New Anionic Surfactants Derived from OlefinSulfonic AcidsPaul D. Berger and Gregory P. Dado

Chapter 16 Personal Care Products Based on Cosmeceutical andNutraceutical IngredientsShyam Gupta

Chapter 17 Certified Organic Personal Care: An Emerging MarketPeter C. Murray .

Chapter 18 Technical Aspects of PerfumeryLeslie C. Smith

Copyright 2004 AOCS Press

SODEOPEC Soaps, Detergents, Oleochemicals, and Personal Care ProductsPrefaceContents