SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01 N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD Boulby Facility and Programme N.J.T.Smith...
29
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01 N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD Boulby Facility and Boulby Facility and Programme Programme N.J.T.Smith Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Facilities and Expeiments at the U.K. Boulby Mine Current facilities JIF Expansion Experimental Programme
-
Upload
raymond-haynes -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
1
Transcript of SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01 N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD Boulby Facility and Programme N.J.T.Smith...
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Boulby Facility and ProgrammeBoulby Facility and ProgrammeBoulby Facility and ProgrammeBoulby Facility and Programme
N.J.T.SmithRutherford Appleton Laboratory.
Facilities and Expeimentsat the U.K. Boulby MineFacilities and Expeimentsat the U.K. Boulby Mine
Current facilitiesJIF ExpansionExperimental Programme
Current facilitiesJIF ExpansionExperimental Programme
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
BDMC CollaborationBDMC CollaborationBDMC CollaborationBDMC Collaboration
QMW: J. C. Barton University of Surrey: E. Morton, P. Sellin
CERN/Padova: A Pietropaulo ITEP: D Akimov, V Lebedenko, A Danilov
Coimbra: A Policarpo, M Salete Leite, R Ferreira Marques, V Chepel
UCLA: D Cline, M Atac, H Wang, J K Woo, J Park Columbia: C Hailey, J Hong, E Aprile, A Castellina
UCSD: K Griest, G Masek, K BucklandTemple University: C J Martoff, P Ambrozewicz, E Kaczanowicz
University of Sheffield: T. Gamble, V. A. Kudryavtsev, T. B. Lawson, M. J. Lehner, P. K. Lightfoot, J. E. McMillan, B. Morgan, M. Robinson, N. J. C. Spooner, L.. Thompson, D. R. Tovey
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory: G. J. Alner, E.G. Capocci, S. P. Hart, J. D. Lewin, R. Lüscher, R. M. Preece, J. W. Roberts, N. J. T. Smith, P.F. Smith
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine: B. Ahmed, A. Bewick, D. Davidge, J. V. Dawson, A. S. Howard, I. Ivaniouchenkov, W. G. Jones, M. K. Joshi, V. Lebedenko, I. Liubarsky, T. J. Sumner, J. J. Quenby
Torino: P Picchi, L Periale, G Mannocchi, C Taricco, C Castagnoli, A CurioniSaclay: G. Gerbier
Occidental College: D Snowden-Ifft, T Ohnuki, N Villaume, J Burwell LLNL: B Craig, M J Lehner
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
UK(B)DMC ProgrammeUK(B)DMC ProgrammeUK(B)DMC ProgrammeUK(B)DMC Programme
NaIsmall array
20 kg
NAIADhigh rate array
50 kg
UK-Saclay20 kg
(1) NAIAD (1) NAIAD arrayarray
existing
ZEPLIN-Isingle phase
PSD4 kg
ZEPLIN-IIion-scint
two phase Xe30 kg
ZEPLIN-IIIIon-scint
two phase Xehigh field
6 kg
(2) ZEPLIN (2) ZEPLIN arrayarray
under construction
existing
under construction
DRIFT 1directional
1 m3
(3) DRIFT (3) DRIFT arrayarray
ramp down
ZEPLIN-AXEion-scint
two phase Xe1000 kg
MULTINATIONAL
concept
DRIFT 10directional
10 m3
MULTINATIONAL
concept
2000 2002 2003 2004+2001
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Boulby Potash MineBoulby Potash MineBoulby Potash MineBoulby Potash Mine
• Working potash / Working potash / rock salt minerock salt mine
• Easily modified Easily modified cavern structurecavern structure
Plymouth
London
Birmingham
Liverpool
Newcastle
Edinburgh
Inverness
Belfast
Dublin
Redcar
Hartlepool
Peterlee
Middlesbrough
Billingham
Newton Aycliffe
Stockton
Darlington
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Boulby U/G FacilitiesBoulby U/G FacilitiesBoulby U/G FacilitiesBoulby U/G Facilities
50m
Stu
b 2
Stu
b 2
a
‘H’
Are
a
JIF
Are
a
1995
- 1
50m
2
1998
- 9
00m
2
2000
- 2
500m
2
1988
- 3
00m
2
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Cosmic Ray Cosmic Ray Flux FluxCosmic Ray Cosmic Ray Flux Flux
• Cosmic ray Cosmic ray generate neutrons through spallation and generate neutrons through spallation and evaporationevaporation
• Surface Surface flux attenuated by 10 flux attenuated by 1066
• Comparable to Kamioka and Gran SassoComparable to Kamioka and Gran Sasso
10-13
10-11
10-9
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Muon FluxNeutron Production
Depth (mwe)
10-13
10-11
10-9
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-1
10 100 1000
Muon FluxNeutron Production
Depth (mwe)
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Neutron BackgroundsNeutron BackgroundsNeutron BackgroundsNeutron Backgrounds
• U and Th U and Th contaminationcontamination
– alpha interactions and fission (10-5 of flux)
• Cosmic ray muonsCosmic ray muons– spallation and
evaporation
10 -7
10 -6
10 -5
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
100
101
102
10-7
10 -6
10 -5
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
100
101
102
Est
imat
ed E
vent
Rat
e (k
g-1da
y-1)
U - Th ContaminationGenerated
Cosmic Ray MuonGenerated
Target & Detector Materials
SurroundingRock
WithinShielding
WithinSurrounding
Rock
HydrogenousShielding
HydrogenousShielding
Muon VetoPurification
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Gamma BackgroundsGamma BackgroundsGamma BackgroundsGamma Backgrounds
• Cavern radioisotope impuritiesCavern radioisotope impurities– Halite intrinsically low U/Th levels
• Low radon levels comparable to Gran Sasso ~5 BqmLow radon levels comparable to Gran Sasso ~5 Bqm-3-3
• NaI Detector total event ratesNaI Detector total event rates– Unshielded: >2e5 kg-1day-1
– Shielded: 6e3 kg-1day-1
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Gran Sasso ComparisonGran Sasso ComparisonGran Sasso ComparisonGran Sasso ComparisonGran Sasso Boulby
Facility Road Tunnel Working Mine
Depth (wme) 3800 3300
Altitude (m) 1000 -1100
Temperature Cavern 18˚CRock 6˚C
Cavern 26˚CRock 40˚C
Humidity (%) 50 37
Rock Type Limestone Halite
U(ppb) 500 10Th(ppb) 60 100
RockImpurity
K(ppm) 100 600
n(α, fissio )n (cm-2s-1) 5 x 10-7 2 x 10-7
c. . r flux (cm-2s-1) 1 x 10-8 5 x 10-8
n(spalln, evapn) (g-2s-1) 3 x 10-11 1 x 10-10
Ambient 5 - 15Radon(Bqm-3) Shielded 3 - 5A ir flow (m-3hr-1) 30 000 20 000
Permanent Staff 64 2
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Boulby Potash MineBoulby Potash MineBoulby Potash MineBoulby Potash Mine
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Stub 2 Pre-JIFStub 2 Pre-JIFStub 2 Pre-JIFStub 2 Pre-JIF
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
JIF ExpansionJIF ExpansionJIF ExpansionJIF Expansion
• JIF (Round2) SuccessfulJIF (Round2) Successful• Surface facilitiesSurface facilities
– Workshop, offices, etc.
• Underground facilitiesUnderground facilities– New clean area, upgrade existing
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Area LocalityArea LocalityArea LocalityArea Locality
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Construction TechniqueConstruction TechniqueConstruction TechniqueConstruction Technique
ZEPLIN
NaI
NaI
20m
DirtyStores
ElectricDarkrm
Clean Room
Experimental Halls - partitioned as required
Mess/Change
Stores
Wshop
Control Room
Transfer
Clean-off8m
20m
47m14m
8m
6m
Runningboards
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Boulby Surface BuildingBoulby Surface BuildingBoulby Surface BuildingBoulby Surface Building
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Temperature Extremes of an Astroparticle Physicist
Extreme Temperature (˚C)Adiabatic Temperature (˚C)
Temperature (˚C)
Altitude (m)
South PoleSouth Pole
Boulby MineBoulby Mine
My OfficeMy Office
They never told me this….They never told me this….They never told me this….They never told me this….
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
50000.0 50500.0 51000.0 51500.0 52000.0
0 365 730 1095 1460 1825
Stub 2 Cavern Ambient Temperature (˚C)
Stub 2 Temp (˙C)20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
Temperature (˚C)
Modified Julian Date
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
DAMA Annual ModulationDAMA Annual ModulationDAMA Annual ModulationDAMA Annual Modulation
• NaI @ Gran Sasso: 9 x 9.7kg crystals.NaI @ Gran Sasso: 9 x 9.7kg crystals.– Annual modulation few % of signal
• High energy (>90keV) no modulation, rate High energy (>90keV) no modulation, rate = 0.1% = 0.1%
• No recoil discrimination– PMT noise rejection
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
DAMA Annual Modulation 2-6 keV Bin
ResidualDAMA Fit
Residual (kg
-1
day-1
keV-1
)
Day Number
INFN/AE-00/01
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
DAMA 1-2 Rates (replotted)DAMA 1-2 Rates (replotted)DAMA 1-2 Rates (replotted)DAMA 1-2 Rates (replotted)Gaitskell 1999
Expected WIMPRecoil spectrum
Average overall crystals
Modulation inLow energy bins - threshold fluctuation?
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
NaI unencapsulatedcraneglove
box
NaI encapsulated
to JIF area
H area
H 1
H 2
crystal NaIAD unit status
DM68 NaIAD-1 removedDM74 NaIAD-2 runningDM72 NaIAD-3 runningDM75 NaIAD-4 runningDM76 NaIAD-5 runningDM77 NaIAD-6 runningDM78 NaIAD-7 returnedDM79 NaIAD-8 testingDM80 NaIAD-9 orderDM81 NaIAD-10 collabDM48 back-up testing
Status as 09/00
control room + daq
NaAID ProgrammeNaAID ProgrammeNaAID ProgrammeNaAID Programme
• 35 kg Unencapsulated surface controlled NaI35 kg Unencapsulated surface controlled NaI
• 15 kg Encapsulated high light yield NaI15 kg Encapsulated high light yield NaI
• 20kg Saclay crystal20kg Saclay crystal
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
CDMS ResultsCDMS ResultsCDMS ResultsCDMS Results
• Thermal/ionisation Ge/Si detectorsThermal/ionisation Ge/Si detectors
• Ge: 10.6 kg-day, 13 nuclear recoils, 4 multiple scattersGe: 10.6 kg-day, 13 nuclear recoils, 4 multiple scatters
• Si: 1.6 kg-day, 4 nuclear recoilsSi: 1.6 kg-day, 4 nuclear recoils
Gammas (source)
Neutrons (source)
Phonon threshold
Gammas
Nuclear recoils
Surface electrons
DataCalibration
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Current Direct Detection LimitsCurrent Direct Detection LimitsCurrent Direct Detection LimitsCurrent Direct Detection Limits
• Sensitivity ≈ 10Sensitivity ≈ 10-6-6 pb pb– DAMA: annual modulation of rate
– CDMS: neutron background subtraction
– UKDMC: ‘anomalous’ events preclude limit
http://cdms.berkeley.edu/limitplots/
-
-
-
-
-
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
ZEPLIN IZEPLIN IZEPLIN IZEPLIN I
Xe*
+Xe
Xe2*
Triplet27ns
Singlet3ns
2Xe2Xe
175nm175nm
Xe** + Xe
Xe2+
+e-
(recombination)
Xe+
+Xe
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
ZEPLIN I UndergroundZEPLIN I UndergroundZEPLIN I UndergroundZEPLIN I Underground
Pb shielding
Top of ZEPLIN I veto
Boulby stub 2 laboratory
xenon purification
Stable operation demonstrated
Counts vs. time
Xe temp vs. time
room temp vs. time
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
More PhotosMore PhotosMore PhotosMore Photos
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
U/G Results - ZEPLIN IU/G Results - ZEPLIN IU/G Results - ZEPLIN IU/G Results - ZEPLIN I
85Kr < 10-17 atoms/atom
Not optimum performance
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
ZEPLIN II DesignZEPLIN II DesignZEPLIN II DesignZEPLIN II Design• Scintillation/Ionisation detector: proven technologyScintillation/Ionisation detector: proven technology
• Two phase operationTwo phase operation– Ionisation from electroluminescence in gas region
• 30kg target under construction30kg target under construction
• Deploy 2001/2Deploy 2001/2
• 7x 5” PMTs7x 5” PMTs
• PTFE LinerPTFE Liner– Improve light yield
– Define E-field
PMT
Gas phase
Liquid target
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
ZEPLIN III DesignZEPLIN III DesignZEPLIN III DesignZEPLIN III Design
• Scintillation/ionisation detectorScintillation/ionisation detector
• High E-fieldHigh E-field– Ionisation from nuclear recoils
• 1kg test chamber 1kg test chamber
• 6kg LXe target6kg LXe target
• Under constructionUnder construction
• Deployment 2001/2Deployment 2001/2
• Compton vetoCompton veto
• 19x 2” PMTs19x 2” PMTs– Fast timing
– Additional discrimination
– Position information
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
• DRIFT: low pressure gaseous TPCDRIFT: low pressure gaseous TPC– Recoil direction correlation– CS2 minimises diffusion
• 1 foot cube detector @6keV1 foot cube detector @6keV– 99.9% gamma rejection– 95% alpha rejection (from wires)
• DRIFT 1mDRIFT 1m33 Module under construction Module under construction– 200m wire chamber 2cm pitch– 20m MWPC readout 2mm pitch
• CSCS22+Xe,Ar at 10-80 Torr+Xe,Ar at 10-80 Torr
DRIFT DesignDRIFT DesignDRIFT DesignDRIFT Design
gammas
recoil discrimination
C recoils
S recoils
gammas
recoil discrimination gammas
alphas
S recoil region (>90%)
alpha discrimination
SNII Meeting, UCLA 13-02-01N.J.T.Smith: RAL PPD
Boulby Facility and ProgrammeBoulby Facility and ProgrammeBoulby Facility and ProgrammeBoulby Facility and Programme
• Boulby Mine Facility StatusBoulby Mine Facility Status– Deep site
– Medium scale experiments
– Original areas refurbished
– JIF funded facility• Surface facility started (Jun 2001)
• U/G facility designed (Nov 2001)
• Boulby Experimental StatusBoulby Experimental Status– UKDMC: NaI
• DAMA assessment
– BDMC: NaIAD, ZEPLIN, DRIFT• ZEPLIN I : 2000
• ZEPLIN II/III:2001/2
• DRIFT: 2001
-
-
-
-
Limits expected from current detectors
Limits expected from future detectors (known technology)
