Smoky Quartzbrownish-yellow

glassycrystal pointhardenss = 7

Moonstonewhite, grey, orange

dull/pearlybox-like faceshardness = 5

Apache Tearblack obsidiandull to glassy

no faceshardness = 7

Sapphiregrey, black

dullhexagonal faces

hardness = 9

Rubypinkish red

dullhexagonal faces

hardness = 9

1. Line up your stones in order across your paper towel. Choose 7 you want to identify

2. Color - that's easy!

3. Luster = glassy, dull, or metallic?

4. Diaphaneity = is it transparent, translucent or opaque? Hold it up to the light!

5. Streak = use the white streak plate. If you don't see a streak, than the streak color is white

6. Hardness = - if your fingernail can't scratch it...then it is harder than 2.5- if the stone can scratch a penny...then it is harder than 3.5- if it can scratch the glass plate...then it is harder than 5.5- Last, borrow a ruby or sapphire. If it can scratch that, then you

have a ruby or sapphire. If not, you probably have a stone with a hardness of 7.

7. Density = mass / volume

For mass, use the TBB. For volume, use water displacement.

Name of Stone Hardness Density

Hardness

Density

Hardness vs. Density

Peridot or Olivine

Color: Green

Luster: Glassy

Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl

Streak:

Hardness:

Density:

Garnet

Color: red, purple, brown

Luster: Glassy

Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl

Streak:

Hardness:

Density:

Amethyst

Color: purple and white

Luster: Glassy

Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl

Streak: white

Hardness: 7

Density:

Rock Crystal Quartz

Color: clear

Luster: Glassy

Diaphaneity: Transp

Streak: white

Hardness: 7

Density:

Smoky Quartz

Color: brown, gray

Luster: Glassy

Diaphaneity: Transp

Streak: white

Hardness: 7

Density:

Agate

Color: banded colors

Luster: Glassy

Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque

Streak: white

Hardness: 7

Density:

Moonstone

Color: pale colors (gray, white, peach)

Luster: Glassy to dull

Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque

Streak:

Hardness: 5

Density:

Apache Tear

Color: black

Luster: Glassy to dull

Diaphaneity: translucent

Streak:

Hardness: 7

Density:

Galena

Color: silver metallic

Luster: metallic

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak:

Hardness:

Density:

Pyrite (Fools Gold)

Color: gold metallic

Luster: metallic

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak: black

Hardness:

Density:

Pyrite (Fools Gold)

Color: rainbow metallic

Luster: metallic

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak:

Hardness:

Density:

Turquoise

Color: aqua blue

Luster: glassy

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak:

Hardness:

Density:

Chrysocolla

Color: blue-green

Luster: dull

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak:

Hardness:

Density:

Ruby (Corundum)

Color: plum, pinkish

Luster: dull

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak: none

Hardness: 9

Density:

Sapphire (Corundum)

Color: grayish

Luster: dull

Diaphaneity: opaque

Streak: none

Hardness: 9

Density:

Star Sapphire

FRONT OF ROOMX X

X X

X

X

X

X XX

XX

X X

XX

X

X

X

X

No one sits hereat this table

The Gem Dig 1. Every geologist must have a couple of paper towels in front of you during the dig2. You must leave your gems out in front of you at all times. 2. At the end, each geologist will be given a plastic bag. Your name and period must be on this bagGeology Jail GuidelinesIf you go to jail, your bail is gems...and I get to pick.·If you whine about wanting bigger or better stones...JAIL!·If you whine about wanting me to go faster...JAIL!·If you steal anyone's stones...JAIL...big time JAIL!·If you attempt to trade during the dig...JAIL!·If you splash the river water...JAIL!·If you leave your river station and chase me around...JAIL!·If you whine about JAIL...More JAIL!

Geodes

GEM DIG Research and Background Information

1. What are minerals?

An inorganic solid, made of one or more elements, with a crystalline structure (3,000 known!)

2. How are rocks different from minerals?

A rock is mixture of 2 or more minerals.

3. What are crystals and gems?

Form when minerals cool and have time and space to crystallize.

4. How do we identify gemstones?

· _____________________________________________________

· _____________________________________________________

· _____________________________________________________

· _____________________________________________________

· _____________________________________________________

· _____________________________________________________

· _____________________________________________________

COLOR

Hardness

A stone can scratch anythingbelow it on the chart

Questions:

1. True/False...Talc can scratch gypsum

2. True/False...Quartz can scratch Fluorite.

3. True/False...Fluorite can scratch Quartz

4. True/False...you can scratch quartzwith a kitchen knife.

5. True/False...Calcite can put a scratch in glass.

6. True/False...your fingernail can scratchGypsum.

7. True/False...nothing can scratch a diamond.

Friedrich Mohs

Diaphaneity

Transparent

Translucent

Opaque

Streak

Luster

Metallic

Glassy

Dull

Density = mass (g) / volume (cm3)

Volume

Mass

WHAT ARE ROCKS? Solid Earth materials that are made from a

mixture of minerals. Abiotic (non-living)

Igneous

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0603/es0603page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation

Formed directly from cooled magma!

Sedimentary

when sediments get cemented together!

CLASTIC: When little pieces of rocks are cemented togetherCHEMICAL: When water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behindORGANIC: Accumulation of shells and bones

http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html

Let's get to know some rocks

Station # Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

1 / / /

2 / / /

3 / / /

4 / / /

5 / / /

6 / / /

METAMORPHIC...changed due to heat and pressure below

the Earth

The Rock Cycle

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/rock_cycle/index.html

http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change4.html

New Snake Fossil found·as long as a school bus·big as a Volkswagon, 2500 pounds·60 mya·How could Earth support such a big cold-blooded animal?

A mouse-human hybrid petered out after just one [cell] division. The cow and rabbit human hybrids went further, but stopped at the point when maternal DNA is supposed to kick in and turn the ball of cells into a proper embryo,

Amphibious primitive whale...came onto land to give birth

Cloning an extinct mountain goat!

Age of the Mammals

Age of the dinosaurs

- life advances in the oceans

- life moves to the land

soft-bodiedaquatic life develops

·Often correlating with meteorimpacts·Depends on our revolution through the galaxy, whenwe go through a heavy bandof meteors

PLATE TECTONICS!!!

BBC Model:

http://tanasi.gg.utk.edu/courses/101/public/BBC/default.html

1912...Alfred Wegener proposedtheory of continental drift!

Today we call it the Theory of PLATE TECTONICS!!!

http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/PlateTectonics/18_Pangaea.html

http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2.html

Big Question: What is our evidence of plate tectonics?

1. Continental Shape Puzzle

2. Fossil similarities

3. Rock similarities

4. Andean mountains

Above: The possible appearance of the Earth 50 million years from now.

·Africa has collided with Europe, closing off the Mediterranean Sea. ·Atlantic has widened·Australia has migrated north. ·Image courtesy of Dr. Christopher Scotese.

So...if the plates keep on moving, then things are going to change, right???

Pangea Ultima...250 million years into the future!

·Africa is going to smash into Europe·Australia migrates north to merge with Asia·Atlantic Ocean will probably widen for a spell before it reverses course and later disappears.

Pass that plate, will ya? Its all about the

plates!(cheesy title!)

SUPERCONTINENTS

Plate Tectonics

PLATE DETAILS

USE 3 SHEETS OF PAPER TO MAKE A FOLDABLE

CONVECTION CURRENTS

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER

DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

TITLE PAGE

1912 - Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift...the continents are on the move!

his picture here!

picture of pangaea

245 mya

205 mya

SUPERCONTINENTS

PLATE DETAILS

PICTURE OF LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE

Lithosphere = rocky crust, rigid upper mantle

- Oceanic Crust (below oceans)...more dense

- Continental Crust (land!)...less dense

Asthenosphere = part of mantle, slowly moving

·7 major plates·7 minor plates·always in motion, 2-3cm per year

Volcano Map

Earthquake Map

CONVECTION

In asthenosphere:

Hotter magma rises and cooler magma sinks

CONVECTION CURRENTS!

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0805/es0805page01.cfm

http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/convection.htm

Convection

Boundarieshttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/35_VolcanicAct.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/hellscrust/main.html

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER

Oceanic/Continental Continental/Continental

Oceanic/Oceanic

What is subduction?

When one plate gets pushed beneath another

DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

Transform Boundaries:When plates slide! Earthquakes result!

Divergent Boundaries: When plates move apart

Oceanic: Continental:

Cyanobacteria...First life!

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

DNADNA(no membrane)

Attachments