Chapter 18Chapter 18The Rise of The Rise of Smokestack AmericaSmokestack America

The American PeopleThe American People, 6, 6thth ed. ed.

I.I. The Texture of The Texture of Industrial ProgressIndustrial Progress

Technological Technological InnovationsInnovations Advances in technology allowed Advances in technology allowed

production to be more efficient which in production to be more efficient which in turn generated new needs and newer turn generated new needs and newer innovationsinnovations

New power sources were at the heart of New power sources were at the heart of America’s shift to mass production; America’s shift to mass production; electricity was the key to a new electricity was the key to a new worldview for most Americansworldview for most Americans

RailroadsRailroads Railroads were the first gigantic Railroads were the first gigantic

corporations in Americacorporations in America The government expedited the building of The government expedited the building of

the railroads with generous land grants the railroads with generous land grants and business-friendly regulationsand business-friendly regulations

The high cost of running a railroad The high cost of running a railroad necessitated cut-throat business practicesnecessitated cut-throat business practices

The logistical tangles of the industry The logistical tangles of the industry prompted development of professional prompted development of professional management techniquesmanagement techniques

IntegrationIntegration Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration: adding operations : adding operations

before or after the production process before or after the production process such as distribution; desires all stages of such as distribution; desires all stages of productionproduction

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration: the combination : the combination of multiple similar business ventures of multiple similar business ventures under one “umbrella”; desires a under one “umbrella”; desires a monopoly of a particular marketmonopoly of a particular market

II.II. Urban Expansion in the Urban Expansion in the Industrial AgeIndustrial Age

The CitiesThe Cities The central cause of the phenomenal The central cause of the phenomenal

growth of cities in this era was their ability growth of cities in this era was their ability to attract newcomers from rural areas to attract newcomers from rural areas and abroadand abroad

Work and increased pay rates was the Work and increased pay rates was the prime attractionprime attraction

Rural life was often dullRural life was often dull

The New Immigration, The New Immigration, 1880-19001880-1900 Over the course of the century, the Over the course of the century, the

sources of immigrants for the United sources of immigrants for the United States changedStates changed

““New immigrants” came from southern New immigrants” came from southern and eastern Europeand eastern Europe

New agricultural techniques in these New agricultural techniques in these European regions removed the need for European regions removed the need for thousands of farm laborersthousands of farm laborers

III. The Industrial CityIII. The Industrial City

NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods Working-class neighborhoods clustered Working-class neighborhoods clustered

near the city’s centernear the city’s center Usually separated by particular ethnic Usually separated by particular ethnic

groupsgroups These areas were crowded, unsanitary, These areas were crowded, unsanitary,

and dangerousand dangerous Community cohesion became the saving Community cohesion became the saving

force for many immigrantsforce for many immigrants

The SuburbsThe Suburbs

The fringes of the city contained the The fringes of the city contained the houses of the middle class and the richhouses of the middle class and the rich

Public transportation allowed them to Public transportation allowed them to work in the city center and live outsidework in the city center and live outside

The upper classes often had no idea The upper classes often had no idea what conditions the working class had to what conditions the working class had to endureendure

IV.IV. Industrial Work and the Industrial Work and the Laboring ClassLaboring Class

Ethnic DiversityEthnic Diversity

Immigrants made up a large portion of the Immigrants made up a large portion of the working class in the late nineteenth centuryworking class in the late nineteenth century

The occupational patterns of the workplace are The occupational patterns of the workplace are a direct result of the ethnic diversity of the timesa direct result of the ethnic diversity of the times

Whites occupied the top tier, next came northern Whites occupied the top tier, next came northern Europeans, next came the “new immigrants”, Europeans, next came the “new immigrants”, and finally came African Americansand finally came African Americans

The Nature of WorkThe Nature of Work A majority of Americans now labored in a A majority of Americans now labored in a

factory setting or small sweatshopfactory setting or small sweatshop Workdays were very long: ten hours a Workdays were very long: ten hours a

day, six days a weekday, six days a week Work was uncomfortable, dangerous, and Work was uncomfortable, dangerous, and

usually repetitively boring; accident rates usually repetitively boring; accident rates were highwere high

Sending children into the work forces was Sending children into the work forces was a fact of survival for many Americansa fact of survival for many Americans

V. Capital Versus LaborV. Capital Versus Labor

ProtestsProtests Workers and employers constantly Workers and employers constantly

struggled for control of the workplacestruggled for control of the workplace Workers felt the right to control the pace Workers felt the right to control the pace

of production in factories and developed of production in factories and developed strong-arm tactics to encourage solidarity strong-arm tactics to encourage solidarity within the shopwithin the shop

Protest came in the guise of Protest came in the guise of absenteeism, drunkenness, general absenteeism, drunkenness, general inefficiency, and quitting work altogetherinefficiency, and quitting work altogether

StrikesStrikes The most direct methodology to adjust The most direct methodology to adjust

conditions in the workplace was the strikeconditions in the workplace was the strike Strikes in the nineteenth century usually Strikes in the nineteenth century usually

happened at the workplace, replacing happened at the workplace, replacing neighborhood riotsneighborhood riots

As collective action spread, unions began to As collective action spread, unions began to play a more active role in arbitration of play a more active role in arbitration of grievancesgrievances

Coordination between workplaces performing Coordination between workplaces performing the same work led to uniform wages and hoursthe same work led to uniform wages and hours