Smoke Free Workplace Policies
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Transcript of Smoke Free Workplace Policies
Smoke-free Workplace Policies
Presented By:Nicole Boyle & Naomi Harding
Background
• Supporters to tobacco control and clean air laws have been trying to get public smoking outlawed for decades.
• Driving Factors:– There are many harmful health effects associated
with second hand smoke.– They felt it would influence smokers to quit.– Provide health benefits for smokers and non-
smokers alike.
Background
• Smokers die an average of 13 to 14 years earlier than non-smokers.
• Smoking has been linked to many forms of cancer– Bladder– Esophagus– Larynx– Lungs– Mouth– Throat
Background
• About 440,000 Americans die from smoking related diseases each year.
• An estimated 12 million people have died from smoking-related diseases since the first Surgeon Generals report in 1964.
Background
• There are 27 smoke-free states in the U.S.– They prohibit smoking in public places.
• Restaurants• Bars• Workplaces (offices, schools)
• Pennsylvania is currently not a smoke-free state.
Background
• Preliminary research suggests that adopting smoke-free policies is beneficial.– Improves the likelihood smokers will quit or
reduce the amount they smoke per day.– Improve indoor air quality.– Provide overall health benefits for all members of
an organization.
Background
• Within the last 10 years the availability of smoking cessation hotlines, support groups, and quitting aids has greatly increased.
• Research suggests these programs will increase the likelihood a smoker will attempt to quit and be more successful in doing so.
Predictions• Smokers will be less likely than Non-smokers to
support a smoke-free workplace policy• Job Stress level will have an impact on the number of
smoke breaks taken per day• Smokers who have used support systems were more
successful than those who did not• Non-Smokers believe smokers take more breaks than
Smokers do• Smokers tend to be older in age on average
Data Collection
• Target Audience– Smoking and Non-Smoking Adults
• Sampling plan– Survey adults age 18 and over (legal smoking age)– Various occupations and work environments
• Summary of respondents– Passed out 65 paper surveys, 63 people
responded
Raw Data
Gender Age Smoking StatusWork
EnvironmentEducation Tried to Quit Success
Support system
Packs/ week Stress Support policyTake adv. Of company
supporthistory of smoking
related health issuesencourage
to quit?support increase quitters accessability # breaks
0 22 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Few 60 31 0 medical college 1 1-5 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 Few 31 47 0 construction high school n/a n/a n/a 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 Few 40 26 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 Few 50 31 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 4 1 1 0 1 1 None 20 33 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Few 40 48 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Few 30 36 0 office some college 1 NEVER WENT BACK 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 EVERYWHERE 60 35 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 a few 20 21 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 a few 50 39 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 00 24 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 a few 20 27 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 27 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 19 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 00 33 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 19 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 no smoking 01 26 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 Few 71 34 0 office masters n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 Few 81 26 0 medical masters n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 Few 51 26 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 3 1 0 0 1 1 Few 51 20 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 Few 51 24 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 Few 61 21 0 Other college n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 None 01 29 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 Few 51 46 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 None 21 36 0 office high school 1 NEVER WENT BACK 0 1-3 2 1 0 1 1 1 Few 41 24 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 no smoking 01 45 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 4 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 01 25 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 a few 11 18 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 4 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 06 27 1 office high school 0 n/a 0 6 3 0 1 0 0 0 EVERYWHERE 33 36 1 office high school 0 n/a 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 None 40 35 1 office college N n/a n/a 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 Few 30 55 1 office high school 1 less than 1 yr 1 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 Few 60 58 1 construction high school 1 1-5 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 Few 31 65 1 office some college 1 less than 1 yr 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 None 31 44 1 office high school 0 n/a 0 8 4 0 0 1 0 0 Few 41 42 1 Other high school 1 1-5 1 6 3 0 1 1 0 1 Few 41 56 1 office college 1 less than 1 yr 0 6 4 0 0 1 0 0 Few 31 54 1 office some college 1 less than 1 yr 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 Few 30 22 1 service college 1 1-5 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 Few 30 48 1 office high school 1 less than 1 yr 0 9 3 1 0 0 0 0 Few 30 68 1 office environ some college 1 <1 yes 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 18 1 service industry highschool 1 <1 yes 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 21 1 service industry highschool 1 <1 yes 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 no smoking 00 2 1 sales some college 1 never no 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 54 1 construction highschool 0 6-10 yrs yes 6 2 1 1 0 0 0 no smoking 00 44 1 construction highschool 0 11-15 yrs yes 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 00 39 1 construction highschool 1 never yes 11 2 1 0 1 1 1 a few 70 24 1 construction some college 1 never yes 12 2 1 0 1 1 1 a few 70 44 1 service industry some college 0 no 5 2 1 0 1 1 1 everywhere 71 32 1 medical college 1 less than 1 yr 1 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 Few 41 19 1 medical college 1 less than 1 yr N 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 Few 41 20 1 medical college 0 n/a n/a 3 2 1 0 1 1 0 Few 51 37 1 office high school 1 less than 1 yr 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 None 31 36 1 sales college grad 1 6-10 yrs no 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 no smoking 01 26 1 office environ some college 1 <1 yes 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 01 21 1 sales some college 1 <1 yes 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 01 34 1 service industry college grad 1 <1 yes 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 01 47 1 office environ college grad 1 <1 yes 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 a few 11 57 1 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 01 55 1 sales college grad no <1 yes 6 5 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 0
Demographics
• 63 people were surveyed– 32 men– 31 women– 35 smokers– 28 non-smokers
• Ages ranged from 18-68
Demographics
• Surveyed nearly equal amounts of males and femaled
Number of Male and Female Survey Respondents
3231
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Male
Female
Demographics
Breakdown of Age by Gender
0
5
10
15
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66+
Years of Age
Males
Females
DemographicsTotal Number of Smokers and Non-Smokers
35
28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Smokers
Non-Smokers
DemographicsNumber of Non-Smokers According to
Age and Gender
0
5
10
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66+
Years of AgeFemale Non-SmokersMale Non-Smokers
• The majority of non-smokers appear to be in the lower age categories >36yrs or more
• Smokers show a more equal distribution
Number of Smokers According to Age and Gender
012345
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66+
Yea
rs o
f A
ge
Male SmokersFemale Smokers
Hypothesis 1• Smokers are older, on average, than the mean age of those surveyed
hypothesized value sample mean stdev
sample size
34.20 45.00 13.04 63NULL : µ<=34.2 Smokers are not older on average than the population mean
ALTERNATIVE: µ<34.2 Smokers are older on average than the population mean
test statistic (obs) 6.574 critical measure 1.960 =NORMSINV one-tailed or two-tailed? 1
|OBS| > CRIT? yes!
p-value 0.000000 =(# of tails)*(1-NORMSDIST)a-level 0.050
p-value < a-level? yes
reject null!
HYPOTHESIS TESTSfor the mean
Hypothesis 1 Results
• We can reject the null that smokers are not older
• |t-obs |>critical measure• P-value <<<<α level of 0.05
Hypothesis 2• Smokers are less likely than non-smokers
to support a smoke-free workplace policysmoker 25 non smoker 25
sample size 1 35 sample size 2 28pooled proportion 0.794 proportion 1 0.71429 proportion 2 0.89286
std error 0.103
NULL: m1=m2 there is no difference in the number of smokers and non-smokers who support smoke-free policies
ALTERNATIVE: m1><m2 There is a difference in the number of smokers and non-smokers who support smoke-free policies
one-tailed or two tailed? 2
test statistic (obs) (1.740) critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? no
p-value 0.082 a-level 0.050
p-value < a-level?? no
cannot reject null!
HYPOTHESIS TESTS
Hypothesis 2 Results
• We cannot reject the null that there is no difference in the proportion of smokers and non-smokers supporting smoke-free workplace policies
• |t-obs |< critical measure• P-value 0.082 >α level of 0.05
Hypothesis 3• Smokers using outside support to quit will be more successful than those not using
support>one year support 6 >one year without support 3
sample size 1 17 sample size 2 8pooled proportion 0.360 proportion 1 0.3529 proportion 2 0.375
std error 0.206
NULL: m1=m2 Smokers using support are not more successful
ALTERNATIVE: m1>m2 Smokers using support are more successful
one-tailed or two tailed? 1
test statistic (obs) (0.107) critical measure 1.645
|obs| > critical?? no
p-value 0.457 a-level 0.050
p-value < a-level?? no
cannot reject null!
HYPOTHESIS TESTS
Hypothesis 3 Results
• Cannot reject the null hypothesis that smokers using support are more successful
• |t-obs |< critical measure• P-value 0.457 >α level of 0.05
Use of Support SystemsPercent of Smokers Using Support to
Quit
68%
32%
used
didn’t
• Of our 35 surveyed smokers, 68% (17/35) used some sort of outside support (patch, prescriptions, support group) to help them quit
• Out of those individuals that used support to quit, only 26% saw success lasting longer than one year!
Percentage of Smokers Using Support That Stopped Smoking
>1year
26%
74%
Success lasting > 1 year
Success lasting< 1 year
Hypothesis 3 Results Cont.
Percent of Smokers Not Using Support Stopped Smoking >1yr
62%
38%
Success lasting <1year
Success lasting >1 year
Hypothesis 4• Age, number of packs per week and number of breaks taken per day have an
influence on job stress level.– Null b1=b2=b3=0
Stress Age Packs/ week # breaksStress 1Age 0.17016 1Packs/ week-0.05915 -0.004272882 1# breaks -0.27788 0.02079142 0.415472333 1
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression StatisticsMultiple R 0.335162941R Square 0.112334197Adjusted R Square 0.017227147Standard Error 0.933710141Observations 32
ANOVA Not significantdf SS MS F Significance F
Regression 3 3.089190414 1.02973 1.181134274 0.334692066Residual 28 24.41080959 0.871815Total 31 27.5
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%Intercept 2.692395014 0.502445166 5.358585 1.04137E-05 1.663182762 3.721607 1.663183 3.721607Age 0.010480008 0.01054987 0.993378 0.329033464 -0.011130421 0.03209 -0.01113 0.03209Packs/ week 0.022474507 0.06213641 0.361696 0.720294316 -0.104806156 0.149755 -0.104806 0.149755# breaks -0.125076403 0.078753177 -1.588208 0.123469064 -0.286394972 0.036242 -0.286395 0.036242
Hypothesis 4 Results
• Model is not significant.• In all cases • |t-obs |< critical measure• P-value >α level of 0.05• Had to throw out entire hypothesis
Hypothesis 5• Non-smokers believe smokers take more breaks
smoker 5 non smoker 11sample size 1 35 sample size 2 28
pooled proportion 0.254 proportion 1 0.1429 proportion 2 0.3929
std error 0.110
NULL: m1=m2 Perception of the number of breaks smokers take is the same among smokers and non-smokers
ALTERNATIVE: m1><m2 Perception of the number of breaks smokers take is not the same among smokers and non-smokers
one-tailed or two tailed? 2
test statistic (obs) (2.265) critical measure 1.960
|obs| > critical?? yes
p-value 0.023 a-level 0.050
p-value < a-level?? yes
reject null!
HYPOTHESIS TESTS
Hypothesis 5 Results
• We can reject the null that non-smokers think smokers take the same number of breaks
• |t-obs |>critical measure• P-value <<<<α level of 0.05
Recommendations
• Survey larger population• Have less categories• Collect more numerical data or data that can
be more easily translated• Collect data from places that are already
smoke-free to serve as a reference
The End!•If you won’t quit for yourself or your co-workers……
•DO IT FOR YOUR COUNTRY!!!