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SMR Staffing Solutions:

Human Factors Integration

IAEA TM 55245: Challenges in the Application of the Design Safety Requirements for

Nuclear Power Plants to Small and Medium Sized Reactors

Alison Flower CEng, MIMechE – SMR Safety Case Lead

Rolls-Royce plc, Derby, United Kingdom

2

Agenda

1. Objectives

2. Overview of Rolls-Royce SMR

3. SMR Staffing

4. Human Factors Integration

5. Human Factors Methods

6. Worked example

7. Staffing multiple units

8. Final thoughts

3

Objectives

• Overview of SMR staffing requirements.

• Benefits of early and structured consideration of staffing

requirements (predictive capability).

• Description of Human Factors Integration process and

methods to identify staffing requirements.

• Considerations for staffing multiple units.

4

Overview of Rolls-Royce SMR 1

• Electricity generation being challenged to decarbonise.

• Mixed portfolio of nuclear, renewable and gas generation

most viable option to deliver this.

• Large nuclear plants have come with significant challenges.

• SMRs complementary to programme of large nuclear plants.

• SMRs offer flexibility for additional applications including

load following and Combined Heat and Power (CHP).

5

Overview of Rolls-Royce SMR 2 1. Highest power for lowest cost;

2. Enhanced passive safety;

3. Proliferation resistant;

4. Regulatory compliance;

5. Proven technologies;

6. Design for manufacture / construction;

7. Design for operation;

8. Whole power station standardisation / modularisation;

9. Design to gain volume economies;

10. Design with account for public perception;

11. Compatibility with existing infrastructure.

6

SMR Staffing

• SMR staffing must provide safe operation.

• Staffing costs must not impact on the economic viability of

SMR designs.

• Staffing requirements can be reduced by:

- Task elimination (the design does not demand human

action)

- Task simplification (the demands on human action are

reduced)

7

Human Factors Integration

• A process to ensure the systematic consideration of Human

Factors throughout design development

• Human Factors Integration Plan (HFIP) – coordinating

document

• Established Human Factors methods applied to design and

safety assessment, including staffing

• Early engagement, with frequent iteration provides best

results

8

Human Factors Methods

• TAD – assumed characteristics of the user population

• AoF – determine functions assigned to humans

• HTA – describe human-system interactions

• TTA – allocate tasks to personnel and record task details

• OSD – represent tasks allocated to personnel in a timeline

• Iteration of analysis methods as design matures

• Generate multiple analyses to investigate staffing options

9 Human Factors Integration (Staffing)

HFIP HTA

AoF

TTA

OSD TAD Staffing

HFIP – Human Factors Integration Plan TAD – Target Audience Description HTA – Hierarchical Task Analysis AoF – Allocation of Function TTA – Tabular Task Analysis OSD – Operational Sequence Diagram

Full design envelope Normal and emergency operation

10 Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)

PSM = Protective Safety Measure

• Extract from a HTA

• Example considers an Emergency Operating Procedure

11 Tabular Task Analysis (TTA)

12 Operational Sequence Diagram (OSD)

Shift

Supervisor

Reactor

Operator

Assistant

Reactor

Operator

Respond to

alarm

Diagnose

event

Supervise

Reactor

Operator

Conduct

immediate

comms

Supervise

Reactor

Operator

Respond to

alarm

Diagnose

event

Confirm

correct

engineered

system

response

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

(mins)

Coordinate

on-site

response

Plant

Supervisor

Plant

Technician

(1)

Plant

Technician

(2)

Supervise

immediate

actions

(planned)

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

Reactor Team Plant Team • OSD uses information

from the HTA and TTA

• Simplified representation of tasks against personnel

13 Operational Sequence Diagram (OSD)

Shift

Supervisor

Reactor

Operator

Assistant

Reactor

Operator

Respond to

alarm

Diagnose

event

Supervise

Reactor

Operator

Conduct

immediate

comms

Supervise

Reactor

Operator

Respond to

alarm

Diagnose

event

Confirm

correct

engineered

system

response

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

(mins)

Coordinate

on-site

response

Plant

Supervisor

Plant

Technician

(1)

Plant

Technician

(2)

Supervise

immediate

actions

(planned)

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned) Opportunity to

reduce staffing

Opportunity to

reduce staffing

Reactor Team Plant Team • Example illustrates

how opportunities to reduce staffing can be identified and explored in OSD format

14 Operational Sequence Diagram (OSD)

Shift

Supervisor

Reactor

Operator

Respond to

alarm

Diagnose

event

Supervise

Reactor

Operator

Conduct

immediate

comms

Supervise

Reactor

Operator

Respond to

alarm

Diagnose

event

Confirm

correct

engineered

system

response

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

(mins)

Coordinate

on-site

response

Plant

Supervisor

Plant

Technician

(1)

Supervise

immediate

actions

(planned)

Conduct

immediate

actions

(planned)

Simplify task

and re-allocate

to Plant Team

Eliminate or

simplify tasks

to reduce

workload

Reactor Team Plant Team

Potential to

remove

Assistant

Reactor

Operator Potential to

remove Plant

Technician (2)

• Opportunities for task elimination or task simplification facilitate staffing reduction

• Iteration of AoF/HTA/TTA methods to test solution and update design

15

SMR Staffing – Considerations

• Actions in series or parallel (determined by time available)

• Personnel dedicated to activities (task focus)

• Personnel ‘multi-tasking’ (consider skills and training)

• Workload (human capacity to process information)

• Situational Awareness (ability to know what is happening)

• Staffing solution must be sustainable (recruit, train, retain)

16

SMR Staffing – Multiple Units

• Multiple units on one site, or multiple sites

• Same HFI process can be applied to staffing assessment

• Methods provide a predictive capability to explore staffing

solutions for multiple units, e.g.

- Personnel monitor/control multiple units (one site)

- Personnel support multiple sites (e.g. maintenance team)

17

SMR Staffing – Final Thoughts

• Systematic consideration of Human Factors issues through

a structured Human Factors Integration process

• Established methods used to assess and establish staffing

solution (predictive capability)

• Human Factors Integration process applies to single SMR

and multiple unit / multiple site SMR

• Early engagement of Human Factors with design provides

the best opportunity to optimise staffing solutions

18

Questions?