SNIS Conference 2018 - Swiss TPH
Transcript of SNIS Conference 2018 - Swiss TPH
SNIS Conference 201823 November 2018, Parterre Rialto Basel, Switzerland
The PESTROP Project in the Context of the SDGs
Mirko Winkler, Philipp Staudacher, Samuel Fuhrimann,
Frederik Weiss, Jonathan Lilje, Ruth Wiedemann,
Damien Marti & Bernhard Fuhrer
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
PESTROPPesticide use in tropical
settings
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
What are the interrelations between institutional
determinants of pesticide use and associated human and
environmental health effects?
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Research approach and project consortium
Legend:
Swiss institutions
Swiss Tropical and
Public Health Institute
Swiss Federal Institute
of Aquatic Science and
Technology
University of Bern
International project partners
Universidad Nacional,
Costa Rica
Makerere University,
Uganda
WP2 – Clinical assessment
WP5 –Integrated
assessments
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP1 – Environmental monitoring
Water Monitoring in two tropical horticultural areas
River
2mhoseair
water
Precessionvalve SDB disks
PDMS-sheetsWaterLevelproportionalSampler (WLP)
Sampling devices
Catchments
Fetch pond
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP2&3 – Cross-sectional epidemiological survey
Sample size: 150 agricultural workers from conventional farms and 150 agricultural workers from organic farms
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Behavioural assessment (Psychology)
- 46 qualitative, ethnographic interviews
- 309 structured, quantitative interviews
Understanding PPE use & safe
container disposal using the
- Risk
- Attitudes
- Norms
- Abilities
- Self-regulation
Model for systematic behavior
change in developing contexts
(Mosler, 2012)
Multiple regression models reveal relevant psycho-social factors
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP4 – Institutional and policy analysis
Ins
titu
tio
na
l re
gim
e
of
na
tura
l re
so
urc
es
Ac
tors
Ec
os
ys
tem
go
od
s
an
d s
erv
ice
s(
reso
urc
es)
Property rights
system:
private law
Property rights
system:
private law
Public policies:
public law
Public policies:
public law
UsersUsers OwnersOwners
Good AGood A
Good BGood BGood CGood C
Service CService C
Service AService A
Service BService B
Good A
Good BGood C
Service C
Service A
Service B
Insti
tuti
on
al
reso
urc
e r
eg
ime
(Gerb
er
et
al., 2009)
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018WP5 – Integrated assessment
Policy design
Environmental
pesticide burden
Pesticide-related
health effects
Pesticide use practice
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018International project team
Core project team
CoordinatorDr. Mirko Winkler
Co-coordinatorDr. Christian Stamm
Co-coordinatorProf. Karin Ingold
Local projectcoordinator Uganda
Prof. Charles Niwagaba
Local projectcoordinator Costa Rica
Prof. Ana María Mora
Institutionalassessment
Ruth WiedemannField work managerDr. Samuel Fuhrimann
Integrated assessmentsand much more
Philipp Staudacher
Environmental monitoring UgandaChristelle Oltramare
Environmental monitoring Costa Rica
Frederik Weiss
Senior project advisor and much moreProf. Rik Eggen
Behavioural assessment Uganda
Dr. Jonathan Lilje
Project leader behariouralassessment
Prof. Jennifer Inauen
BiostatisticianDr. Andrea Farnhma
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Local project teams and study settings
Core project team
Catchment of the TapezcoRiver drains
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Local project teams and study settings
Core project team
KAMPALA
Wakiso district
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Local project teams and study settings
Core project team
KAMPALA
Wakiso district
SNIS 2018 documentary
Pesticides and health – a story from Uganda
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
What are general characteristics of the small-scale farmers in
Wakiso District?
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
302 structured questionnaires
• Demographics
• Pesticide use
• Knowledge, Attitude and Practices
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Socio-demographic characterisation
Farmer Classification and Sociodemographics
2.3 (…) double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, in particular women (…).
2.4 (…) ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices (…).
Non-Applicator Organic Mixed Conventional
Synthetic NO NO YES YES
Organic NO YES YES NO
Pesticides used (n=302):
10%13%
28%
49%
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Socio-demographic characterisation
Farmer Classification and Sociodemographics
2.3 (…) double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, in particular women (…).
2.4 (…) ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices (…).
Pesticides used (n=302):
Age (mean) 57.1 49.6 49.7 44.7
Women 76.7% 77.5% 40.5% 25%
Education (years) 7.3 8.9 9.3 7.2
Non-Applicator Organic Mixed Conventional
Synthetic NO NO YES YES
Organic NO YES YES NO
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Socio-demographic characterisation
Are Farmers Trained in Pesticide Use?
Training provided by: NGOs (64%)
Government (11%)
Friends and Family (7%)
Schools and University (6%)
Other (Agrobusiness, Media, etc.) (14%)
4.7 (…) all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development (…)
13% 40% 33% 14%
87% 60% 67% 86%
23%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Non-Applicator Organic Mixed Conventional
Yes No Mean
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Socio-demographic characterisation
Personal Protective Equipment Access and Use
3.9 (…) reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and
air, water and soil pollution and contamination
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Gumboots
Gaiters
Waterproof Pants
Long Pants
Gloves
Rubber Apron
Overall or Kimono
Poncho
Long sleeved shirt
Mask without carbon filter
Mask with carbon filter
Glasses
Cap
Always Often Sometimes Rarely No Use No Access
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
How does the observed practice
impact on the health of farmers?
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
Clinical assessment Acetylcholine esterase level
Blood pressure
Neurobehavioral assessments
Exposure assessment Urine samples
Hair and toenail sample
Exposure scores
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Exposure assessment
Pesticide biomarkers in farmer’s urine
Pyrethroid Chlorpyriphos (Organophosphate)
Glyphosate100 urine samples
02
04
06
08
01
00
3PBA TCP Glyphosate
Pre
va
len
ce
%
-2-1
01
2
NO YES NO NO YESYES
Lo
g1
0 c
on
c. n
g/m
L
ad
juste
d fo
r c
rea
tin
ine
3.9 (…) reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and
air, water and soil pollution and contamination
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Clinical assessment
Neurobehavioural tests
3.9 (…) reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and
air, water and soil pollution and contamination
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
Neurobehavioral test scores of the Ugandan farmers are consistently lower compared to farmers in Costa Rica or other studies
3.9 (…) reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and
air, water and soil pollution and contamination
<<<
<<
Wh
y!?
Clinical assessment
Neurobehavioural tests
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
Neurobehavioral test scores of the Ugandan farmers are consistently lower compared to farmers in Costa Rica or other studies
3.9 (…) reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and
air, water and soil pollution and contamination
<<<
<<
Wh
y!?
Clinical assessment
Neurobehavioural tests
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
How is environmental health affected by the observed practice?
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018The way how pesticides applied and empty containers arediscarded can lead to adverse effects on the environmental health
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
Fate of empty pesticide containers
2%
8%
8%
11%
28%
43%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
burning
pit latrine
kept for reuse/unknown
left in environment
recycling
burrying
• Recommended
• Not recommended
12.2 (…) achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.
12.4 (…) achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals (…)
12.5 (…) reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling (…)
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Environmental monitoring
Amount of detected pesticides detected
45 compounds were detected in total
Ponds: most of the compounds were detected here
Springs: Only 3 compounds were found
Pesticide concentrations:
Ponds
Rivers
Boreholes
Springs
n=33
n=3Springs
Ponds
Boreholes
Streams
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
sticid
es
n=17
n=22
Pre
serv
ative
ag
ents
Fung
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
fungic
ides
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
herb
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
insecticid
es
Insecticid
es
Herb
icid
es
Pre
serv
ative
ag
ents
Fung
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
fungic
ides
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
herb
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
insecticid
es
Insecticid
es
Herb
icid
es
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Environmental monitoring
Pesticides in streams
n=17
Streams
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
sticid
es
Pre
serv
ative
ag
ents
Fung
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
fungic
ides
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
herb
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
insecticid
es
Insecticid
es
Herb
icid
es
15.1 (…) ensure the conservation (…) and sustainable use of terrestrial and
inland freshwater ecosystems (…)
15.5 (…) take action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity (…)
17 detected pesticides
Chronic Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) of 2,4-D exceeded
At river sampling site 4 –highest environmental concentrations and risksespecially for plants and algae
Obsolete pesticides could not
be analysed
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Environmental monitoring
Pesticides in ponds
n=33
Ponds
Pre
serv
ative
ag
ents
Fung
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
fungic
ides
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
herb
icid
es
Tra
nsfo
rmation p
roducts
insecticid
es
Insecticid
es
Herb
icid
es
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
sticid
es
6.1 (…) achieve access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
6.3 (…) improve water quality by reducing pollution (…)
6.6 (…) protect and restore water related ecosystems (…)
Pond water is used for domestic
purposes (drinking water, cleaning, preparing food)
Recommendation: pond water
should not be used for domestic
purposes
High concentrations of 2,4-D (3 µg/L) and Carbendazim (1.7 µg/L)
Swiss critical value of pesticides in
drinking water 0.1 µg/L
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
Why are farmers behaving the way they
do and what can be done about it?
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
46 in-depth, qualitative interviews309 structured, quantitative interviews
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Behavioural assessment
Qualitative findings
“Yes those pesticides are poisonous, they….because already by the time they can kill the pest then how about myself, they will also affect me. “
“No. Other than wearing gumboots, I do not have a mask….. I do not have anything else.”
“When I am spraying, I have to make sure I am all covered very well right from the head, the nose everywhere such that I cannot get any contact with the pesticide.”
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Behavioural assessment
Quantitative findings
Factor
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t Sig.B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) -.215 .573 -.376 .708
Perceived vulnerability .211 .103 .115 2.044 .042
Pride using PPE -.003 .082 -.002 -.032 .974
Personal importance .367 .113 .205 3.245 .001
Exposure paths known .009 .029 .017 .317 .751
PPE knowledge .911 .325 .153 2.805 .005
Label knowledge .003 .022 .007 .123 .902
Self-efficacy .059 .115 .033 .515 .607
Gender .520 .136 .196 3.816 .000
Education .007 .004 .094 1.806 .072
Household wealth .046 .025 .096 1.821 .070
Training received .346 .141 .135 2.459 .015
Association member -.175 .127 -.076 -1.382 .168
5.a (…) give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property,(…)
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Behavioural assessment
Creating interventions…
4.4 (…) substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills (…)
Targeting identified psycho-social factors using specific Behavior Change Techniques
i.e. Informing about personal risk using demonstration techniques
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
What policy changes are needed to reduce human
and environmental exposure to pesticides?
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
In-depth document analysis of official documents
Interviews with key stakeholders of public agencies, industry and
non-governmental organizations
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Policy analysis
Key findings in the context of the SDGs
Pesticide use as a challenge for drinking water protection
Most policies address quantity of drinking water rather than its quality
Mostly strict and mandatory requirements from the state towards polluters
Lack of drinking water standards
Farmers not directly addressed as target group
to be affecting drinking water quality through
pesticide use
6.1 (…) universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water6.b. (…) support and strengthen the participation of local communities (…)
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Policy analysis
Key findings in the context of the SDGs
No specific regulator present
Weak monitoring of drinking water quality
Decentralization of decision making (local
ordinances) is needed to directly address
pesticide contamination
Persuasive instruments to tapp into the
conscience of the consumers
16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions (…)
16.7 (…) ensure responsive, participatory and representative decision making
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Research approach and project consortium
Legend:
Swiss institutions
Swiss Tropical and
Public Health Institute
Swiss Federal Institute
of Aquatic Science and
Technology
University of Bern
International project partners
Universidad Nacional,
Costa Rica
Makerere University,
Uganda
WP2 – Clinical assessment
WP5 –Integrated
assessments
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018
Concluding remarks
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – Findings
THETIP
OF THE
PESTROPProject
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – SDGs
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Which SDG target indicators (n=169) are affected by pesticide use? ( informed by our results)
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Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – Integrated assessment
Policy design
Environmental
pesticide burden
Pesticide-related
health effects
Pesticide use practice
Quite a
challenge
Good planning
needed
Adds a lot of
value
LOTS OF FUN
Page 47
Pesticide projects meetings in Costa Rica, 2018Concluding remarks – Integrated assessment
Policy design
Environmental
pesticide burden
Pesticide-related
health effects
Pesticide use practice
Quite a
challenge
Good planning
needed
Adds a lot of
value
LOTS OF FUNThank you!