So YoungSo Corrupt?

Muckraking the Sangguniang KabataanProcurement Process

Submitted By:Christoffer Allan A. Liquigan

To:Mr. Jalton Taguibao

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 11.1 Statement of the Problem and Obectives 31.2 Scope and Limitation 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY AND LITERATURE 52.1 Sangguniang Kabataan 52.2 Procurement Process 62.3 Corruption 122.4 Significance of the Study 14

CHAPTER III THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 153.1 Theoretical Framework 153.2 Conceptual Framework 163.3 Conceptual and Operational Definition3.4 Methodology

1720

CHAPTER IV DATA PRESENTATION and Analysis 214.1 Demography 214.2 Indexing, Carting and Coding of Data 224.3 Analysis of SK Procurement System4.4 Rigged Bidding or Bidding-Biddingan4.5 The Grease and the Machine4.6 Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P)4.7 Contractors: Regaining Profit4.8 Changes

345052535557

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 606.1 Conclusion 606.2 Recommendation 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY 63

APPENDICES 69

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to give thanks to these people who made this paper possible:

First and foremost, to our greatest creator, Almighty Father, the Supreme Being and theDivine Providence, Thanks for equipping me with the wisdom and knowledge I needed for thispaper;

To my parents, Maricar A. Liquigan and Ferdinand Allan A. Liquigan for always taking careof me kahit na parati akong puyat at pasaway. Salamat mama, dady;

To my siblings, Karizza Liquigan and Karmina Liquigan, who never failed to give me hopewhen there is none;

To Hao, I love you, no word is suffice to describe how much I love you, thank you for alwaysbeing there for me;

To Quezon City SK Federation President and City Councilor Alexis Grace R. Matias, herChief of Staff, Mrs. Binky Ramillo, Tito Willie, and the rest of the SK Fed Staff andPersonnel, guys, super thanks for letting me not to go to office habang ginagawa ko to. Alexis!,I’m sorry I wasn’t able to help you with our projects these past few months, hindi komagampanan ang pagiging Vice President ng Federation sa ngayon. Graduation mode muna.

To the Department of Social Sciences, my first home in the University;

To all my professors, thank you;

To Professor Jalton Taguibao, the cool adviser, rock on!;

To my block mates and batch mates;

To Geronimo Mangalus Jr, Jhea Ebal, Reighben Labilles and John Robert Go , kainumanbodies and for helping me with my problems, thanks pips!;

To GianBernardo Florendo, for our untimely conversations, and for always being there for meespecially when it comes to my depression. Thanks bro, you’re the best and will always be thebest!

To my respondents, them who must not be named, thanks alot;

To the Youth to whom I really dedicate this paper;

FOR THE TRUE PUBLIC SERVICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY!

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“

Where are the youths who will dedicate their innocence, their idealism, their enthusiasm

to the good of the country? Where are they who will give generously of their blood to

wash away so much shame, crime and abomination? Pure and immaculate must the

victim be for the sacrifice to be acceptable. Where are you young men and young women,

who are to embody in yourselves the life-force that has been drained from our veins, the

pure ideals that have grown stained in our minds, the fiery enthusiasm that has been

quenched in our hearts? We await you, come for what we await you!”

-Padre FlorentinoEl Filibusterismo

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Introduction

It has been decades since the formal establishment of the Sangguniang Kabataan

under the 1991 Local Government Code. And yet there are serious doubts whether it has

been able to mobilize the youth to help carry out the national vision and program. In

short, its very purpose to become the mainstream youth organization that government

envisioned it to be has been questionable.

The youth in our country as categorized falls with in the age brackets of 15-20

years old. With this age group, apparently, it is evident that they comprise a very dynamic

portion of our population. Their youthfulness, being energetic and lively, when tapped

may contribute a lot to our society; ergo, an important sector which when empowered

will give full meaning to our democracy.1

According to Concern Inc. Philippines, this portion of our population is “not only

the most dynamic but also essentially enlightened in the sense that these young people are

more receptive to democratic ideas which they would like to put in practice”.

These are the distinct advantages of the Sangguniang Kabataan in executing

programs that will equip them with the “ideological and political consciousness”, which

can easily be conveyed to the other sectors of society which in return will help them

acquire the necessary skills in voicing out ideas in their participation in decision making

and in the formulation of policies and programs which will give meaning and substance

to people empowerment.2

But the institution faces problems that the national public would like to address.

SK has been alleged to be the “breeding ground of corruption”, and movements have

been arising left and right calling for the abolition of the institution. This paper seeks to1 Tayag, N. (1992). Sangguniang Kabataan Primer Book 1. Manila: Mary Jo Educational Supply.

2 Abletez, J.P. (1996). Sangguniang Kabataan: The Youth in Service. C.C. Barredo Publishing House.

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look at the issue of Corruption in the Sangguniang Kabataan in a deeper indulgence.

Considering the factors, the agents and the rationale behind the anomalies will help us

better understand the conflict and to the least determine solutions to unravel the problem.

In the Philippine political discussions, there are a number of materials on

Philippine Corruption. The exposes of corruption is an important part of our system of

political competition. In the Philippine system, the Political “outs” are the one’s who are

eager to expose the corruption of the political “ins”. But then, there has been no

methodical approach by politicians because once their back in the game, becoming once

again a political “in”, they can’t just voice out how corruption subsists. No one admits

their bad, especially in this arena.

Joel Rocamora in his article “Introduction Corruption in the Philippines: A

Beginner’s guide. Corruption is “like cancer: it is difficult to identify the exact pattern of

expansion of corrupt practice”.3

According to Rocamora:

It is easier to describe what it looks like once it has spread, plus some of

the reasons why cancer spread. Corruption is not just an individual act.

More often than not, it is a series of acts by several officials because of

the interlocking nature of government decision making and the need to

keep corrupt acts with in a discrete circle. In addition, a corrupt group

usually has other centers clustering around it because any set of corrupt

actions generates opportunities for other corrupt actions and the cluster

of groups can benefit from working with each other.4

Muckracking is the exposition of corruption in its different forms. Understanding

corruption is not all about knowing how they do it, but also regards how they manage to

3 Rocamora, J. (1998). Introdution Corruption in the Philippines: A Beginner's Guide. Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines, 10-13.4 Ibid.

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get away. In this research, I’m on my greatest hopes of creating a longstanding study

illustrating the necessity at this time that we should do something more serious and

effective in off-putting or eliminating corruption in the country.

Research Problem

What are the anomalies and irregularities in the procurement system of the Sangguniang

Kabataan , who are the actors, and which part of the system do these irregularities occur?

General Objective

To determine the forms, process, actors and ways on how corruption occurs in the

procurement system in the Sangguniang Kabataan.

Specific objectives

1. To determine the ways on how anomalies and irregularities happen in SK in the

Barangay level.

2. To determine on which parts of the procurement process in the SK these

irregularities occur.

3. To determine the most common forms of fraudulent practices made in the SK

4. To determine the agents of these practices in the SK Barangay level.

5. To provide an alternative solution to eradicate such conflicts in the SK.

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Scope and Limitations

This paper aims to identify the forms, ways and processes on how anomalies and

irregularities occur in the Procurement in the Sangguniang Kabataan.

The study is limited only to the Sangguniang Kabataan. Data will basically be

sourced from personal perception of SK Chairpersons and the accredited contractors on

how they think corruption occurs in the procurement in SK.

The problem that the researcher might encounter is the participation from the

subjects. Corruption is a very controversial issue, and we can not take away the fear of

the subjects to become exposed in light that their answers may render illegal practices

that people around them or those themselves have practiced. Their answers may be

altered by these facts given the preconceived notion that these in formations may be used

against them. So for the purposes of keeping the information disclosed, identities of the

subjects will be kept anonymous.

Another problem would be access to information with regard to the usage of the

SK funds. These are public documents, but access to them is strictly limited.

Furthermore, it would be costly to study all SK Chairpersons and all enlisted

dealers; therefore, samples will only be taken as representatives of the population.

Due to the sensitivity of the research subject, which could expose or incriminate a

Political Institution bodying the youth, the respondents may not have fully detached

themselves from the physical or professional risks involved, despite the assurances of the

researcher. Thus, the objectivity of some of their answers may have been affected by the

fear of reprisal.

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VI. Review of Related Literature

What is the Sangguniang Kabataan?

The Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) is the governing body in every chapter of the

Katipunan ng Kabataan (KK) in the Barangay. The KK is the basic political unit of the

SK, where the proposals and programs, affairs and concerns are encouraged or given due

course. The KK shall comprise of the broadest youth group in the barangay. Among the

KK members, they elect the SK Officials: seven council members ( Kagawad) and one

Chairperson. The Chairman of the Sangguniang Kabataan acts as the Chief Executive of

the Sanggunian while the Kagawad as the legislative council. The Kagawads approve

resolutions of the Sanggunian and appropriates the money allotted to the council, a share

in the revenue of the Barangay.5

The Sangguniang Kabataan is the youth legislature in every local village or

community. It is formerly known as the Kabataang Barangay (KB), which was formed as

a national propaganda under Former President Ferdinand Marcos administration in the

mid-1970s. It initiates policies, programs and projects for the development of youth in

their respective political territories.

Where does SK fund come from?

Section 329 (RA 7160). Barangay Funds. All income of the barangay derived

from whatever source shall accrue to its general fund and shall, at the option of the

barangay concerned, be kept as trust fund in the custody of the city or municipal

treasurer or be deposited in a bank, preferably government-owned, situated in or nearest

to its area of jurisdiction. Such funds shall be disbursed in accordance with the

provisions of this Title. Ten percent (10%) of the general fund of the barangay shall be

set aside for the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).6

5 Abletez, J.P. (1996). Sangguniang Kabataan: The Youth in Service. C.C. Barredo Publishing House.6 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 2002

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“The Sangguniang Barangay shall appropriate the Sangguniang Kabataan fund

in lump sump. The Sangguniang Kabataan shall have fiscal autonomy in its operations

as to disbursements and encashment of their income and expenses.”7

Related Studies

What are the external factor affecting the SK’s performance? – The support from

the local government officials, particularly barangay officials. Researchers found out that

the most effective SK members are those who receive support from the local government,

including barangay officials. However, one of the findings of the study shows that

“barangay officials in some areas are overly controlling when it comes to approving SK

projects”. This maybe because the barangay officials impose their ideas of what the youth

need, or of what the SK is supposed to do.” That is why the SK National Executive Board

presented as one of the provisions of the SK Reform bill the fiscal autonomy of the

Sangguniang Kabataan in the barangay. 8

Procurement System:

What is Procurement?

Procurement refers to the acquisition of Goods, Consulting Services, and the

contracting for Infrastructure Projects by the Procuring Entity. Procurement also includes

the charter of goods and real estate.9

The procurement in the Philippines should be guided by the following principles

in accordance with Article 1 Section 3 of the Philippine Government Procurement

Reform Act (GPRA):

7 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 20028 UP-CIDS. ”Study on Impact of the Youth Participation in the Local Development Process: the Sangguniang Kabataan Experience”. Quezon City,Philippines.(2006).9 Congress of the Philippines. “Republic Act 9184”. The Government Procurement Reform Act. 22 July 2002

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a) Transparency in the procurement process and in the implementation of procurement

contracts.

b) Competitiveness by extending equal opportunity to enable private contracting parties

who are eligible and qualified to participate in public bidding.

c) Streamlined procurement process that will uniformly apply to all government

procurement. The procurement process shall be simple and made adaptable to advances

in modern technology in order to ensure an effective and efficient method.

d) System of accountability where both the public officials directly or indirectly involved

in the procurement process as well as in the implementation of procurement contracts and

the private parties that deal with government are, when warranted by circumstances,

investigated and held liable for their actions relative thereto.

e) Public monitoring of the procurement process and the implementation of awarded

contracts with the end in view of guaranteeing that these contracts are awarded pursuant

to the provisions of this Act and its implementing rules and regulations, and that all these

contracts are performed strictly according to specifications.

Further, to systematize the procurement process, avoid confusion and ensure

transparency, the procurement process, including the forms to be used, the Procurement

Process and forms has been standardized, pursuant to Article 1 section 6 of RA 9184.

For this purpose, the Government Procurement Policy Board shall pursue the

development of generic procurement manuals and standard bidding forms, the use of

which once issued shall be mandatory on all Procuring Entities.

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Legal and institutional framework

A comprehensive act governing public procurement, the Philippine Government

Procurement Reform Act (GPRA), was passed in 2003. This law, governed with its

implementing rules and regulations, standardizes public procurement conducted at all

government levels, as well as by state-owned or state-controlled companies. The

framework covers the procurement process from planning to implementation. 10

The procurement itself, from needs assessment to implementation, is conducted

by the individual government departments, offices, or agencies. Bids and awards

committees are established within each procuring entity to conduct the procurement

proceedings. The procurement act also established the Government Procurement Policy

Board (GPPB). This central body defines policies, implementing regulations, and

standard documents; produces guidelines and manuals; and oversees the training

conducted by procuring agencies.

Procurement methods and procedures

The Philippines’ procurement act designates competitive bidding as the standard

procurement method. Exceptions are permitted under conditions enumerated in the law

and predetermined in more detail in implementing regulations. No particular institutional

mechanisms exist that would normally subject the list of exceptionally permitted methods

to a review. 11

Procuring agencies are required to publish bidding schedules twice in nationwide

media to attract the greatest possible number of dealers, to help avoid involvements and

failure of bidding. The Internet is also widely used for announcing procurement

opportunities, and the Government is expanding this medium with the aim of enhancing

transparency. Further mechanisms to ensure transparency includes the development of

10 Asian Development Bank, (2006). Country Reports: Systems for Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement: Progress and Challenges in 25 Countries. P. 9311 Ibid.

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standard bidding and contract documents to make it practical. The use of these documents

has been compulsory.

To ensure the transparency of the bid opening, to monitor if bids have been

altered or destroyed, has to take place in public at a predefined place and time. The law

does not require bid opening right after the submission period, a requirement that is

generally considered to preserve fraudulent alterations of bids during the time between

the deadline for submission and the opening of bids.

In choosing a bidder, the procurement law sets down the selection of the eligible

bidder that has submitted the cheapest possible offer for the goods and works.

Safeguarding and enforcing integrity

The Philippines has not yet adopted a specific code of conduct for officials in

public procurement that takes into consideration the particular corruption risks in this

field, which makes the general law on the conduct of public officials applicable to

procurement personnel. This law does address issues such as conflict of interest and the

acceptance of gifts by public officials in the process. The Philippine procurement law

however tried to provide institutional means to prevent frauds in public procurement.

Decisions throughout the procurement process are made by panels composed of five to

seven officials. 12

Also, civil society organizations are permitted to monitor all stages of the

procurement process, and the Philippine Government has been encouraging the

involvement of civil society in the monitoring of project implementation.

No particular measures were reported to safeguard integrity among bidders and

their staff. Sanctions and Penalties are the main means of the government to safeguard

and enforce integrity. The Philippine procurement law itself establishes sanctions for

12 Asian Development Bank, (2006). Country Reports: Systems for Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement: Progress and Challenges in 25 Countries. Asian Development Bank. P. 94

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procurement specific corruption, in addition to offenses established by the Philippine

penal code. These offenses cover public officials as well as suppliers’ staff. Civil liability

is linked to conviction for these acts.

To sanction the contractor that profits from corruption in public procurement, the

procurement act also provides for ineligibility. It empowers the head of a procuring entity

to exclude a bidder for one or two years from public bidding as a penalty for providing

false information or unduly influencing the procurement process. The law does not

specify whether the exclusion decision has any consequences for public bidders by other

procuring entities. Blacklisted contractors are listed on the GPPB website.

As regards the prosecution of corruption in public procurement, no reporting

duties for public officials exist at this time, nor does a protection mechanism for those

who come forward and report corruption in the procurement process or in a particular

agency. Efforts to enact comprehensive whistleblower protection legislation or a reward

system are ongoing but have not yet resulted in a law.

Irregularities and corruption may also be detected in the course of complaint

procedures. Such procedures, which may also help reinforce bidders’ trust in the fairness

of the procedures, exist at the administrative level and, if administrative solutions are not

enough, through the judiciary. A non-refundable protest fee, amounting to 1% of the

contract value, must be paid to trigger the administrative review procedure.13

Aside from complaints by upset bidders, which may lead to the detection of

corruption in a procurement process, procuring entities are subject to audit. In addition,

observers from civil society are encouraged to develop and submit their own monitoring

reports. These reports, which may be sent to the Office of the Ombudsman, evaluate

whether an individual procuring entity did abide by the rules.

Problems of Procurement System

13 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 2002

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Philippines Procurement Watch Inc

Monitoring of the Procurement of Local Government Units based on the

implementing Rules and Regulations of the Government Procurement Reform Act.

Problems of delays, collusion, lack of transparency, excessive use of discretionary

criteria, and lack of competition have long overwhelmed government procurement of

goods, consulting services and infrastructure projects. These problems have led to

rampant fraudulent practices and have increased the costs of doing business for both the

government and the private sector. Given the rising concerns over and pressing need to

combat graft and corruption in the public sector, reforming the public procurement

process is very timely. 14

Public procurement used to be governed by a number of laws, regulations and

procedures, which led to lack of transparency in the bidding of government contracts.

There was Presidential Decree No. 1594, the basic law on the procurement of works or

infrastructure projects, Executive Order (EO) No. 164 for procurement of consulting

services, and EO 262 for procurement of goods, which were being followed by the

national government agencies (NGAs).15

Although EO 40 was issued in CY 2001 to consolidate the three mentioned

procurement laws into just one, EO 40 only covered the pre-procurement and bidding and

award parts of the process. For the contract implementation phase, the pertinent

provisions of the three procurement laws were still in effect. Adding to the already

confusing environment, the local government units (LGUs) followed a different set of

procurement rules covered under republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code

of the Philippines.

14 Agulhas, N., & (2006). 2006 Asian Regional Forum and Effectiveness Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation: Procurement Reform in the Philippines.Manila.15 Ibid.

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The passage of RA 9184 laid the legal foundation for changing the whole public

procurement process. The GPRA applies to the three procurement types, namely,

infrastructure projects, goods, and consulting services, and covers both NGAs and

LGUs.16

Corruption

Corruption is often referred to as the use of government powers to cater one’s

own desire. It is a misuse of power to detriment the proposed purpose to be able to pursue

personal gains. Bribery, nepotism, graft, and patronage are only few of the forms of

corruption manifested on governments around the world.

Writings on corruption often limit it to actions of public officials. Like for

instance, corruption may pertain to a behavior of public officials which diverges from

accepted norms to serve personal gains. Some describes it as a practice of using power in

pursuing personal gains in not following laws.17

The most common definition of corruption that used by the World Bank and other

organizations, is “the abuse of public power for private gain”18. This definition can be

general, depending on how broadly one interprets “public power” and “private gain”.

Rose Hackerman19 gives a definition that is suited mostly to bribes: “an illegal payment

to a public agent to obtain a benefit that may or may not be deserved in the absence of

payoffs”.

As is evident from the above example, the typical definition of corruption

involves the notion of the “public” in a fundamental sense. For this reason it is customary

to regard the main locus of corruption as government and as invariably involving public

16 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 200217 Coronel, S.S (1998). Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines. Philippine Center For Ivestigative Journalism.18 World Bank [1997a] World development report: the state in a changing world. NewYork: Oxford University Press.19 Rose-Ackerman [1998]. “Corruption and Development”, Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington: The World Bank.

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officials. Some recent usage, however, also speaks of “private corruption” as occurring in

business firms, or as it deals with organized crime. Some examples are overpricing

practiced by supply managers, excessive charging of personal bills at company expense,

and so on.

Corruption by type or object of transaction.

There are various ways to list the objects of corrupt transactions. Examples are

when parties can purchase from a politician, such as: government contracts, government

benefits, public revenues, time-saving and regulatory avoidance, influencing outcomes of

the legal and regulator process.20

Rose-Ackerman21 proposes the following list of types or objects of corrupt

transactions: (a)bids, purchases, and auctions; (b) sale of policies and rules; (c) rules-

evasion; (d) bureaucratic or political facilitation; (e) bureaucratic or political harassment;

(f) political favors and support.

1. Bids, purchases, and auctions

Bid-rigging, overpricing, over-purchasing

2. Sale of policies, laws, and regulations

Changes in ownership rules

3. Rules evasion

Customs-releases; tax evasion; bribes to cops

4. Bureaucratic or political facilitation

Queue-jumping; “grease money”

20 Rose-Ackerman [1998]. “Corruption and Development”, Annual World Bank Conference onDevelopment Economics, Washington: The World Bank.21 Ibid.

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5. Bureaucratic or political harassment

“AC-DC”; proxy wars; tax harassment

6. Political favour or support

Nepotism; vote-rigging

Significance of the Research

The Sangguniang Kabataan is the only institution in the South East Asia where

the youth is given direct representation in the government. The set-up may discern the

governance over the over-all population and the governance over the youth. The Filipino

youth comprises 30% of the entire Philippine population notifying the importance of the

institution.

Addressing the issue of corruption in the institution may bring forth better

organization of the Sangguniang Kabataan. It may incur development not only of its

system but of its constituents as well. With the gaining fame for movements seeking for

the abolition of the institution, this paper however, into a certain extent, may provide a

venue for a better option of addressing the problem. This may further lead to an

amelioration of the institution in complying with the expectations of the country. Looking

at both sides of the inquiry will lead to a more synergistic approach to the study.

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Theoretical Framework

The institutional approach will serve as the theoretical approach of the study.

Because we are dealing with an institution, it is best to look at it as a social structure: an

institution. Institutional analysis studies how institutions, the structures, the function of

the individuals with in the system in accordance with the governing empirical rule,

informal rules and or norms and the law. This analysis looks on how institutions function

in practice and the effects of these institutions on society.

Institutional theory attends to the deeper and more resilient aspects of social

structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas; rules, norms,

and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. It

inquires into how these elements are created, diffused, adopted, and adapted over space

and time; and how they fall into decline and disuse.

For the purposes of this study, the researcher will be using a more specific

institutional approach, the New Institutionalism. New Institutionalism recognizes that

institutions operate in an environment consisting of other institutions, called the

institutional environment. Every institution is influenced by the broader environment (or

in simpler terms institutional peer pressure). In this environment, the main goal of

organizations is to adapt. In order to do so, they need to do more than succeed

economically; they need to establish legitimacy within the relations of institutions. Peer

pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels

comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or desires to

impose a group norm of attitudes and behaviors.

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Conceptual Framework:

The Procurement Process may be done in its legal and lawful process or in a

fraudulent way. In the illegal process, fraudulent practices may take place between the

Contractor and the Barangay Mother Council. This is where the parties set the transaction

for procuring the SK Funds. The Political Power of the Mother Council and the Profit

Driven orientation of the contractor lead to the anomalies to subsist. The SK Council,

under the stern control of the Barangay Mother Council enters to the Procurement

process. The Sangguniang Kabataan Council however has its own funds and has the

power to solely administer over it. The pressure of higher officials to the SK to act in

accordance with the practices made by that of the mother council becomes a factor why

corruption is transmitted to the Sanggunaing Kabataan.

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Barangay Mother Council

Contractor/dealerFraudulent Practices

Procurement

Procurement of SK Funds IrregularitiesAnomalies

SK Council

Fraudulent Procurement Process

Legal Procurement Process

Stern ControlAnd

Pressure

The Process of Procuring the SK Fund produces forms of Corruption as off-shoots

of the system. The forms of Corruption manifested in the Mother Barangay Council differ

from that of the with the dealers. This is due to the nature of work and intent of

corruption marking. The nature of these practices depends upon the purpose why it is

done. It may be to expedite the processing of documents or to be able to get the project or

business.

Operational Definitions

1. Corruption- "It is the misuse of a public office for personal gain"22. Corruption

may be categorized in two ways: individualized or systemic23. Individual

corruption is where a person performs a secret moneymaking act in relation to his

duties as public official or government employee. While systemic corruption is

committed in an agency where "corruption has become so regularized and

institutionalized that organizational supports back wrong-doing and actually

penalizes those who live up to the old norms"24. It is "demonstrated when

bureaucrats and clients can describe the same illegal process, including such

details as bribery rates per service and the way these are shared among the

members of the syndicate throughout the agency. Those with “initiative” and

“daring” share the largesse with their colleagues with less opportunities, thus

engulfing everyone in an administrative culture that tolerates, even idolizes, the

fruits of corruption"25.

22 Klitgaard, 1995 As quoted in Sosmena, Gaudioso 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCP Occasional paper 23 Carino, Ledivina V., 1985 The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy: Corruption or Commitment?, International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985. P.1524 Caiden, Gerald and Naomi, 1977 Administrative Corruption. As quoted in Carino, Ledivina V. 1985. International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985. P. 30625 Carino, Ledivina V., 1985 The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy: Corruption or Commitment?, International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985. P.15

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2. Barangay Mother Council- the Barangay Mother Council consists of A Barangay

Captain and 7 Barangay Kagawads (Councilors), the SK chairperson of the

Sangguniang Kabataam serves as the ex-officio in the council giving him/her the

same power, duties and function the Barangay kagawad entails.

3. Contractor- these are corporations, entrepreneur who are agents for the

procurement process.

4. Sangguniang Kabataan Council- the Sangguniang Kabataan is the youth

legislature in every local village or community. The Chairman of the Sangguniang

Kabataan acts as the Chief Executive of the Sanggunian (Council) while the

Kagawad (Councilor) serves as the legislative council.

5. Sangguniang Kabataan Funds- ten percent (10%) of the total budget of the

Barangay shall be allocated to the Sangguniang Kabataan Council, in which they

shall exercise full fiscal autonomy over the funds.

6. Bureaucratic Corruption — is "defined as a dysfunctional and pathological act

that negates the accomplishment of its constitutional mandate of promoting public

interest"26

7. Forms of procurement anomalies27

a. Lagay or Pampadulas — also known as SOP, commission, porsyento, for

the boys, etc. This is "grease money" given to the procurement official by

the dealer to facilitate the processing of documents or as a return favor for

a project given.

b. Tong — extortion or money demanded by the procurement official to a

dealer to facilitate the processing of documents.

c. Negotiated canvass or nego — an arrangement made by the dealer and the

procurement official to manipulate a canvass method of procurement to

ensure that the purchase order would be "won" by the said dealer. This is

26 Sosmena, Gaudioso, 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCP Occasional paper 27 These are lifted definitions from the research paper of Senator Trillanes. His definitios are best unaltered so no changes were made. (Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System. Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance.)

CA Arco Liquigan 22

done by giving all the canvass papers of a certain project to the favored

dealer. Thus, effectively depriving other interested dealers.

d. Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan — an arrangement made by the

dealer and the procurement official/s to manipulate a public bidding

method of procurement to ensure that the purchase order would be "won"

by the said dealer. This is done by the collusion between all the attending

bidders, which include the favored dealer, and the Bids and Awards

Committee.

e. Ghost delivery or conversion — the process in which government funds

allocated through budget releases are "converted" into cash. This is done

by preparing procurement documents taken from either a negotiated

canvass or a rigged bidding, then, instead of delivering the items stated in

the purchase order, the dealer would deliver the cash equivalent of the

goods in the purchase order, less certain percentages for the dealer's profit.

f. Over-pricing- to cover for the additional expenses incurred by the lagay,

the dealers and procurement official mutually agree on setting the price,

which are way above the authorized limits.

g. Under delivery — again to cover for the additional expenses incurred by

the lagay, the dealers and procurement official mutually agree that the

quantity of the delivery will be lower than the one specified in the

purchase order.

h. Substitution — to circumvent certain prohibitions of the law, specifically

the General Appropriations Act, where certain gov't agencies have no

capital outlay and, therefore, cannot buy equipment, the dealer and the

procurement official mutually agree to deliver items other than those

stated in the purchase order.

CA Arco Liquigan 23

Methodology

The researcher will be using the following methods in obtaining data for the

development of the study: A focus group discussion to acquire the personal perception on

the concept of corruption (forms, process and ways), and review of past studies related to

the topic. It may be difficult to interview the 12 respondents all in one sitting, so they will

be divided into smaller groups of 2 members each. Interviews on groups with only 2

members will make data gathering handy and more substantial.

Cluster random sampling will be used by the researcher in deciding the number of

SK Chairpersons who will be participating in the interviewes. This type of sampling is

going to be used to ensure that the different Chairpersons, in the case of the districts of

QC, will be equally represented in the sample. For the purposes of the research, 3 of the

population of each district will be interviewed, yielding a total of 12 respondents. A

descriptive analysis table designed by Krueger and Casey (2000)28 will be used in

organizing the gathered data.

Data shall be consolidated into matrixes, bar graphs and diagram to better show

their significance. With the aid of these tools, relationships: dichotomies and organization

can be better explained.

Data will be analyzed in light of the concepts of Phenomenology. Where in

bracketing and eidetic reduction would provide a very big aid to the researcher. Since the

researcher is part of the institution, it would bring about soundness and fairness to the

28 Krueger RA & Casey MA (2000) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

CA Arco Liquigan 24

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

male

female

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

highschool

college

out of schoolyouth

study if the researcher will suspend all of his ideologies and notions when engaging with

the topic and let the data be perceived as what it is. Furthermore, it will make the study

more effective if raw data will be explained and analyzed thoroughly with out prior

impartiality.

Data Presentation and Data Analysis

Table 1: Demographic Data of Respondents (N=20)

Diagram 1. Graph of Demographic Data per Sex

Diagram 1. Graph of Demographic Data per Educational Attainment

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Demographic Data Number Frequency (%)Sex

Male

Female

6

6

50%

50%AgeEducational Attainment

High School

College

Out of School Youth

1

9

2

8.33%

75%

16.67%

25

Table 2.a Text Transcribed during the Process of Developing and Writing a paperregarding Barangay Corruoption and the Procurement Process.(Respondents: SKchairpersons): indexing and charting stage.

Line number Transcription Code*1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.Interviewer: paano ninyo po nasabi?Respondent 2: kasi pantay pantay naman yung mga members,tsaka may systema parin naman siya. Tuloy tuloy parin.I: so nagagawa ninyo parin ung mandates ninyo?Respondent 1 (Male): YesI: do you undergo procurement process?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.I: Sa procurement di po ba kumukuha po kayo ng contractor?R1: oo.R2. oo.I: kamusta naman po?R1:medyo minsan maguloR2: ConflictR1: Mahirap talagaI: bakit po siya mahirap?R1: kasi maraming dumarating, R2: may inooferR1: may inoofer yung kapitan mo, tapos may kung sino sinongcontractor na lumalapit, nahihirapan ka kung sino yung pipiliinmo kasi lahat gusto mong bigyan.I: so basically, sa kapitan madalas nang gagaling ungcontractor?R2: kapitan yung nagpapakilala sa contractor, kasi walanamang kilala ang mga SK.I: so ung gusto ng kapitan iyon ang nasusunod?R2: depende rinI: sa pagkuha ba ng contractor do you undergo bidding?R1: minsanR2: for formality langI: panung for formality lang?R2: biding-bidinganI: ano pong nangyayari sa biding bidingan?R2: nagbibiding, pero sila sila rin

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39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.

R1: may mga contractor, tapos pipiliin nila kung sino ungpinaka mababa. Pero yung mga contractor na yun sa kanila rinyun, kumbaga, kunwari lang,I: so yun ang ginagawa to get the deal?R1: ooI: have you ever helped a contractor win a deal?R1: hindi, kasi nga magkakakilala sila eI: so sa pagkuha ninyo ng contractor, may nakukuha ba kayongincentive mula sa kanila?R2: meronI: anu po?R1: as usual, R2: ung S.O.PI: anu ung S.O.P na yun?R1: di ba may project ka?R2: percentageR1: automatic na yun, na may makukuha ka, halimbawa sa150,000, 20% nun.I: so 20% ng 150,000 automatic iyo na iyon. O nagiiba iba payung 20% na iyon?R2; depende sa contractor mu yun e, may mga galante nanagbibigay sa iyo ng mataas,I: so in form of a cash yun ung 20% na yun?R2: ooI: do you consider the procurement process transparent?R2: parang hindi namanI: sa mga projects ninyo na nagpapurchase kayo, meron pobang pagkakataon na ung mga items na binigay sa inyo kulang?R2: depende din yun eh, minsan talaga may mga maeencounterkang mga contractor na ganon, na tinitipid kaI: paanong tinitipid po? Bakit tinitipid?R2: strategy nila malamang para makatipid din silaR1: para mas malaki yung kita nilaI: Kanino ninyo po inaatribute yung kakulangan sa mga gamitna yun?R1: sa SK council,R2: hinde, sa contractor yunI: yung mother council walang kinalaman dun?R1:walaR2: meronR1: usapan ng sk yun e, between sk and contractor yun ehR2: samin pwedeng mother council, may mga pakilamera, maymga barangay kasing ganun ehI: nakikialam yung kapitan?I: Sa tingin ninyo ba, corruption occurs in the procurementprocess?

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85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115.

R1: oo naman, kasi may lagayan yun eI: maliban sa S.O.P at lagayan, may mga naencounter pabakayong anomalous dealings?R1: wala namanR2: ako wala namanI: sa mga gawaing iyan, may mga alam ba kayong nahuli?R2: walaR1: wala pa namanI: do you think may magbabago pa sa sistema na ito?R2: meron paR1: meron namanI: Anu ung dapat gawin sa kanya?R2: siyempre pangungurakotI: mismong proseso na yung dapat baguhin?R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba dapat may mas makapangyarihan pa nainstitusyon para mapigilan yung mga ganito?R2: siguro mas maganda na magsimula na sa ganito, di nakailangan pa ng ibaR1: oo naman, pero depende narin naman kasi sa mothercouncil e, kung kaya na ng mother council, mother council nalang.I: do you consider the contractors corrupt?R1: medyo namanI: bakit medyo naman?R1: kasi trabaho nila yan e, dahil kailangan nilang kumitaR2: pero wag lang silang aabusoI: do you consider your mother council corrupt?R2: ooR1: ooI: do you consider your SK council corrupt?R1: noR2: noI: do you consider yourself corrupt?R1 and R2: noI: to whom do you attribute corruption then?R1 and R2: mother council, sila masusunod, sila bosing eR2: Kasi mas alam nila yung ginagawa nila

CA Arco Liquigan 28

116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122.

Table 2.b. Text Transcribed during the Process of Developing and Writing a paperregarding Barangay Corruoption and the Procurement Process.(Respondents: SKchairpersons): indexing and charting stage.

Line number Transcription Code*

CA Arco Liquigan 29

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

I: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang sangguniang kabataan aynapamumunuan with honesty and justice?R1(Female): yesR2( Male): yesI: sa tingin nyo po bakit?R1: kasi ako yung leader eI: so nagagawa ninyo naman po yung mandates sa inyo ngbatasR1: ooI: ano po ba yung main purpose ng SK?R1: to serve the youthI: to serve the youth…I: sa inyo po, sa inyong pananaw?R2:ah, syempre to serve the youth din.I: ganun po ba, dip o ba ung budget po ng sk nanggagaling poyan sa mother council hindi po ba?R2: from City councilI: pero bali 10% siya ngR2: Barangay BudgetI: kapag gumagamit po ba kayo ng budget sa proyekto ninyo,kumukuha po ba kayo ng contractor?R1: oo, pero hindi ako yung kumukuha nung contractorI: sino po?R1: yung kapitan naminI: so kapitan po ang nagbibigay ng contractor?R1: oo siyaI: so siya ang kausapR1: oo siyaI: sa inyo po?R2: meron namang mga project na kailangan ng contractor,meron ding hindi katulad ng mga project na below P10,000.00,din a kailangan ng contractorI: so pag below 10,000 lang ang gagastusin ninyo di nakailangan ng contractor?R2: yesI: pero pag above ten thousand gumagamit kayo ng contractor?R2: kailanganI: so makatuwind, nagundergo po kayo ng procurementprocess?R2: ooR1: ooI: sa pagkuha ng contractor, paano po yung proseso non? Anopo yung ginagawa?R2: papel munaI: panoo pong papel munaR2: resolution muna, tapos bidding

CA Arco Liquigan 30

47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.

I: so nagbibiding muna bago kumuha ng contractor?R2: ooR1: ang totoong process kasi niyan e, Sk resolution, then,Barangay Resolution, ganayan, tapos magcoconduct siya ngbidding, tapos magkakaroon ng canvass, tapos un na iyon, kungsino yung mananalong contractor sa biddingR2: siya ang hahawak ng projectR1: sila ang magsusupply sa project na kailangan.I: sa bidding pano po ang nangyayari doon?R1: pababaan sila ng prseyo ng ipupurchase mo, then kung sinoyung pinakamababa, kumpleto yung maisusuply niya, yun yungkukunin doon na contractor.I: talaga po bang nangyayari yung bidding?R2: hindiI: paano pong hindi?R2: kasi pinapapirmahan na lang sa amin yung ano e, yungpapel eI: so wala talagang biddingR2: attendance lang na kunwari may nangyaring bidding.I: sa inyo po ba ganun din?R1: may mga project na wala ng bidding bidding, bidding-biddingan na lang,I: bidding-biddingan na langR2: ooR1: pero may mga project parin na kailangan parin ng bidding, I: so bago paman po yung bidding biddingan may kausap nakayong contractor talaga?R2: meron na kapag bidding biddinganI: dun po ba sa pagkuha ng contractor, nagbibigay po ba ngincentive yung contractor sa inyo kapag nakuha na nila yungproyekto?R2: ang karaniwan talagang nakakakuha niyan, ay BarangayCaptain, R1: oo Barangay CaptainI: so usually talaga Barangay Captain?R2: then yung mga Barangay Councilors kasi hindi pipirmanyang mga yan kung walang ganun e, kapag walang paabot,I: so kailangan may paabot? Usually gano kalaki yung paabotna yun?R2: anu yan e, depende sa kasunduan yan e, I: paano po? Pwede pong pakiliwanag?R2: meron kasing mga Barangay Captain, na 5% sa kanila,tapos 5% dun sa councilors, so suma total 10%. I: 10% Percent po iyon ng project?R2: oo I: sa SK po magkano lang ang napupunta dun?

CA Arco Liquigan 31

93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.

R2: kasi ang SK hindi naman nila alam yang S.O.P o lagaylagay e,I: S.O.P po ang tawag doon?R2: oo, S.O.P o standard operating procedure, ayung yung Sop,ung lagay lagay ng contractor e, minsan hindi alam yan ng mgaSK, I: sa paano po iyon, kapag binibigay po ng contractor yungS.O.P sinasabi po niya iyon, pnipaliwanag po ba niya kung anuyon?R2: hindi, hindi yun pinapaliwanagR1: ang naguusap lang dun ung Barangay Captain, taposaabutan na lang kami ng Barangay Captain.I: so sa inyo, kapitan ang nagbibigay sa inyo?R1: ooR2: siyaI: mga magkano po yun, kunwari po sa isang daan libo, mgamagkano po yung most likely na makuha ninyo doon?R2: halos ten percent din.I: so halos P10,000 agad yun,R2: ooI: nang gagaling yun sa kapitan?R1: binibigay ng kapitanI: na binibigay naman ng contractor sa kanila?R1: ah, ganun palaI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang procurement process transparentsiya?R1: siguroR2: hindi, hindi malinis yan, I: dahil po sa mga nagyayari na ganun?R2: kasi kung malinis yan, walang lagay lagay na nagaganap, epag may lagay lagay ibig sabihinR1: may mali dyaan.I: ano po ba ang pagkakaiba ng suhol sa lagay?Ahh. Maaari sigurong yung binibigay ng contractor sa kapitansuholR1: oo suhol yonIpara pumirma suhol, tapos yung binibigay sa inyo na kapitanlagay?R1 and R2: ooR2: ika nga eh, hindi gagalaw ang makinarya, kung walanggasoline.I: so pera yung pinaka gasoline nila, hmmI: so may mga pagkakataon po ban a pag nagpapapurchase ka,kunwari sa sport po, kunwari bibili ng bola, may mgapagkakataon ban a minsan nakalagay sa papel sampung bolapero ang dumarating sa inyo limang bola lang,

CA Arco Liquigan 32

120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.

R1: oo, ooI: sa tingin ninyo bakit kaya may mga ganung nangyayari?R2: depende kasi yan e, kung sa totoo talaga, may mga projectang SK na hindi mo pwedeng ilagay sa development plan, soang nangyayari dyan kaya nagkakaganon, sampung bola perolima ang bibilhin mo, dahil yung budget para doon idivert mona lang para magamit mo sa ibang project moR1: katulad ng referee dibaR2: yung referee hindi mo R1: pwede isama sa development plamI: kaya kailangan mo nun, sa mga ganun, kanino ninyo poinaatribute yung problema?Sa contractor, sa mother council o sa SK council?R2: nakakahiya rin kasing magsabi sa mother council eI: pero parte po ba sila doon?R2: ooI: ang contractor po ba parte po ba?R2: ooR1: may parteI: sa mga pagkakataong may mga anumalya, may pagkakataonpo bang nahuli sila, o may nasampa ng kaso sa kanila, sabarangay ninyo po ba may mga ganitong pagkakataon?R2: wala pa namanI: sa tingin ninyo po bakit wala pang ganun na nangyayari?R1: e syempre, dahil nga sa lagay, R2: kaya rin naman walang nagbabalak ng ganyan, kasi, pagnakita mo yung papeles kumpleto, I: so sa papel sila bumbawiR2: oo, sa papel, sa papelR1: iyon lang naman ang hinahanap nila sa City hall, sa COA.I: sa tingin ninyo po ba, kailangan pa ng isa pang institusyonpara gabayan ang SK? Para hindi na to maging corrupt? Sapatna ba yung mother council?R1: kailangan pa siguro, I: kung may babaguhin kasyo s ask, ano yung dapat baguhin?R1: yung pagpirma ng mga kagawad, dapat hindi na silapumupirma, dapat yung mga SK kagawad na lang, kasi oag silana yung pumipirma, doon talga nagsisimula yung corruption,kasi nga nanghihingi sila ng suho, ng lagay, I: so mas magandang SK na lang talaga, mas may otonomiya?R2: kumbaga, separate na lang yung budget ng Mother Counciltsaka ng SK council.Para magkaroon ng sariling process ang SK para sa project,wala ng pirma pirmahan sa taas, SK na lang,I: sa ganung paraan mas mababawasan na ang kurapsyontalaga?

CA Arco Liquigan 33

143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165.

R2: kung may isa pang institusyon na gagabay sa ganyan,katulad ng SK federation, sila na lang yung last na signatories,pag mag purchase ka o mag project ka,I: kung sa tingin ninyo ba naka separate na ang SK sa mothercouncil, magiging corrupt ba kayo? O sa tingin ninyo ba masmagiging corrupt talaga siya o hindi na?R2: hindi na, kasi ang kabataan naman, once na nagkaroon yanng layunin, layunin talaga, walang halong anumalya, kasi angkabataan pag nagisip, kagandahan, walang halong kahibangan,masasamang gawi.I: kinoconsider ninyo po ban a ang contractors ay corrupt?R2: oo, ksai kumukuha din isla ng pursyento sa mga project eh,R1: sakin mayroon naman talagang mga contractor na corrupt,tulad yun gproject mo parang kinakahoy nalang, imbis naibigay sayo yungR2: magaganda qualityR1: magaganda quality, ginagawa nila yung mga local, ganunyung pagka corrupt nung contractor eh, pero kung sacontractor, hindi naman talaga sila corrupt kasi dumadaan dinsila sa mga legal, yun nga lang talaga minsan nangangahoy sila.I: kino consider ninyo po ba ang mother council na corrupt?R2: iba iba kasing barangay e,I: sa barangay ninyo po?R2: sa barangay naming, hindi siguro, R1: sa amin hindi naman din siguro kasi wala pa naman akongnalalaman sa mga transaction nilaI: do you consider the SK Council corrupt?R1: no, wala silang alam sa mga S.O.P eh,I: so hindi nila alam yun?R2: ako bilang isang SK Chairman ng Barangay naming,walang corrupt sa amin, yabang, heheI: kino consider ninyo po ba ang sarili ninyong kurakot?R2: hindi ahR1: hindiI: bakit hindi?R2: kasi ayaw nga namin nyan eh, pinaglalaban naming yungmga ganyang Gawain eh, ayaw naming ganun, R1: sakin syempre ganun din hindi kasi sakin kuntento na ko sasinesweldo ko e, sa monthly salary ko e diba, nakakaano namankung kukunin mo yung para sa project pa talaga, ilang percentdin yunR2: tsaka pag naging corrupt ka, ikaw din yun mapuputukan eR1: kaya ngaR2: bakit kasi imbis na yung para sa projecy mu na lang,mahahati pa, wala rinm wala ring magandang project namaibibigay. Ikaw ang puputukan ng mga tao.

CA Arco Liquigan 34

166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188.

CA Arco Liquigan 35

189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211.

CA Arco Liquigan 36

212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230.

CA Arco Liquigan 37

Table 2.c. Text Transcribed during the Process of Developing and Writing a paperregarding Barangay Corruoption and the Procurement Process.(Respondents: SKchairpersons): indexing and charting stage.

Line number Transcription Code*

CA Arco Liquigan 38

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?R1: minsan hindi minsan ooI: paano pong minsan oo, minsan hinde?R1: kasi diba minsan ano, meron tayo ung kno convert yungmga ganun, yunbg mga bagay na illegal tapos konoconvert saibang bagay.I: sa inyo po?R2: anu siya, depende siya sa tao tsaka depende siya samismong kalagayan, kasi katulad nga ng sinabi niya, mayroonding mga times na kahit ayaw mong gawin, kailangan mongmagconvert, parang in other words, kunwari isang project,hindi talaga siya sa category na yun,I: ah, para dun sa mga project na hindi pwedeng ilagay sadevelopment plan? Ganun?R2: ooI: kapag po ba ginangamit ninyo yung barangay funds po baninyo, nagundergo po ba kayo ng procurement o yung pagkuhang contractor, R1: meronI: kayo po?R2: kapag kumukuha kami ng contractor, yung mismong, kasidiba, 70-30 un? Yung 70% magdirect buying kana, para hindina mas malaki yung mabawas dun sa budget,I: saan ninyo nakukuha yung contractor?R2: minsan kusa ng lumalapit yan e, kapag alam na nasapulitika kaI: sa inyo po?R1: kay kapI: sa kapitan, anu yun pinakilala niya sa inyo?R1 ooI; kapag halimbawa kukuha na kayo ng contractor, diba saprocurement process kailangan may bidding, nagpapa bidingdin ba kayo?R1: meron, kasi requirement yun, required na magkaroon ngbidding.I: anu po yung nangyayari sa bidding?R2: sa bidding kasi dun mnakikita yung may pinakamababangoffer ng ipupurchase mo, I: paano po yung process ng bidding na iyon?R2: anu yun, mageentertain ka ng mga contractor, na magooferng lower price, tapos, andun yung mga kagawad, BarangayCaptain and basta Barangay officials.I: may bidding ba talagang nangyayari?R1: ahm, hindi, actually wala, kasi bago paman magstart ngbidding, alam na kung sino yung panalo, para siyang scripted.

CA Arco Liquigan 39

47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.

I: bidding biddingan na lang talga siya? Hindi talganagcocompete yung mga contractors? Anu yun magkakakilalana talaga sila?R1: may dala na talaga silang mga sariling tao na kunwari kabidI: para sila na rin ang mananalo at the end? Have you everhelped a contractor win a deal?R1: kasi before magkaroon ng bidding, mag bibigay narin silang advance, kaya kailangan manalo sila sa biddingI: sa inyo?R2: ganun din, I: nung nakuha na niya yung project, binigyan ba niya kayo ngincentives?R1: incentives siguro yung lunch tsaka miryenda during nungbiddingR2: sakin wala, kasi hindi naman ako ang nakikipagusap sacontractor eh, talagang si kapI: so kapitan din pala talaga, pag halimbawa pag katapos na ngproject do you receive any monetary compensation from thekapitan or from the contractors?R1: meron from kapitanR2: samin meron pero dun sa malalaking projects lang, perokung maliliit lang, halimwaba ten thousand, direct buying nayun.I: kanino nanggagaling yung mga binibigay nay un? Sa kapitano sa contractor?R1: sa contractorI: sa contractor pero pinapadaan sa kapitan, ganun?R1: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba yung procurement process transparentsiya?R1: hindiI: bakit po hindi?R1: kasi meron paring mga corruption, R2: dir in siya ganun ka transparent, kasi may mga bagay nahindi mo pwedeng sabihin sa ibang tao, na parang sa inyo nalang yun mga barangay officials,I: sa tenure ninyo bilang SK Members, anu yung mga mostcommon forms of corruption na napapansin ninyo with in thesystem?R2: kasi puro yung mga projects, yung nakakakuha sila ngS.O.P, I: anu yung S.O.P nay un?R2; parang pinaka percent na napupunta sa mga sk, I: ilang percent?R2: mostly 20 siya e

CA Arco Liquigan 40

93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.

I: 20% ng entire budget yun?R2: ooI: nakaexperience naba kayo na sinuhulan kayo?R1: hindi pa namanI: nagkaroon ban g pagkakataon na minsan nagpapurchase kayotapos ang nakalagay sa papel 10 bola, pero ang dumating sainyo tatlo limang bola lang, R1: sa amin wala naman ganun, kasi sa amin sobrang strict, oklang na large ung allocated amounts pero dapat yung quantitysakto.R2: ganun din, pero minsan sa quality naman talo namanI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ung mga anomalies na ganun, nahuhulipo ba sila?R1: siguro may nahuhuli, pero kung sigurong kaso talga, siguroit takes a year or five years bago mapatunayan or tanggal ka nasa termino mo bago pa mapatunayanR2: actually siguro alam naman nay un nung mga nagaaprovenung budget, I: so sila sila rin talaga yun kaya walang lumalabas,nagtatakipan na lang sila?R1 and R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba may magbabago pa sa SK?R1: nakadepende yan sa president eng pilipinasR2: para sakin depende din yun sa SK na nakaupo, tska dun samga mismong katipunan ng kabataan, nasa sakanila kasi kungmakikipagcooperate sila, at siyempre kahit papaano kailangandin yung SK tska officials para ganahan sila, na tulungan yungmga anoI: kung babaguhin ninyo yung sistema ngayun, anu yung gustoninyong baguhin?R1: una yung about dun sa pagkuha ng contractor, kasi masmalaki pa yung napupunta dun sa contractor doon sa project,I: talagang yung kinikita nila yung mas importante sa kanila?R1: sana yung mga Brgy, treasurers na lang yung nagaasikasonung tungkol doon sa mga papers, para mas napaprioritize ungprojects ng SK, R2; ako din yung mga contractors din, tska dun sa mga bagayna sinasabi nila illegal, pero makakatulong naman dun sa ano,dapat legalize na nila. Para hindi na kumuha pa ng contractorna nakababawas paI: sa tingin ninyo ba mas magiging effective ang SK kungmaliban sa Mother council, may iba pang institution na dapatgumabay sa SK para mawala yung mga corruption na ganyan.R1: sa tingin ko wag na, mas lalo lang gugulo, mas maramilang makikialam,I: mas lalaganap yung corruption pag ganun?

CA Arco Liquigan 41

120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.

R1: sa tingin ko, kasi, kung mayroong ibang departments namakikialam halimbawa, mas marami yung magtratrabaho, masmaraming papaswelduhin, yung office pa nila, kahit man powerlang, meron paring gastos, gugulo lang, marami namakikiinvolve, R2: siguro yung ano, yung hindi mismong makikialam, yungguidance lang, kapag hindi mo na kaya andyan lang isla, at tskayung volunteer syempre hindi yung aasa.yung walanginaasahang kapalit.I: So sa tingin ninyo naman, may magbabago pa naman.R1: oo naman.I: Do you consider the Contractors Corrupt?R1: yesR2: ooI: Do you consider your Barangay Mother council Corrupt?R1:yesR2:depende sa council, I: pero do you consider your Mother council corrupt?R2: medyoI: Do you consider your SK council Corrupt?R1: yesR2: yesI: Do you consider yourself corrupt?R1: yes, kasi sumwesweldo ako, parang wala naman akomasyadong ginagawa, tapos kahit na given na tax payer ako,pag dating dun sa mga projects ko, may nakukuha parin akongpercent dun sa amount ng project, mayroon parin akongnakukuhaR2: oo, kasi yung mga natatangap ko kapag may project, kasikahit na may sweldo ka na, parang kahit minsannakokonsyensya ka, dahil may mga pangangailangan kad in.

CA Arco Liquigan 42

143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165.

CA Arco Liquigan 43

166. 167. 168. 169.

Table 3.a. Codification of table 2.aLine number Transcription Code*

CA Arco Liquigan 44

123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145.

I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.Interviewer: paano ninyo po nasabi?Respondent 2: kasi pantay pantay naman yung mga members,tsaka may systema parin naman siya. Tuloy tuloy parin.I: so nagagawa ninyo parin ung mandates ninyo?Respondent 1 (Male): YesI: do you undergo procurement process?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.I: Sa procurement di po ba kumukuha po kayo ng contractor?R1: oo.R2. oo.I: kamusta naman po?R1:medyo minsan maguloR2: ConflictR1: Mahirap talagaI: bakit po siya mahirap?R1: kasi maraming dumarating, R2: may inooferR1: may inoofer yung kapitan mo, tapos may kung sino sinongcontractor na lumalapit, nahihirapan ka kung sino yung pipiliinmo kasi lahat gusto mong bigyan.I: so basically, sa kapitan madalas nang gagaling ungcontractor?R2: kapitan yung nagpapakilala sa contractor, kasi walanamang kilala ang mga SK.I: so ung gusto ng kapitan iyon ang nasusunod?R2: depende rinI: sa pagkuha ba ng contractor do you undergo bidding?R1: minsanR2: for formality langI: panung for formality lang?R2: biding-bidinganI: ano pong nangyayari sa biding bidingan?R2: nagbibiding, pero sila sila rinR1: may mga contractor, tapos pipiliin nila kung sino ungpinaka mababa. Pero yung mga contractor na yun sa kanila rinyun, kumbaga, kunwari lang,I: so yun ang ginagawa to get the deal?R1: ooI: have you ever helped a contractor win a deal?R1: hindi, kasi nga magkakakilala sila eI: so sa pagkuha ninyo ng contractor, may nakukuha ba kayong

1-1

1-1

1-2

CA Arco Liquigan 45

146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168.

incentive mula sa kanila?R2: meronI: anu po?R1: as usual, R2: ung S.O.PI: anu ung S.O.P na yun?R1: di ba may project ka?R2: percentageR1: automatic na yun, na may makukuha ka, halimbawa sa150,000, 20% nun.I: so 20% ng 150,000 automatic iyo na iyon. O nagiiba iba payung 20% na iyon?R2; depende sa contractor mu yun e, may mga galante nanagbibigay sa iyo ng mataas,I: so in form of a cash yun ung 20% na yun?R2: ooI: do you consider the procurement process transparent?R2: parang hindi namanI: sa mga projects ninyo na nagpapurchase kayo, meron pobang pagkakataon na ung mga items na binigay sa inyo kulang?R2: depende din yun eh, minsan talaga may mga maeencounterkang mga contractor na ganon, na tinitipid kaI: paanong tinitipid po? Bakit tinitipid?R2: strategy nila malamang para makatipid din silaR1: para mas malaki yung kita nilaI: Kanino ninyo po inaatribute yung kakulangan sa mga gamitna yun?R1: sa SK council,R2: hinde, sa contractor yunI: yung mother council walang kinalaman dun?R1:walaR2: meronR1: usapan ng sk yun e, between sk and contractor yun ehR2: samin pwedeng mother council, may mga pakilamera, maymga barangay kasing ganun ehI: nakikialam yung kapitan?I: Sa tingin ninyo ba, corruption occurs in the procurementprocess?R1: oo naman, kasi may lagayan yun eI: maliban sa S.O.P at lagayan, may mga naencounter pabakayong anomalous dealings?R1: wala namanR2: ako wala namanI: sa mga gawaing iyan, may mga alam ba kayong nahuli?R2: walaR1: wala pa naman

1-3

1-4

CA Arco Liquigan 46

169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191.

I: do you think may magbabago pa sa sistema na ito?R2: meron paR1: meron namanI: Anu ung dapat gawin sa kanya?R2: siyempre pangungurakotI: mismong proseso na yung dapat baguhin?R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba dapat may mas makapangyarihan pa nainstitusyon para mapigilan yung mga ganito?R2: siguro mas maganda na magsimula na sa ganito, di nakailangan pa ng ibaR1: oo naman, pero depende narin naman kasi sa mothercouncil e, kung kaya na ng mother council, mother council nalang.I: do you consider the contractors corrupt?R1: medyo namanI: bakit medyo naman?R1: kasi trabaho nila yan e, dahil kailangan nilang kumitaR2: pero wag lang silang aabusoI: do you consider your mother council corrupt?R2: ooR1: ooI: do you consider your SK council corrupt?R1: noR2: noI: do you consider yourself corrupt?R1 and R2: noI: to whom do you attribute corruption then?R1 and R2: mother council, sila masusunod, sila bosing eR2: Kasi mas alam nila yung ginagawa nila

1-5

1-6

CA Arco Liquigan 47

192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214.

CA Arco Liquigan 48

215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237.

CA Arco Liquigan 49

238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244.

*codes relate to highlighted text

1-1. Process of identifying dealer1-2. Process of Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan 1-3 Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P)1-4. Under delivery1-5. Recommendation of Respondent on changes that must be made to improve SK.1.6. Evaluation of actors in the Procurement Process

Table 3.b. Codification of table 2.b

Line number Transcription Code*

CA Arco Liquigan 50

231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253.

I: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang sangguniang kabataan aynapamumunuan with honesty and justice?R1(Female): yesR2( Male): yesI: sa tingin nyo po bakit?R1: kasi ako yung leader eI: so nagagawa ninyo naman po yung mandates sa inyo ngbatasR1: ooI: ano po ba yung main purpose ng SK?R1: to serve the youthI: to serve the youth…I: sa inyo po, sa inyong pananaw?R2:ah, syempre to serve the youth din.I: ganun po ba, dip o ba ung budget po ng sk nanggagaling poyan sa mother council hindi po ba?R2: from City councilI: pero bali 10% siya ngR2: Barangay BudgetI: kapag gumagamit po ba kayo ng budget sa proyekto ninyo,kumukuha po ba kayo ng contractor?R1: oo, pero hindi ako yung kumukuha nung contractorI: sino po?R1: yung kapitan naminI: so kapitan po ang nagbibigay ng contractor?R1: oo siyaI: so siya ang kausapR1: oo siyaI: sa inyo po?R2: meron namang mga project na kailangan ng contractor,meron ding hindi katulad ng mga project na below P10,000.00,din a kailangan ng contractorI: so pag below 10,000 lang ang gagastusin ninyo di nakailangan ng contractor?R2: yesI: pero pag above ten thousand gumagamit kayo ng contractor?R2: kailanganI: so makatuwind, nagundergo po kayo ng procurementprocess?R2: ooR1: ooI: sa pagkuha ng contractor, paano po yung proseso non? Anopo yung ginagawa?R2: papel munaI: panoo pong papel munaR2: resolution muna, tapos bidding

2-1

2-2

CA Arco Liquigan 51

254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276.

I: so nagbibiding muna bago kumuha ng contractor?R2: ooR1: ang totoong process kasi niyan e, Sk resolution, then,Barangay Resolution, ganayan, tapos magcoconduct siya ngbidding, tapos magkakaroon ng canvass, tapos un na iyon, kungsino yung mananalong contractor sa biddingR2: siya ang hahawak ng projectR1: sila ang magsusupply sa project na kailangan.I: sa bidding pano po ang nangyayari doon?R1: pababaan sila ng prseyo ng ipupurchase mo, then kung sinoyung pinakamababa, kumpleto yung maisusuply niya, yun yungkukunin doon na contractor.I: talaga po bang nangyayari yung bidding?R2: hindiI: paano pong hindi?R2: kasi pinapapirmahan na lang sa amin yung ano e, yungpapel eI: so wala talagang biddingR2: attendance lang na kunwari may nangyaring bidding.I: sa inyo po ba ganun din?R1: may mga project na wala ng bidding bidding, bidding-biddingan na lang,I: bidding-biddingan na langR2: ooR1: pero may mga project parin na kailangan parin ng bidding, I: so bago paman po yung bidding biddingan may kausap nakayong contractor talaga?R2: meron na kapag bidding biddinganI: dun po ba sa pagkuha ng contractor, nagbibigay po ba ngincentive yung contractor sa inyo kapag nakuha na nila yungproyekto?R2: ang karaniwan talagang nakakakuha niyan, ay BarangayCaptain, R1: oo Barangay CaptainI: so usually talaga Barangay Captain?R2: then yung mga Barangay Councilors kasi hindi pipirmanyang mga yan kung walang ganun e, kapag walang paabot,I: so kailangan may paabot? Usually gano kalaki yung paabotna yun?R2: anu yan e, depende sa kasunduan yan e, I: paano po? Pwede pong pakiliwanag?R2: meron kasing mga Barangay Captain, na 5% sa kanila,tapos 5% dun sa councilors, so suma total 10%. I: 10% Percent po iyon ng project?R2: oo I: sa SK po magkano lang ang napupunta dun?

2-3

2-4

CA Arco Liquigan 52

277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299.

R2: kasi ang SK hindi naman nila alam yang S.O.P o lagaylagay e,I: S.O.P po ang tawag doon?R2: oo, S.O.P o standard operating procedure, ayung yung Sop,ung lagay lagay ng contractor e, minsan hindi alam yan ng mgaSK, I: sa paano po iyon, kapag binibigay po ng contractor yungS.O.P sinasabi po niya iyon, pnipaliwanag po ba niya kung anuyon?R2: hindi, hindi yun pinapaliwanagR1: ang naguusap lang dun ung Barangay Captain, taposaabutan na lang kami ng Barangay Captain.I: so sa inyo, kapitan ang nagbibigay sa inyo?R1: ooR2: siyaI: mga magkano po yun, kunwari po sa isang daan libo, mgamagkano po yung most likely na makuha ninyo doon?R2: halos ten percent din.I: so halos P10,000 agad yun,R2: ooI: nang gagaling yun sa kapitan?R1: binibigay ng kapitanI: na binibigay naman ng contractor sa kanila?R1: ah, ganun palaI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang procurement process transparentsiya?R1: siguroR2: hindi, hindi malinis yan, I: dahil po sa mga nagyayari na ganun?R2: kasi kung malinis yan, walang lagay lagay na nagaganap, epag may lagay lagay ibig sabihinR1: may mali dyaan.I: ano po ba ang pagkakaiba ng suhol sa lagay?Ahh. Maaari sigurong yung binibigay ng contractor sa kapitansuholR1: oo suhol yonIpara pumirma suhol, tapos yung binibigay sa inyo na kapitanlagay?R1 and R2: ooR2: ika nga eh, hindi gagalaw ang makinarya, kung walanggasoline.I: so pera yung pinaka gasoline nila, hmmI: so may mga pagkakataon po ban a pag nagpapapurchase ka,kunwari sa sport po, kunwari bibili ng bola, may mgapagkakataon ban a minsan nakalagay sa papel sampung bolapero ang dumarating sa inyo limang bola lang,

CA Arco Liquigan 53

300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322.

R1: oo, ooI: sa tingin ninyo bakit kaya may mga ganung nangyayari?R2: depende kasi yan e, kung sa totoo talaga, may mga projectang SK na hindi mo pwedeng ilagay sa development plan, soang nangyayari dyan kaya nagkakaganon, sampung bola perolima ang bibilhin mo, dahil yung budget para doon idivert mona lang para magamit mo sa ibang project moR1: katulad ng referee dibaR2: yung referee hindi mo R1: pwede isama sa development plamI: kaya kailangan mo nun, sa mga ganun, kanino ninyo poinaatribute yung problema?Sa contractor, sa mother council o sa SK council?R2: nakakahiya rin kasing magsabi sa mother council eI: pero parte po ba sila doon?R2: ooI: ang contractor po ba parte po ba?R2: ooR1: may parteI: sa mga pagkakataong may mga anumalya, may pagkakataonpo bang nahuli sila, o may nasampa ng kaso sa kanila, sabarangay ninyo po ba may mga ganitong pagkakataon?R2: wala pa namanI: sa tingin ninyo po bakit wala pang ganun na nangyayari?R1: e syempre, dahil nga sa lagay, R2: kaya rin naman walang nagbabalak ng ganyan, kasi, pagnakita mo yung papeles kumpleto, I: so sa papel sila bumbawiR2: oo, sa papel, sa papelR1: iyon lang naman ang hinahanap nila sa City hall, sa COA.I: sa tingin ninyo po ba, kailangan pa ng isa pang institusyonpara gabayan ang SK? Para hindi na to maging corrupt? Sapatna ba yung mother council?R1: kailangan pa siguro, I: kung may babaguhin kasyo s ask, ano yung dapat baguhin?R1: yung pagpirma ng mga kagawad, dapat hindi na silapumupirma, dapat yung mga SK kagawad na lang, kasi oag silana yung pumipirma, doon talga nagsisimula yung corruption,kasi nga nanghihingi sila ng suho, ng lagay, I: so mas magandang SK na lang talaga, mas may otonomiya?R2: kumbaga, separate na lang yung budget ng Mother Counciltsaka ng SK council.Para magkaroon ng sariling process ang SK para sa project,wala ng pirma pirmahan sa taas, SK na lang,I: sa ganung paraan mas mababawasan na ang kurapsyontalaga?

2-5

2-6

CA Arco Liquigan 54

323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345.

R2: kung may isa pang institusyon na gagabay sa ganyan,katulad ng SK federation, sila na lang yung last na signatories,pag mag purchase ka o mag project ka,I: kung sa tingin ninyo ba naka separate na ang SK sa mothercouncil, magiging corrupt ba kayo? O sa tingin ninyo ba masmagiging corrupt talaga siya o hindi na?R2: hindi na, kasi ang kabataan naman, once na nagkaroon yanng layunin, layunin talaga, walang halong anumalya, kasi angkabataan pag nagisip, kagandahan, walang halong kahibangan,masasamang gawi.I: kinoconsider ninyo po ban a ang contractors ay corrupt?R2: oo, ksai kumukuha din isla ng pursyento sa mga project eh,R1: sakin mayroon naman talagang mga contractor na corrupt,tulad yun gproject mo parang kinakahoy nalang, imbis naibigay sayo yungR2: magaganda qualityR1: magaganda quality, ginagawa nila yung mga local, ganunyung pagka corrupt nung contractor eh, pero kung sacontractor, hindi naman talaga sila corrupt kasi dumadaan dinsila sa mga legal, yun nga lang talaga minsan nangangahoy sila.I: kino consider ninyo po ba ang mother council na corrupt?R2: iba iba kasing barangay e,I: sa barangay ninyo po?R2: sa barangay naming, hindi siguro, R1: sa amin hindi naman din siguro kasi wala pa naman akongnalalaman sa mga transaction nilaI: do you consider the SK Council corrupt?R1: no, wala silang alam sa mga S.O.P eh,I: so hindi nila alam yun?R2: ako bilang isang SK Chairman ng Barangay naming,walang corrupt sa amin, yabang, heheI: kino consider ninyo po ba ang sarili ninyong kurakot?R2: hindi ahR1: hindiI: bakit hindi?R2: kasi ayaw nga namin nyan eh, pinaglalaban naming yungmga ganyang Gawain eh, ayaw naming ganun, R1: sakin syempre ganun din hindi kasi sakin kuntento na ko sasinesweldo ko e, sa monthly salary ko e diba, nakakaano namankung kukunin mo yung para sa project pa talaga, ilang percentdin yunR2: tsaka pag naging corrupt ka, ikaw din yun mapuputukan eR1: kaya ngaR2: bakit kasi imbis na yung para sa projecy mu na lang,mahahati pa, wala rinm wala ring magandang project namaibibigay. Ikaw ang puputukan ng mga tao.

CA Arco Liquigan 55

346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368.

CA Arco Liquigan 56

369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391.

CA Arco Liquigan 57

392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414.

CA Arco Liquigan 58

415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437.

CA Arco Liquigan 59

438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460.

CA Arco Liquigan 60

*codes relate to highlighted text

2-1. Process of identifying dealer2-2. Simplified Procurement Process rundown.2-3. Process of Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan 2-4. Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P) Lagay and Suhol2-5. Under delivery2-6. Recommendation of Respondent on changes that must be made to improve SK.2-7. Evaluation of actors in the Procurement Process

Table 3.c. Codification of table 2.c

Line number Transcription Code*

CA Arco Liquigan 61

170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192.

I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?R1: minsan hindi minsan ooI: paano pong minsan oo, minsan hinde?R1: kasi diba minsan ano, meron tayo ung kno convert yungmga ganun, yunbg mga bagay na illegal tapos konoconvert saibang bagay.I: sa inyo po?R2: anu siya, depende siya sa tao tsaka depende siya samismong kalagayan, kasi katulad nga ng sinabi niya, mayroonding mga times na kahit ayaw mong gawin, kailangan mongmagconvert, parang in other words, kunwari isang project,hindi talaga siya sa category na yun,I: ah, para dun sa mga project na hindi pwedeng ilagay sadevelopment plan? Ganun?R2: ooI: kapag po ba ginangamit ninyo yung barangay funds po baninyo, nagundergo po ba kayo ng procurement o yung pagkuhang contractor, R1: meronI: kayo po?R2: kapag kumukuha kami ng contractor, yung mismong, kasidiba, 70-30 un? Yung 70% magdirect buying kana, para hindina mas malaki yung mabawas dun sa budget,I: saan ninyo nakukuha yung contractor?R2: minsan kusa ng lumalapit yan e, kapag alam na nasapulitika kaI: sa inyo po?R1: kay kapI: sa kapitan, anu yun pinakilala niya sa inyo?R1 ooI; kapag halimbawa kukuha na kayo ng contractor, diba saprocurement process kailangan may bidding, nagpapa bidingdin ba kayo?R1: meron, kasi requirement yun, required na magkaroon ngbidding.I: anu po yung nangyayari sa bidding?R2: sa bidding kasi dun mnakikita yung may pinakamababangoffer ng ipupurchase mo, I: paano po yung process ng bidding na iyon?R2: anu yun, mageentertain ka ng mga contractor, na magooferng lower price, tapos, andun yung mga kagawad, BarangayCaptain and basta Barangay officials.I: may bidding ba talagang nangyayari?R1: ahm, hindi, actually wala, kasi bago paman magstart ngbidding, alam na kung sino yung panalo, para siyang scripted.

3-1

3-2

3-3.

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193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215.

I: bidding biddingan na lang talga siya? Hindi talganagcocompete yung mga contractors? Anu yun magkakakilalana talaga sila?R1: may dala na talaga silang mga sariling tao na kunwari kabidI: para sila na rin ang mananalo at the end? Have you everhelped a contractor win a deal?R1: kasi before magkaroon ng bidding, mag bibigay narin silang advance, kaya kailangan manalo sila sa biddingI: sa inyo?R2: ganun din, I: nung nakuha na niya yung project, binigyan ba niya kayo ngincentives?R1: incentives siguro yung lunch tsaka miryenda during nungbiddingR2: sakin wala, kasi hindi naman ako ang nakikipagusap sacontractor eh, talagang si kapI: so kapitan din pala talaga, pag halimbawa pag katapos na ngproject do you receive any monetary compensation from thekapitan or from the contractors?R1: meron from kapitanR2: samin meron pero dun sa malalaking projects lang, perokung maliliit lang, halimwaba ten thousand, direct buying nayun.I: kanino nanggagaling yung mga binibigay nay un? Sa kapitano sa contractor?R1: sa contractorI: sa contractor pero pinapadaan sa kapitan, ganun?R1: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba yung procurement process transparentsiya?R1: hindiI: bakit po hindi?R1: kasi meron paring mga corruption, R2: dir in siya ganun ka transparent, kasi may mga bagay nahindi mo pwedeng sabihin sa ibang tao, na parang sa inyo nalang yun mga barangay officials,I: sa tenure ninyo bilang SK Members, anu yung mga mostcommon forms of corruption na napapansin ninyo with in thesystem?R2: kasi puro yung mga projects, yung nakakakuha sila ngS.O.P, I: anu yung S.O.P nay un?R2; parang pinaka percent na napupunta sa mga sk, I: ilang percent?R2: mostly 20 siya e

3-4

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216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238.

I: 20% ng entire budget yun?R2: ooI: nakaexperience naba kayo na sinuhulan kayo?R1: hindi pa namanI: nagkaroon ban g pagkakataon na minsan nagpapurchase kayotapos ang nakalagay sa papel 10 bola, pero ang dumating sainyo tatlo limang bola lang, R1: sa amin wala naman ganun, kasi sa amin sobrang strict, oklang na large ung allocated amounts pero dapat yung quantitysakto.R2: ganun din, pero minsan sa quality naman talo namanI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ung mga anomalies na ganun, nahuhulipo ba sila?R1: siguro may nahuhuli, pero kung sigurong kaso talga, siguroit takes a year or five years bago mapatunayan or tanggal ka nasa termino mo bago pa mapatunayanR2: actually siguro alam naman nay un nung mga nagaaprovenung budget, I: so sila sila rin talaga yun kaya walang lumalabas,nagtatakipan na lang sila?R1 and R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba may magbabago pa sa SK?R1: nakadepende yan sa president eng pilipinasR2: para sakin depende din yun sa SK na nakaupo, tska dun samga mismong katipunan ng kabataan, nasa sakanila kasi kungmakikipagcooperate sila, at siyempre kahit papaano kailangandin yung SK tska officials para ganahan sila, na tulungan yungmga anoI: kung babaguhin ninyo yung sistema ngayun, anu yung gustoninyong baguhin?R1: una yung about dun sa pagkuha ng contractor, kasi masmalaki pa yung napupunta dun sa contractor doon sa project,I: talagang yung kinikita nila yung mas importante sa kanila?R1: sana yung mga Brgy, treasurers na lang yung nagaasikasonung tungkol doon sa mga papers, para mas napaprioritize ungprojects ng SK, R2; ako din yung mga contractors din, tska dun sa mga bagayna sinasabi nila illegal, pero makakatulong naman dun sa ano,dapat legalize na nila. Para hindi na kumuha pa ng contractorna nakababawas paI: sa tingin ninyo ba mas magiging effective ang SK kungmaliban sa Mother council, may iba pang institution na dapatgumabay sa SK para mawala yung mga corruption na ganyan.R1: sa tingin ko wag na, mas lalo lang gugulo, mas maramilang makikialam,I: mas lalaganap yung corruption pag ganun?

3-5

3-6

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239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261.

R1: sa tingin ko, kasi, kung mayroong ibang departments namakikialam halimbawa, mas marami yung magtratrabaho, masmaraming papaswelduhin, yung office pa nila, kahit man powerlang, meron paring gastos, gugulo lang, marami namakikiinvolve, R2: siguro yung ano, yung hindi mismong makikialam, yungguidance lang, kapag hindi mo na kaya andyan lang isla, at tskayung volunteer syempre hindi yung aasa.yung walanginaasahang kapalit.I: So sa tingin ninyo naman, may magbabago pa naman.R1: oo naman.I: Do you consider the Contractors Corrupt?R1: yesR2: ooI: Do you consider your Barangay Mother council Corrupt?R1:yesR2:depende sa council, I: pero do you consider your Mother council corrupt?R2: medyoI: Do you consider your SK council Corrupt?R1: yesR2: yesI: Do you consider yourself corrupt?R1: yes, kasi sumwesweldo ako, parang wala naman akomasyadong ginagawa, tapos kahit na given na tax payer ako,pag dating dun sa mga projects ko, may nakukuha parin akongpercent dun sa amount ng project, mayroon parin akongnakukuhaR2: oo, kasi yung mga natatangap ko kapag may project, kasikahit na may sweldo ka na, parang kahit minsannakokonsyensya ka, dahil may mga pangangailangan kad in.

3.7

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262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284.

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285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307.

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308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330.

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331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338.

*codes relate to highlighted text

3-1. Conversion3-2. Process of identifying dealer3-3. Process of Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan3-4. Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P) Lagay and Suhol3-5. Under delivery3-6. Recommendation of Respondent on changes that must be made to improve SK.3-7. Evaluation of actors in the Procurement Process

Sangguniang Kabataan: with honesty and justice?

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

yes

no

When the respondents were asked if in their opinion, the Sangguniang Kabataan

is still being administered with honesty and justice, here is the result:

Diagram 3. Graphed answer of respondents regarding administering of SK with honesty

and justice.

Most of the SK chairpersons who were interviewed still view the institution

positively. Eight (8) out of twelve (12) of the respondents stated that they still think that

the Sangguniang Kabataan is being administered with honesty and justice. While on the

other hand, only four out of the twelve respondents said that they are not confident

anymore to say that the institution is still being administered as such.

Those who viewed the institution positively argued that they are still true to their

mandates to serve the youth, that’s why it is still being administered with honesty and

justice. Also, that there is still a system of governance working. As long as the leaders at

post are true to their purpose in accordance with the functions provided for by the

constitution, the institution will be honest and just.

Conversely, respondents who viewed the institution pessimistically said that with

the fraudulent practices they are witnessing with in the system, the institution is no longer

honest and just. If these illegal acts will still be practiced, the institution will never regain

the truthfulness and impartiality it once had.

Sangguniang Kabataan and the Procurement Process

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Among the respondents, only one said he never had a chance to procure any items

during his term as an SK Chairperson. He said his Barangay Captain never allowed him

to utilize the SK funds with the use of contractors. When asked why, he said they were

having political conflict among the officials, who came from different parties during the

election. They bring projects that involve money in a standstill.

While eleven (11) of the respondents said they undergo procurement when

utilizing their budgets. But identifying and acquiring the dealers differ among the

respondents.

The usual process of procurement in the Sangguniang Kabataan funds starts with

the paper works. Two resolutions should be first satisfied before the procurement: one

coming from the SK Council and the other form the Mother Barangay Council. As I

quote one of the respondents (Table 3.b, 2-2, lines 49-52)

“Ang totoong process kasi niyan e, SK Resolution, then, Barangay

Resolution, ganyan, tapos magcoconduct siya ng bidding, tapos

magkakaroon ng canvass, tapos yun na iyon, kung sino yung mananalong

contractor sa bidding”

The procurement process as stated earlier is conducted by different Government

offices, where the Bids and Awards committees are established to conduct the

procurement proceedings.

Since RA 9184 made the procurement standard method standard, processing

became uniform.Where to start the process; it is required to do publications, in media,

posters, announcements or even the internet. The Standard bidding process and contract

documents were made compulsory to safeguard practicality and transparency. But this

part of the process has induced a lot of problems.

Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan

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It is clear in the the Republic Act that the Bids and Awards committee should

safeguard transparency of the process. They have the task to corroborate whether there

has been alteration, and to ensure that it has to take place in a predefined place and time.

But the committee whose taks is to safeguard the truthfulness of the transaction seems to

be the one responsible for the fraudulent practices going on.

Almost all of the respondents who have undergone procurement said there is no

real bidding happening. Those were just “bidding biddingan” and are only done for

formality sake.

In the rigged bidding, a contractor is introduced to the Council. In most cases (8

out of the 11 respondents who have undergone procurement), the Barangay Captain

introduces the contractor to the SK. The Brgy. Captain chooses the contractor for the

projects of the SK when it has to purchase supplies needed in undertaking government

programs. So even before the bidding takes place, the contractor who will win the

contract has already been decided. According to the respondents:

“Actually wala, kasi bago pa man magstart ang bidding, alam na kung

sino yung panalo, para siyang scripted. May dala na talaga silang mga

sariling tao na kunwari ka bid” ( Table3.c, 3-3, 25, lines 45,50)

“Nagbibiding, pero sila sila rin. May mga contractor, tapos pipiliin nila

kung sino ung pinaka mababa. Pero yung mga contractor na yun sa

kanila rin yun, kumbaga, kunwari lang,” (Table 3.a, 1-2, lines 38-41)

The bidding processes in the procurement in the Barangay Level doles out only

for formality purposes. To ensure that there will be no other dealers on the set bidding

venue, no publications or announcements are made. Only the officials and the contractor

know where the bidding shall take place.

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Annesx A is an Invitation for interested suppliers, Dealers and Distributors to

attend bidding. But this invitation was never sent to any other dealers neither it was

posted to public places to announce that a bidding will happen.

Annexx C is the Certification that officially states that the Notice of

Bidding was posted on places with in the Barangay. The only signatory to the said

Certification is the Barangay Captain. Following the principle of nego, signing such

documents could be part of the “deal” between him and the Contractor

On some cases, no bidding even takes place. The officials will just sign on the

attendance sheet to signify that they were on the behest. The Bids and Awards Committee

members will just sign the contract papers which will indicate that there has been no

alteration in the bidding and that the contract was awarded to the dealer with the cheapest

offer.

Annex D is the attendance of the public bidding of the project, according to the

source of this data; these officials were just asked to sign on the attendance sheet even if

they were not on the said bidding. It can also be seen here that no representative from

COA or DILG came to witness the bidding.

But at some cases where representatives from the Commission on Audit and the

Department of Local Government attend the bidding, a scripted bidding takes place. A

legal bidding process should comprise of three different dealers willing to offer the

products needed for the project on its lowest price. Before the transaction, there are

already business deals between the Barangay Captain and the contractor. This deal

between the contractor and the Barangay Captain is usually referred to as Negotiated

Canvass or nego. So in the bidding, the contractor will bring two other contractors that

could either be hers as well, or dealers she’s acquainted with who are willing to offer the

items on a higher price, making her the lowest bidder.

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Negotiated canvass or nego is an arrangement made by the dealer and the

procurement official to manipulate a canvass method of procurement to ensure that the

purchase order would be "won" by the said dealer. This is done by giving all the canvass

papers of a certain project to the favored dealer. Thus, effectively depriving other

interested dealers.29

Annex A shows a letter addressed to the City Auditor requesting for a

representative in bidding dated Thursday, March 6, 2008 at 10:00 am. But no

representative came to witness and facilitate in the said bidding.

In return, the Procurement official asks for the Tong. Tong is the monetary

inducement demanded by the procurement official from the dealer.

The Grease and the Machine

For the speedy disposition of transactions, and to make the procurement easier,

Pampadulas is used. Pampadulas, Lagay, or “Grease Money” is used for bribing

procurement officials to : sign necessary documents, inducement as a return favor for a

project given, amd keep the transaction confidential.

In the Barangay, Pampadulas is often given to the Barangay Captain and the

Barangay Councilors:

“Ang karaniwan talagang nakakakuha niyan, ay Barangay

Captain, then yung mga Barangay Councilors kasi hindi pipirma yang

mga yan kung walang ganun e, kapag walang paabot, ika nga eh, hindi

gagalaw ang makinarya, kung walang gasolina” (Table3.b, 2-4, lines

78,82,132)

The amount of bribe depends upon the budget allocated to the project: the

higher the allotted budget, the higher the bribe. The percentage of lagay they

acquire from the contractors is often referred to as S.O.P.

29 Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System. Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance.

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“Meron kasing mga Barangay Captain, na 5% sa kanila, tapos 5% dun sa

councilors, so suma total 10%. ng project” ” (Table3.b, 2-4, lines 88-91)

Standard Operating Procedure or S.O.P.

On the interviews I made, the term S.O.P. often crops up. But they all

refer to one consistent idea. That S.O.P is a monetary reward they get either from

the contractor or the Barangay Captain as their percentage on the project.

R1:”di ba may project ka?”

R2: “percentage”

R1: “automatic na yun, na may makukuha ka, halimbawa sa 150,000,

20% nun.” (Table 3.a, 1-3, lines 53-55)

“Oo, S.O.P o standard operating procedure, ayung yung Sop, ung

lagay lagay ng contractor e, minsan hindi alam yan ng mga SK” (Table

3.b, 2-4, lines 96-98)

I: “anu yung S.O.P na yun?”

R2; “parang pinaka percent na napupunta sa mga SK”

I: “ilang percent?”

R2: “mostly 20 siya e” (Table 3.c, 3-4, lines 89-92)

S.O.P, as stated earlier is the monetary reward procurement officials acquire from

the contractors as their share in the profit. This also serves as a magnet for contractors, so

that, when the Barangay officials need to procure items, they will get the highest chance

to get the project again. It has become their business technique.

S.O.P varies from one transaction on to the other. The percentage of the S.O.P

may differ depending upon the set negotiation between the Barangay Captain and the

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contractor. The most common share is 20%. This is the least percentage possible. And the

greediest sharing of funds in the Barangay level is the 70%-30-%.

. So for instance in an SK project with allocated budget of P500,000. in a 20%

nego, P100,000 goes to the Procurement Officials.

In the Barangay level, the customary division of the S.O.P in a 20% nego is 10-5-

5. 10% goes to the Barangay Captain, 5% percent to the Brg.y Councilors and 5% to the

SK council. The S.O.P is often given to the Barangay Captain, so he will be in charge in

the dividing the dividends.

In a 70%-30% deal however, comes a more ravenous form of funds sleaze. In this

nego, 70% of the entire budget becomes a clean cut for the Official. So in a project with

allotted budget of P500,000, 70 % of it which is P350,000 goes directly to the official.

The contractor will be in charge of the paper works to prevent future possible leaks that

may render potential cases filed against them, while the Procurement official will be in

charge in greasing other officials and the Bids and Awards Committee members to keep

the transaction off the record.

The Barangay Captain then, may be able to directly purchase items needed for the

project. This cut may be beneficial if the purpose of the Barangay Captain is to maximize

the utility that may be brought about with the money. So instead of the contractor

providing them with the goods they need, usually in a higher price and poorer quality, the

official may be able to freely purchase items in the market.

But this kind of deal nonetheless is more prone to forms of corruption such as

ghost deliveries. Like the example above, ghost delivery or conversion is the process in

which government funds allocated through budget releases are "converted" into cash.

This is done by preparing procurement documents taken from either a negotiated canvass

or a rigged bidding, then, instead of delivering the items stated in the purchase order, the

CA Arco Liquigan 76

dealer would deliver the cash equivalent of the goods in the purchase order, less certain

percentages for the dealer's profit.30

Contractors: Regaining Profit

For the contractors to be able to gain back the losses brought by S.O.P and other

forms of Lagay and Suhol, here are their most common strategies:

Over-pricing. To cover for the additional expenses incurred by the lagay, suhol, and

S.O.P, the dealers and procurement official mutually agree on setting the price, which are

way above the authorized limits. The Commission on Audit has their own limits on the

price but inevertheless provides an over-priced list as well.

Annexes E, F, I, J, M, and N show the bids of the Contractors, namely the

DONG-E Trading, Lucky Mary Traders and Contractors, and Golden Altis Enterprises,

on both of the projects.

It can be seen here that even the lowest bidder offered an over-priced value for a

Personal Computer – Intel Pentium Dual Core 1.8 GHz, ECS 2160, HD Sata, and 80 GB.

This specs for a computer, with the table and monitor only costs at most P30, 000 in the

market. The lowest bidder offered it for 69,500. This is a good example for over pricing.

Every so often, the items are not just over priced but inferior in quality as well.

The respondents refer to this incident as “kinakahoy”.

“Sakin mayroon naman talagang mga contractor na corrupt, tulad yun

gproject mo parang kinakahoy nalang, imbis na ibigay sayo yung

magaganda quality, ginagawa nila yung mga local” (Table 3.c, 2-7, lines

201-204)

30 Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System. Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance.

CA Arco Liquigan 77

Under delivery. Again to cover for the additional expenses incurred by the lagay, suhol,

and S.O.P, the dealers and procurement official mutually agree that the quantity of the

delivery will be lower than the one specified in the purchase order.

Annexes F, J and N on the other hand didn’t show much for over pricing. But the

Key Informant said that he didn’t receive the exact quantity on the bid that when it was

delivered it was less expected. This is a good example for Ghost Deliveries and

Conversion.

In the SK projects, under delivery is done to finance projects that are not fundable

by the government. For instance, SK funds may not be appropriated to pay for personal

services and man-labor. During summer basketball leagues (which is the most common

projects the SK does), the payment for the services rendered by the referees may not be

subjected under SK funds. These tactics are done to compensate for these instances.

This is the case for substitution. To circumvent certain prohibitions of the law,

specifically the General Appropriations Act, where certain government agencies have no

capital outlay and, therefore, cannot buy equipment, the dealer and the procurement

official mutually agree to deliver items other than those stated in the purchase order. In

the SK case, it is not purchasing equipments but backing personal service fees.

CA Arco Liquigan 78

What changes should be done?

When the respondents were asked if a higher institution should be made to guide

the SK here are their answers:

Diagram 4. Graphed answer of respondents regarding a new overseeing institution.

More respondents said it would be beneficial to the SK if there is another

overseeing institution that will guide the body. This is to ensure that the institution will be

directed with honesty and justice. The overseeing body should also ensure that there is no

fraudulent acts that are being practiced in the system. But some of the respondents, this

will only be necessary if the mother council is not functioning well, where in accord with

the data gathered, has already been corrupted.

The no respondents on the other hand said that creating another overseeing body

will be costly. It will only be effective if the people working in that institution are

volunteers, or otherwise they might just make things worse. They said that making a

higher overseing body means another body to bribe. The respondents view on having a

new body is quite skeptical and pessimistic. They are afraid that instead of guiding them,

it could possibly make the system even worse, with more people to bribe, and more

people to be shelled out.

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mother Council Contractor SK Council Self

Yes

No

Some even said that to be able to eradicate corruption in the system, the entire

process should be modified. That as long as this is the system, corruption will continue to

subsist. One modification they saw possible is changing the procurement system.

They said, with out the contractors, there would be less corruption. Since

contractors are profit-orriented, they have to gain revenues in engaging business with the

government; earning yields means getting more from the budget and less money for the

pursuance of the program. If contractors will be eliminated, there will be more money for

projects.

The problem why using contractors sometimes seems to be the best resort, is its

expediency. With the contractors, the projects can be done on time. It may be less, or

shorter, but it comes on time, since the contractors finances for the project and just

reimburses it. If officials will wait for the government funds to come, it will take longer

than using a contractor.

When they were asked if they consider the Mother Council, the Contractor, the

SK Council, and their selves corrupt these are their responses:

Diagram 5. Evaluation

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None of the respondents said that the mother council and the contractor are not

corrupt. They all perceived these institutions corrupt. When they were asked about their

SK Council, and their selves, results have been parted: 8 out of 12 respondents consider

their SK Council not corrupt, leaving only 4 of them who consider their Council Corrupt.

However, there has been an equal split when they were asked if they consider themselves

corrupt. 6 of the respondents said they consider themselves corrupt, while the other half

considers they are not corrupt. Two of the Yes respondents projected uncertainty by

answering: “siguro oo” and “50/50”.

When the respondents were asked why they consider themselves corrupt or not

corrupt, most of the respondents refereed to the SOP. The Yes respondents to the

question considered themselves corrupt because they get and acquire part of the SOP.

The SOP becomes a major factor for the SK Chairpersons in contexting corruption. Other

affirmed because they themselves felt they were bribed and they bribed.

The No Respondents to the question still referred to the idea of SOP by which

they acquire. But almost all of the 6 respondents placed the fault to their Barangay

Captains and Barangay Kagawad. It was them according to the respondents who are the

major agents of corruption and not them. They are only co-opted to follow the practice of

these higher officials. What they get from the Barangay Captains and Contractors,

according to the respondents, are just “balato”. Others considered themselves not corrupt

for the reason that even if they get the SOP, they use it for other projects they want to

implement. They redirect the SOP back by utilizing it for programs and activities they

want do in their respective Barangay.

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Conclusion

From the data gathered, and through the analyses done to these data. It may be

concluded, that, there is corruption happening in the Sangguniang Kabataan.

Through the analyses of perception and notions of the respondents, and the

processes in their institutions, giving light to the structure and other institutions

influencing it, manifestations of corruption were explicitly observed. These

manifestations of corruption sprouted synergistically with the relationships of the three

institutions: the Mother Barangay Council, the Contractor, and the SK Council. As they

advance their relationships, and interact with each other, the driving forces of these

institutions synthesize, yielding corruption as the synthesis.

It can be seen in the data that two of the most common forms of corruption

surrounding the SK are lagay and suhol. The process deems the intrusion of such forms

necessary due to the pressure and enticement surrounding structures of the SK by which

these institutions provoke. Discerning the concept of new institutionalism, the pressure of

other two institutions in the interactions (the Mother Barangay Council and the

Contractor) schemed an effect to the SK. In this theory, the main goal of structures is to

adapt. Because of the pressure and the loopholes in the system, the institution began to

acclimatize with surrounding institutions, providing a gravity of manipulation in the

processes occurring inside the structure. Due to this adaptation, new processes with in the

conventional procedure soon developed. In this study, I used the term “corruption gates”

(Charts 1 and 2) to show the transition of the process form the uncorrupt to the corrupt

system. The intrusion of these gates became a part of the process because of the constant

practice of the acts. Agents has become habituated with the interference of these “extra

processes”, it has infringed and became a part of it. With the constant practice of the

operations, the gates were able to sink in at the process, deceiving the agents as if it has

been there ever since the commencement of the procurement process.

CA Arco Liquigan 82

Furthermore, it could be inferred that the major agents of Corruption in the course

are the Officials in the Mother Barangay and the Contractor. The two bodies are the

propagators of the fraudulent practices and SK serves only as the victim of their actions.

The Corruption gates are all offshoots of the anomalies dealings done by these agents.

The only participation of the SK in the corruption process is to deliver and provide

passageway for corruption to shift from one step of the process to the next. SK is used as

the link to make corruption move with in the system. Consequently, SK is only used as a

tool by these institutions to bring about their own interests.

The neglected concept of autonomy in the SK contributes to these ideas. The SK,

provided for by RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, is entitled to enjoy

fiscal and legislative autonomy over its entity. But the autonomy the provision whines is

incompatible with the current set-up. Process in the real deal does not entail autonomy

but rather intervention from other institutions. The autonomy here remains abstract.

Their interaction, putting SK in the middle of the interface, makes the structure

move to the direction the two institutions are heading. Hence, patterns of behavior are

transmitted from the two institutions to the SK. SK is opted to follow and behave in

accordance with the two because of the pressure, factors of force and deception, and

enticement these structures project. Institutional pressure comprises a set of group

dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may take the place of personal

habits, individual moral desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and behaviors.

CA Arco Liquigan 83

Recommendation

The ameliorate the situation of the Sangguniang Kabataan, one possible solution

is to cooperate and coordinate with people and non-governmental organization that long

before have been institutionalized and which have been existing for many years. One is

the phenomenon that the Philippine government seems to have more than its share of

graft and corruption. The abuse of power and misuse of government funds as forms of

corruption has become a malignant disease in the country that defeats the very purpose

why the institution was created. At this point, the Sangguniang Kabataan must be

vigilant, militant and cautious before involving itself with other bodies that are specious

to begin with, doubtful in credentials and is self-gain motivated.

The youth should also take charge to do amendments and changes in the

processes in the government. The process occurring with in the SK must have a total

make-over to bring back the true essence of youth governance. The procurement system

needs an over-haul. The transparency in the process remains abstract. To be able to

eradicate possible frauds and anomalous dealings, the system should become austere and

stringent. The Government should keep their eye on the loopholes of the process and do

something about it. Therefore, political reform must be pushed through.

Furthermore, true legal aids should reinforce autonomy of the Sangguniang

Kabataan. Autonomy in a sense that it would eradicate unnecessary processes in the line

of the SK. Autonomy that would provoke the total annihilation of the corruption gates.

Honesty and integrity would still play a crucial role in the continued existence of

these organizations and their future impact upon the existence of this country. The

Sangguniang Kabataan can make the government to implement its goal by changing the

quality of politics from personalities to principles.

CA Arco Liquigan 84

Bibliography:

1) Abletez, J.P. (1996). Sangguniang Kabataan: The Youth in Service. C.C. Barredo

Publishing House.

2) Asian Development Bank, (2006). Country Reports: Systems for Curbing

Corruption in Public Procurement: Progress and Challenges in 25 Countries.

"Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement in Asia and the Pacific" presents the

findings of the ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific's 2005-

2006 thematic review on curbing corruption in public procurement. It highlights trends,

approaches, and achievements covering the Initiative's 25 member countries and

jurisdictions in Asia and the Pacific in a comparative overview that provides details on

existing policies and key elements of legal and institutional frameworks.

3) Caiden, Gerald and Naomi, 1977 Administrative Corruption. As quoted in Carino,

Ledivina V. 1985. International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of

Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985.

This book is a comprehensive guide to reference works, journals and books in

public administration. All entries for abstracts, indexes and journals are included. The

selected writings contain core texts, case studies, supplemental specialized

bibliographies, etc. And it includes an introductory essay on the scope of public

administration. Furthermore, discussion of Corruption helps us better define the concept,

in view of the fact that this concept shall be important in this study.

4) Carino, Ledivina V., 1985 The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy:

Corruption or Commitment?, International Review of Administrative Sciences: A

Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985.

CA Arco Liquigan 85

Carino discussed bureaucratic corruption in this journal. The thrust of this journal

is the idea in which the Philippines, as it illustrates is some ways the proposition that

politicization of the bureaucracy brings about greater possibilities for, and manifestations

of, corruption and maladministration, resulting in disregard of public interest. In this

article she discussed the relationship between variables in the politicization of

bureaucracy in the Philippines and the forms of corruption that have resulted in the

process.

5) Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 2002

RA 9164, other wise know as “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR SYNCHRONIZED

BARANGAY AND SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN ELECTIONS” provides

amendments on some of the provisions under RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of

1991. This updates the Existing Sangguniang Kabataan Consitution and By-laws.

6) Congress of the Philippines. “Republic Act 9184”. The Government Procurement

Reform Act. 22 July 2002

The procurement (acquisition of goods, services, and contracting for

infrastructure projects) law was enacted to lay down rules and regulations to modernize,

standardize, and regulate the procurement of domestically-funded activities of the

government. It is a response to the clamor of the citizenry to provide value for taxpayer

money and show Government commitment to good governance and deter corruption.

This will steer us with the legal process with in the procurement system.

7) Coronel, S.S (1998). Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the

Philippines. Philippine Center For Ivestigative Journalism.

Department of Interior & Local Government. ”Local Government code of 1991 (RA

7160)”.Bureau of local Government Development. (no date)

CA Arco Liquigan 86

As stated in Article 1 Section 1 of RA 7160, it is thereby declared that the policy

of the State that the territorial and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine

and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest development as self-

reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national

goals. Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable

local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization whereby local

government units shall be given more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources.

The process of decentralization shall proceed from the national government to the local

government units. This will set the legal foundations of the study.

8) Department of Interior & local Government. “The Sangguniang Kabataan”.

National Barangay Operations Office, Institutional linkages and Networking

Division (ILAND).(no date).

This will provide to this paper the institutional structure, system, and other

information about the Sangguniang Kabataan. The Composition, the Members and the

process on how SK Councils are elected are also included here. This shall be the legal

foundation on the Sangguniang Kabataan.

9) DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1991. "Introduction." The New

Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul

J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

In their introduction, the editors discuss points of convergence and disagreement

with institutionally oriented research in economics and political science, and locate the

"institutional" approach in relation to major developments in contemporary sociological

theory. Several chapters consolidate the theoretical advances of the past decade, identify

and clarify the paradigm's key ambiguities, and push the theoretical agenda in novel ways

by developing sophisticated arguments about the linkage between institutional patterns

and forms of social structure.

CA Arco Liquigan 87

10) Grose ."Crony: An intimate companion, a camrade; also a confederate in a

robbery" - Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785 [1811].

This is a discussion of Crony, one of the most common forms of corruption, by

Grose. The study however is outdated since it was written in 1785, and the political set-

up at that time is different from what we have in the present. The definition and the

indicators of crony discussed in this book is nonetheless essential to this study.

11) Hall, Peter A. and Rosemary C.R. Taylor. 1996. "Political Science and the Three

New Institutionalisms." Political Studies 44(5):936-957.

The ‘new institutionalism’ is a term that now appears with growing frequency in

political science. However, there is considerable confusion about just what the ‘new

institutionalism’ is, how it differs from other approaches, and what sort of promise or

problems it displays. The object of this essay is to provide some preliminary answers to

these questions by reviewing recent work of literature.

12) Klitgaard, 1995 As quoted in Sosmena, Gaudioso 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic

Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCP Occasional paper

This paper discussed the concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. This will help us better

understand the form of corruption in the procurement system that may arise as we go on

with the paper. His discussions and definitions are very helpful in determining the form

of corruption and its classification.

13) Krueger RA & Casey MA (2000) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for AppliedResearch, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

14) Rose-Ackerman [1998]. “Corruption and Development”, Annual World Bank

Conference on Development Economics, Washington: The World Bank.

CA Arco Liquigan 88

This is a Report of Rose-Ackerman in the Annual World Bank Conference on

Development Economics. She gave an overview on the effect of corruption in a macro

perspective. She also identified most common forms of corruption and their

classifications.

15) Sosmena, Gaudioso, 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCPOccasional paper.

This is the paper in which Klitgaard conceptualized his discussions. This is a

deeper approach on understanding problems with in the Bureaucracies. His definitions

and discussions on corruption are also helpful for the elaboration of the anomalies in the

procurement system in the Sangguniang Kabataan.

16) Tayag, N. (1992). Sangguniang Kabataan Primer Book 1. Manila: Mary Jo

Educational Supply.

17) Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System.

Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public

Administration and Governance.

Senator Antonio Trillanes, as his thesis for Masters Education in the University of

the Philippines Diliman National College of Public Administration, made a study about

the anomalies occurring in the Procurement System in the Navy. Since the Procurement

Process and forms has been standardized, this study may help us in the possible effective

ways of gathering data and approach on how to analyze them.

18) UP-CIDS. ”Study on Impact of the Youth Participation in the Local Development

Process: the Sangguniang Kabataan Experience”. Quezon City,Philippines.(2006).

This is a study of the UP-CIDS on the effectiveness of the Sangguniang Kabataan

in coping with the purpose of its mandate. The most common forms of projects, activities

CA Arco Liquigan 89

and program SK Council around Metro Manila has been included in the study. This will

help us in supplying needed information in the study.

19) Velasco, Djorina. ”Rejecting “old style” politics? Youth Participation in the

Philippines.”http://www.fes.org.ph/pdf/yp/countrypapers philippines Accessed 15

January 2008.

Velasco discussed here the problems of the Sanggunaing Kabataan. This is almost

similar to the Study made by UP-CIDS. However, Velasco offered insights and

recommendations on how the SK could regain the promises of its mandate. He discussed

the common misconceptions and negative stereotypes about the SK and how it could be

resolved.

20) World Bank [1997a] World development report: the state in a changing world.

NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Government is in the spotlight in this 20th annual edition of World Development

Report. This year the World Bank's flagship publication is devoted to the role and

effectiveness of the state, a topic that ranks high on the agenda in developing and

industrial countries alike. The Report looks at what the state should do, how it should do

it, and how it can do it better in a rapidly changing world.

CA Arco Liquigan 90

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

male

female

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

highschool

college

out of schoolyouth

Appendices

Table 1: Demographic Data of Respondents (N=20)

Diagram 1. Graph of Demographic Data per Sex

Diagram 2. Graph of Demographic Data per Educational Attainment

CA Arco Liquigan

Demographic Data Number Frequency (%)Sex

Male

Female

6

6

50%

50%AgeEducational Attainment

High School

College

Out of School Youth

1

9

2

8.33%

75%

16.67%

91

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

yes

no

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mother Council Contractor SK Council Self

Yes

No

Diagram 3. Graphed answer of respondents regarding administering of SK with honesty

and justice

.

Diagram 4. Graphed answer of respondents regarding a new overseeing institution.

Diagram 5. Evaluation

CA Arco Liquigan 92