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Smoke free lift shafts
Smoke-free Lift Shafts by Pressurisation and its
Importance in Case of Evacuation
Prof. Dr. H.A. Ermer
Risk & Fire ManagementBrussels
October 4, 2006
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Since the fire at the Düsseldorf International Airport
in 1996 with seven people killed in lifts by smoke
inhalation this devastating accident got much attention
in the technical community.
The result was that lift shafts epecially at airports got
Pressurized (Germany)
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All vertical connections in buildings are very critical in case of fire.
In case of fire in an accomo-dation smoke will distribute without barriers into stairs and liftshafts and from there in corridors of the upper floors. In almost every fire in a building the occupants are trapped by smoke on their way into the outside building
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Home for the Elderly, Jacksonville, FL
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Roosevelt Hotel FireJacksonville, FL29. Dezember 1963
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MGM Grand Hotel FireLas Vegas, NV21. November 1980
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Hinweis: Die Etagen sind durchgehend numeriert.
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Fire in MGM Hotel, Las Vegas, N.V.
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Rauch/Temperatur
Zei t / min
Rauch
Temperatur
voll entwicke lterBran d
flashoverBrandentstehu ng
5 10 15 20
m / kg3
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PVC Sperrholz Papier Schaumstoff Schaumgummi
The killer no. 1 is the toxic smoke not fire
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Recommended application for pressurized lift shafts in buildings
1. Fire fighter´s lifts
2. Lifts for the disabled
Precondition: circuit integrity
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Firefighters physical stress climbing upthe staircase of a high rise building
Hei
ghtm
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• The stress of wearing oxygen masks in climbing up the stairs is exhausting. An immidiate fire attack is not possible and justifiable
• Every firefighter reaches his physical capability depending on his individual fitness and age
• Firefighter lifts are absolutely necessary in high rising buildings (>22 m)
• Alone the presence of a firefighter lift gurantees that the fire floor is reached in a reasonable time and the attack can be started immediately with physical fit firefighters
Ross, R. and Mitschker, J., Belastungen beim Aufstieg in einem Hochhaus durch den Treppenraum, in: Brandschutz, Deutsche Feuerwehrzeitung, 2/2005, S. 83 - 87
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Aufzugsschacht Vorraum Treppenraum
The functioning of pressurizing a lift shaft, lobby and staircase
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Detail on EN 12101 - 6Smoke free lift shafts
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Leakages of a sliding door
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Differenzdruck an der Tür [Pa]
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Volu
men
stro
mdu
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die
Tür[
m³/h
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Gemessene Leckagen einer zweiseitigen Schachtschiebetür
Größe: 1,1x2,01 m
Measured leakages at a sliding door
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Pressurisation and flow noises at sliding doors
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Pressurisation and piston effect
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3. Smoke release vents in the machine room become closed
2. MISTRAL high performance ventilator is starting either on bottom or on top
5. Pressure ist evenly distributed by leakeges through lift door into lobbies
How the system works
The smoke control system is activated on smoke detection1. The smoke control system is activated by smoke detection
4. Pressure is build up in the lift shaft
6. and through presssusre release vents into the accomodation
7. Because off overpressure the smoke is banned to the burningarea and smoke is retained from the rescue path
8. Intelligent smoke detection system prevents the stop of the car on the fire floor
9. Circuit integrity is necessary for transportin handicapped or injured people
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The importance of pressurized lift shafts in high rising buildings in case if fire
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Evacuation and pressurisation systems in case of fire are found in the following buildings
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Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt
Hight: 158 m
40 floors
2 Towers
2.500 persons
Time for evacuation: 18 minutes(Data: Firefighter´s Department Frankfurt)
www.thehighrisepages.de
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Commerzbank, Frankfurt
Hight: 258 m
54 floors
2.200 persons
Time for evacuation: 25 minutes(Data: Firefighter´s Department Frankfurt)
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Messeturm, Frankfurt
Hight: 256 m
64 floors
800 persons
Time for evacuation : 29 minutes(Data: Firefighter´s Department Frankfurt)
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Presentation of film
„Smoke free lift shafts by Pressurisation“
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Smoke free lift shafts
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Floor plan
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Smoke free lift shafts
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Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit
Thank you for your kind attention
Merci pour votre attention
Molto grazia per la loro attenzione
Smoke free lift shafts