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Transcript of Smartphone Roadmap Final
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RESEARCH REPORT 6.6.2006
SMART PHONE TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP Authors Jussi Roivainen, Matti Eteläperä, Juha-Pekka Soininen
VTT
Confidentiality Restricted
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Report’s title
Smart Phone Technology RoadmapCustomer, contact person, address Order reference
TEKES
Project name Project number/Short name
Rich model for strategig co-operation in smart phone cluster 3368/ROOSTER1 Author(s) Pages
Jussi Roivainen, Matti Eteläperä, Juha-Pekka Soininen 45/Keywords Report identification code
Smart Phone, roadmap Acceptance
Accepted in Steering Group Meeting 2006-06-05
Summary
Modern mobile phones are complex but versatile products that include
cellular radio, application processing unit and a large set of software.
The freedom of choice in services even after purchasing the device is a
requirement for smart phone users.
Smart phone technologies are in rapid progress and there is a strong
application push behind it. In this report we have covered the main
application requirement trends and scratched the surface of the basic
roadmaps of smart phone related technologies.
The greatest technological challenges will be related to user interfaces.
The shift from device-oriented to service-oriented world is already going-
on. The second major challenge is the efficiency of smart phone platform.
The number of needed communication interfaces is rising and the next
communication standards are extremely complicated.
The success of device has been and will be dependent of the experience that
it gives to the user. Continuously rising computation performance, higher
quality featured HW (cameras, more storage capacity etc.) and moreefficient operating systems and user interfaces are the enablers to develop
interesting applications and attractively designed smart phones.
The purpose of this document is to enlighten the possibilities and
requirements of the platforms for smart phones that the current technology
development views seem to provide.
Confidentiality Restricted
VTT’s contact address
VTT, PO.Box 1100 (Kaitoväylä 1), 90751 Oulu
Distribution (customer and VTT)
Rooster steering group
The use of the name of the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) in advertising or publication in part of this report is only permissible with written authorisation from the Technical Research Centre of Finland.
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Preface
This report is part of Rooster (R ich Model for Strategic Co-o peration in Smar t Phone Cluster)
project that was an initiative to make the exploitation of smart phone innovations more
efficient. The project was a co-operation project between VTT and University of Oulu and it
was done in 2006-2007.
The project was part of Tekes VAMOS technology programme. It had four work packages:
application development, usability, platform innovations, and management. This report is part
of VTT’s activities in WP1 and WP3.
The project was funded by Tekes, VTT and group of companies. CCC, Elektrobit, Nokia and
TietoEnator were the core companies. Elcoteq, F-Secure, Ouman, Pöyry and JP-Epstar werethe other companies.
Oulu 6.6.2006
Authors
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Contents
1 Introduction 5
2 Application trends 8
2.1 Application type based scenarios 8
2.1.1 Industrial applications 8
2.1.2 Professional applications 11
2.1.3 Entertainment and home applications 122.2 Interface level based classification 14
2.2.1 Web-browser 14
2.2.2 Java 14
2.2.3 User Interface specific services 15
2.2.4 Operating System 15
2.2.5 Application Processing Engine 15
2.2.6 Modem/Interfaces 15
2.2.7 Extended applications 162.3 Application development scenarios 16
3 Smart Phone Technology Forecast 20
3.1 Current status 203.2 Radio modem trends 20
3.2.1 Cellular radios 22
3.2.2 Other radios 22
3.2.3 Modem 233.3 Computation trends 23
3.3.1 Application processors 24
3.3.2 Baseband processors 26
3.3.3 Graphics and video decoding 27
3.3.4 Memory 273.4 Platform service trends 28
3.4.1 Displays 29
3.4.2 Cameras 30
3.4.3 Sound 31
3.4.4 Storage 31
3.4.5 Physical user interfaces 313.5 Operating system trends 32
3.5.1 Symbian 32
3.5.2 Linux 33
3.5.3 PalmSource Access Linux Platform (ALP) 34
3.5.4 SavaJe Platform 35
3.5.5 Windows Mobile 363.6 Application service trends 36
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3.6.1 Macromedia Shockwave 36
3.6.2 Macromedia Flash 37
3.6.3 Java 37
3.6.4 .NET framework 37
3.6.5 AJAX 373.7 Technology and service development scenarios 37
4 Conclusions 41
References 43
Appendix A 44
List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Examples of smart phones: Nokia 9500, N91, N70 and Motorola A780................6Figure 1-2. . Market share of the smart phones........................................................................6
Figure 1-3. Relative market share between multimedia devices...............................................7Figure 2-1. Music phone roadmap ........................................................................................17
Figure 2-2. Industrial smart phone roadmap..........................................................................18Figure 2-3. Office smart phone roadmap...............................................................................18
Figure 2-4. TV –smart phone roadmap..................................................................................19
Figure 2-5. Camera smart phone roadmap.............................................................................19
Figure 3-1. Data speeds of networks. ....................................................................................21Figure 3-2. Projected bitrate evolution for uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) ..........................21
Figure 3-3. Evolution of handheld device processor architectures. ........................................24
Figure 3-4. Handset memory feature evolution between 2004 and 2007................................28
Figure 3-5. The required data speeds for different smart phone display sizes and color
resolutions. ...........................................................................................................................30
Figure 3-6-1. Access Linux Platform stack. ..........................................................................35
Figure 3-7. SavaJe application platform................................................................................35
Figure 3-8. The expected development for flash memory on memory cards and on deviceaccording to the ITRS 2005 edition.......................................................................................40
List of Tables
Table 3-1. Video standard complexity comparison. 24
Table 3-2. Concurrent SoC application processors. 26
Table 3-5. Processing speed requirements in 3-3.9G systems. 27
Table 3-6. Categorizing different Linux approaches for smart phones. 33
Table 3-7. The data speeds of camera sensors with 4:2:0 YUV coding. 39
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1 Introduction
Modern mobile phones are complex but versatile products that include
cellular radio, application processing unit and a large set of software. The
wireless phones can be classified into four categories: cordless phones, basicmobile phones, feature phones and smart phones. Examples of wireless
phones are old DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
phones and new VoIP (Voice-over-Internet-Protocol) phones, such as Skype
phones. Basic mobile phones are phones that have only basic voice, SMS
(short message service) and modem applications. The mobile phones thathave more advanced applications such as calendars, games, e-mail, etc. are
either feature phones or smart phones.
In theory, the capability to install new software is the difference between
smart phone and feature phone. In practise this difference is not so clear
because Java programs that are one form of software can be installed also tofeature phones. Often used way to classify a phone to be a smart phone is
that it has Symbian, Linux, Windows Mobile or PalmOS operating system,
but this is not adequate since some Linux or Symbian based phones are
clearly feature phones with fixed set of applications. The hardware can also
be the same in feature phones and smart phones. There are examples where
the models are differentiated with selection and configuration of operating
system and services although the feature phones do have similar hardware to
smart phones. The operator specific service packages are one reason that
complicates this classification.
In this report the smart phone is defined as a mobile phone that has an open
operating system where user can install new applications that can access
directly the services of the phone.
The reason for smart phones existence is that users want the flexibility in
mobile format that they are used to with PCs. The freedom of choice in
services even after purchasing the device is a requirement for smart phone
users. The technical development in semiconductor industry has enabled the
development of smart phones providing adequate computational capabilities
and amount of memory in small and power efficient chips and this
combination is desirable to more and more customers. This has led to a
variety of products with different form factors as shown in Figure 1. Most
common types are miniaturized PC (e.g. Nokia Communicator), PDA
(personal digital assistant) type of phone, folded (clamshell) phone, slide
phone and block (candy bar) phone.
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Figure 1-1. Examples of smart phones: Nokia 9500, N91, N70 and Motorola A780.
Nokia estimated [1] that in year 2005 the world smart phone market was
46.3 million devices while in 2004 it was 20.6 million devices, i.e. growth
was 125 %. Gartner [2] predicts that smart phones grows market share from
5.7 % in 2005 to more than 30 % in 2010. In Japan the market share of smart phones and feature phones was estimated be approximately 100 %
already in 2005 compared world-wide share of 40 % [3].
Figure 1-2. . Market share of the smart phones
Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3 [4] show how the market for smart phones is
evolving in the near future.
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2005 2007 2009
Voice phones
Feature phones
Browser
phones
Smart phones
Gaming phones
Music phones
Multimedia phones
Wireless PDA
Broadband handsets
TV handsets
100%
50%
0%
Figure 1-3. Relative market share between multimedia devices.
The purpose of this document is to enlighten the possibilities and
requirements of the platforms for smart phones that the current technology
development views seem to provide. This document focuses to smart phones
only and basic and feature phones are not in the scope of this document. The
smart phone is understood in this document as a device with capability to be
used as cellular phone and to be used as a computer where the user can
install new software. It should be noted that smart phones have very wide
range of usage possibilities beyond these two basic requirements.
This document is focused on the digital part of the smart phones. Analogueand mechanical parts are not included in this discussion. Patents and other
intellectual property rights etc. are also out of the scope of this document.
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2 Application trends
The changing application requirements are the main reason for product
development also in smart phone domain. Predicting this kind of changes is
extremely difficult but also extremely rewarding. In this chapter, we try toanalyse the application requirements from two viewpoints. The first part
focuses on the type of applications and the second part on the interface
between the smart phone platform and the application.
2.1 Application type based scenarios
Services are seen as new driver of phone development. The main service
target defines the format of the smart phone to provide convenience and
simplicity for the main application of particular product. Currently some
music specialized phones and smart phones look as much as mp3 player as
they look as phone (Nokia 3250 and N91, Sony-Ericsson W900i). Alsosome phones/smart phones that are on market look like digital camera(Sony-Ericsson K800i, Samsung SCH-S230) or video camera (Nokia N90
and N93 when opened). It is expected that this kind of service basedvariation/differentiation of smart phones will expand to other kind of
services that the smart phones can provide.
The differentiation towards specific applications does not necessarily mean
that these smart phones could not perform other applications. The
differentiation is done by emphasizing those features that are most
important for the aimed task. Like making additional easy user interfaces for
the particular application and using higher quality feature hardware (e.g.music phones have buttons for music play, bigger memory and maybe better
power amplifier for headphones).
2.1.1 Industrial applications
The industrial applications are mostly human interfaces of machine to
machine communications or interfaces to databases. The currently mostly
used industrial applications can be divided as
• Monitoring
• Reporting
• Viewing of documents etc.
• Position and location based applications
Most important product properties that have effect on devices usability in
industrial applications can be listed as
• Larger displays
• Faster cellular connections
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• Fast other radio connections
• Security
•
Long product life-time
The usability of many industrial applications will be much improved with
bigger displays or external displays on wall or video eye-wear (display
glasses). User guides and other assistance tasks will be provided to smart
phone users and the trend is to augmented reality type of approach. Two-way data transfers can be used to send sensor information, video or other
information for processing to other places where that information can be for example compared to databases and this analysis result can be send back to
the smart phone user. This similar information analysis based on database
information can be done also using smart phones own processing and
storage capabilities but of course in smaller scale.
Industrial applications needs fast access to external databases i.e. high
capacity download link. HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) is
first cellular network that has adequate download capacity for demanding
applications. Also smart phones processing speed has significant meaning in
application which process data from sensors etc. or formats downloaded
data for local needs.
Security is essential in all applications. Industrial applications require
highest security because the information in them are usually most valuable
kind of. This does not mean that security in other kind of applications could be taken less seriously but to emphasize the fact that industrial applications
can have very valuable targets for unauthorized participants. Security
including privacy needs similar approaches as in laptops like virus scanners,firewalls and encryption of memory, storage and transmitted data. Down
side of this approach to security is that all these security applications needsignificant computation capacity. On the other hand, smart phones can help
to get more secure ways of work if use of third party devices can be
avoided.
The information of sensors, sensor networks and other measuring devices
can be monitored using smart phones through high data rate networks.Smart phones can also be used as sensors depending on application
requirements. Sensors can be independent or part of sensor network having
a smart phone as a human interface, for example, when the user is at
distance, when the Bluetooth connection between the sensor/sensor network
and smart phone is possible. On the other hand, the sensors could be part of
wired/wireless industrial network in a factory and the smart phone could
read sensor values using near field communication (NFC). Measuring and
monitoring with smart phones is a possibility to give direct data to user
without heavy laptops or special equipment but for this the sensors should be capable for communication. When sensor values can be read, the next
logical step is to control the system. This is technically feasible today. Thismust be very robust and secure to limit accidental and unauthorised usage of
control possibilities.
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Reporting is in its simplest format one of the easiest industrial application of
smart phones. One example of reporting is to fill a web page query using
smart phones browser. More application specific programs can be
developed to fulfil exact needs but in both approaches the idea is usually to
give predefined forms that the user completes to avoid problems with smalldisplay and limited keypad.
Document viewing is an essential part of industrial applications.
Documentation can be downloaded from central database where documents
can be kept up to date all the time. The documentation must be correctly
formatted for viewing it through limited displays of smart phones. Here for
example external displays, either on wall/desktop or personal video eye-
wear can be an advantage for usability and documentation clarity.
Document viewing is one example of assisting applications. Assistance that
smart phones can provide for industrial applications can be from simplecalculator-program to augmented reality. An example of augmented reality
is ARTESAS project (http://www.artesas.de) where demonstrations of industrial applications of augmented reality were shown at CEBIT 2006.
The demonstrations included car service case where the parts that needservice were recognised from camera picture data and those parts were
highlighted in display to help the mechanics to change or repair correct part.
The hardware in those demonstrations included video eye-wear with video
camera and laptop but in the future similar applications should be
technically possible to be developed for smart phones.
Positioning can be used in industrial, professional and entertainmentapplications. Navigation is already used in transportation to guide and
control the drivers. The technology for smart phones for simple navigation
has been available years although only few phones have had GPS receiver
integrated but a separate receiver must have been connected using
Bluetooth. The bigger technical challenge has been to get a map with
necessary information for particular needs. A bigger display would be beneficial also in navigation but some applications have been successful
using the standard 176x208 pixel display. Other than GPS (and futureGalileo) satellite navigation are in use also. GSM cell-based positioning can
be used for purposes that need less accuracy. Local positioning services can
use short-range techniques like RF-tags that can be used to locate for example containers etc.
Product life-time is one of the biggest challenges. The industrial
applications usually must be usable for decades instead of few years that the
smart phone life cycle is. Usually there will be new needs during the life
time of industrial system and the application must be easy to modify to fulfil
the new and/or changed requirements. Therefore standards and protocols to
be used in all parts of the application implementations must be selected with
strict future proof, maintenance and security requirements.
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2.1.2 Professional applications
Professional applications are applications that used for business purposes
but do not actually involve production of devices or services. The main
professional application categories are
• Personal information manager
• Office applications
• Voice over Internet protocol
Smart phones have had already years included personal informationmanager (PIM) applications like calendar and address book. These can be
edited on computer so many input tasks can be done using more ergonomic
PC-environment. New professional applications are added to smart phones
when the computational performance, interfaces to other devices and
especially human interface allows.
Office applications (text editing, spreadsheet calculation, slideshow
representations) are now mostly with limited editing possibilities (e.g.Quickoffice®) but after user interface will develop then these applications
will be better editable on normal sized smart phones as they now are in
PDA- or Communicator type of smart phones or maybe even better with
wireless connection to external displays and keyboards. One obvious
application is slideshow representations portability i.e. representations can
be given without heavy laptop when display transfer to external displays are
developed. The computational capacity of smart phones has been good
enough for years but video projectors in meeting rooms etc. have usually
only D-SUB type VGA input or DVI input available. That kind of display
connector is not feasible for smart phones because of size and weight but
now some projectors have WLAN capabilities. WLAN or for example
UWB based interfaces should become standard in projector to enable peopleto carry only smart phone without separate laptop in meetings and lectures
etc.
Processing speed is required most in spreadsheet type of applications but of
course all programs benefit of computational speed, as seen with professional PC applications. Especially representation applications needs
output to bigger displays to be usable. Also many human interfaceimprovements that are mentioned in the industrial applications chapter are
as beneficial in professional applications.
VOIP is coming more important application because many buildings use
only VOIP for phone calls. Therefore it is a benefit to company costs if
smart phones can use VOIP infrastructure when it’s available.
Most professional applications, especially email, require fluent
synchronization with PC or databases. Optimum situation would be that the
user would always have the latest version of application documents in both
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smart phone and PC without any specific actions (although of course there
are people who would like to keep the synchronization in manual so such
option should be left possible). This requires fast wireless data transfer
(WUSB, UWB-Bluetooth?) between smart phone and PC to be convenient
but as concept this is already implemented with Bluetooth connection insome synchronization software for calendar data. Email has been years in
use in smartphones (Nokia Communicator, RIM BlackBerry). Push
technologies are currently becoming common with email but a possibility is
to use push technology with other applications too to keep documents
synchronized.
2.1.3 Entertainment and home applications
The entertainment and home applications are the main reason for a
consumer to buy a smart phone or feature phone. These include applications
like
• Music
• Video and movies
• TV
• Smart remote controllers
• Gaming
• Internet browsing
• VOIP
• Chatting
• Electronic payment
Currently music phones, including music specialized smart phones, are thehot topic in mobile phone entertainment. All manufacturers have special
models for music interested consumer. Downloading music over network needs more complex applications than the music listening itself. Besides the
technically required software the digital rights management needs extra
software applications. To be competitive with specialized music players the
music phones need to have at least as good interface, as much storage and as
good commercial services for downloading as the leading personal music
player (currently Apple iPod product family with iTunes service). The
advantage of phones is obviously cellular connection so computer is not
necessarily needed to access music downloading services. Smart phones
advantage is the player software and other services can be added later up to
user needs while new services and other software installing is not usually
possible with feature phones or specialized music player devices (Java programs and firmware updates are exceptions).
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Video downloading services are becoming similar services as music
downloading. Technically video and TV viewing requires same kind of
computation to unpack the program to be watched. But the difference is that
video content is downloaded to smart phones internal data storage or
memory card or streamed in to the particular phone from IP-network usingexisting data transfer capabilities while the TV broadcasting receiving needs
special receivers. Another difference is the reception cost. In case of
downloading, the user has to pay for communication, while in case of
receiving TV broadcasts directly the communication itself does not cost
anything for the user. Some of the used standards for mobile video
broadcasting are DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting – Handheld), ISDB-T
(Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting for Terrestrial television broadcasting) and DMB (Digital Media Broadcasting).
One home application for smart phones could be to use them as smart
remote controls. There has been some attempts to use PDA’s as such but sofar those have been only minimal successful. Now UPnP™ (Universal Plugand Play) standard is coming to some smart phones and that allows
controlling compatible servers on PCs and compatible home electronics. So
if smart phone storage cannot carry all music, videos etc. it can carry at least
a list or database of them like m3u-playlists. These applications are
implementable with software and do not require any new hardware to smart
phones.
Entertainment in form of gaming has been a big part of the mobile phone
usage for years. Smart phones allow installing games that fully uses the full
capacity, especially computationally, of the device. Also the bigger displaysof smart phones (e.g. PDA-based may have VGA resolution) are an
advantage when compared to current kind of feature phones. Therefore
smart phones are the choice for game interested people or on the other hand
special gaming phones are a subset of smart phones. The computational
advantages, especially in graphics, will provide more PC/game console typeof experience in future smart phones. The different genres of games requires
very different capabilities of the gaming device so it is not sure that the most popular games at PCs and consoles are most suitable for smart phone
gaming. So there might be new opportunities to invent new types of gamesthat take advantage on mobility and communication capabilities and other
features of the smart phones.
Internet browsing is possible with current smart phones. But also this
application is limited by the size of the display because many websites are
designed for PC-browsing and needs even XGA displays for convenient use.
The VGA displays of some PDA-type smart phones and Nokia
Communicator 640x200 pixel display have shown that usually internet
content is usable with display that is wide enough. There are services
targeted for PDA users that try to solve the display size problems by
changing the content on-fly, but they have not been very successful.
Browsing needs also extra plug-ins like Java and Flash to be fluent in most
of the popular web-pages besides the browsers http-capabilities. This setsrequirements for smart phone software for good usability.
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Internet speech (VOIP) and text messaging applications (chatting) are
obvious usage for smart phone. The challenges for these applications are
mostly on the service provider side.
Many entertainment applications would benefit of the synchronization with
PC or other entertainment devices. For example to keep music collection
synchronized with home hi-fi/home theater -systems media player or having
the same saved game data if a game that works both on PC/gaming console
and smart phone is developed. To allow this it is important to have
compatibility with home electronics for most of smart phone multimedia
contents.
Electronic payment has been a dream application for banks at least from the
1980’s. Mobile phones have been presented as suitable device to enable
electric payment but it has not been taken in use except some special cases
like parking and vending machines. Maybe because of too manyorganisations want their share of the profits (banks, cellular operators, state)
but also because the SIM-card has not been considered enough secure user identification method when bigger sums of money are transferred in
payment. As an example of more developed user identification camera can be used as additional method with PIN-codes and passwords. Other
examples of proposals for identification are fingerprint scanning and voice
recognition.
2.2 Interface level based classification
Another way to classify smart phone applications is to divide them by theinterfacing level. The application-platform interface depends on the services
the application is using and on the performance requirements of application.
The used level has controversial effects to the efficiency and need of
different formatted applications to different smart phones. As a general rule,
the hardware usage is more efficient giving more computation power or
smaller energy consumption with same computation needs when application
uses hardware more directly. On the other hand, every smart phone model
needs its own version of the application if the communication to hardware is
direct.
2.2.1 Web-browser
Web-based applications uses browser to communicate with application. In
principle, it should not matter if the user uses computer or smart phone. The
user interface in smart phone and the capabilities of browsers limits the user
friendliness, possibilities and the performance of this approach. This is a
challenge to web designers as well as smart phone browser designers.
2.2.2 Java
There are large number Java applications that are targeted to smart phones
and feature phones. These applications usually have better user interfacethan the browser based applications because of Java does not have as much
restrictions as http and other web protocols have. However, the performance
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depends on performance of Java virtual machine, which may be a severe
restriction in case of applications that need a lot of computation power.
2.2.3 User Interface specific services
User interface based applications use the services that the system gives. This
is an important group of applications because of the success of such UIs like
S60 by Nokia and UIQ by Sony-Ericsson. The companies behind each UI
provide tools to make programs for building applications that are
compatible to the particular UI.
2.2.4 Operating System
The operating system based applications use can use all the OS services
directly. This means that they can benefit form all performance gains
provided by OS assuming that are coded successfully. In principle these
applications are portable from one phone to the another assuming that the
OS is the same, but the UI specific coding needs to be done for each
different UI separately.
2.2.5 Application Processing Engine
In case the full capacity of platform hardware is needed, then there may be a
need to bypass the OS services and to replace them with more optimised
services. In that case the interface between application and platform is on
application processing engine.
The benefit of this approach is the most optimal performance. Applicationdeveloper can exploit all the processing capacity, all the interconnectcapacity and all the memory capacity. It is also possible to make application
processing more deterministic and energy efficient.
The drawbacks are severe. The application is not portable. Every new
platform requires very expensive analysis and rework. Even the first version
of application is very difficult to develop, because thorough understanding
of the underlying architecture is needed. Secondly, the deterministic
execution may interfere with other activities that the device should be doing.
This may result to unexpected and unwanted behaviour of the phone.
The application processing interface should be used with care. In case of
platform service development it is a must, but otherwise it should avoided as
long as possible.
2.2.6 Modem/Interfaces
All of those classes mentioned in this chapter 2.2 can use modem and other
interfaces from smart phone to the outside world. But the baseband
operations are kept in own layer and applications do not have opportunity to
control them. The reasons for this are reliability and that the publicauthorities’ approvement generally restricts the possibilities of control of theradio parts in other ways that are specified. But some higher level protocols
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can be implemented also in applications, especially in non-cellular modems
to improve QoS etc.
2.2.7 Extended applications
This category is slightly different from the previous ones, because it does
directly follow the application-platform model. Extended application is an
application that needs additional hardware before it can be used. Typical
examples are navigation when using external GPS receiver and music
listening with external BT headphones. This category is very potential,
because new radio interfaces e.g. BT2 and ZigBee, can be easily used for
extending the capabilities of smart phones. Currently, the extensions have
been for user interfaces e.g. headsets, keyboards, mouse or interfaces to
other services, e.g. GPS, but nothing prevents using them for more powerful
processing or larger storages or some other dedicated functionality that
enable truly different applications.
2.3 Application development scenarios
The unreachable goal for the smart phone application interface is that every
existing application (except harmful ones like viruses etc.) could be used.
The practical goal should be that the application interface would be stable
and predictable so the applications could be developed and maintained
easily.
Smart phones success is dependent on the desirability and usability of the
available applications. The small size of the smart phones is attraction for users but also one major challenge in usability. Therefore the smart phonesare differentiated to application specific models while keeping flexibility.
The form and user interface, including both physical and software interface,are optimized to the selected purpose. In addition, the quality of the
platform services and features are emphasized to the chosen application.
This all provides convenience of usage to the smart phone target group.
An example of this differentiation development is the development of music
phones, see Figure 2-1. This development started before smart phones as
separate flash memory based players but when smart phones developed so
that the computing capabilities were enough for decoding mp3-compressedmusic it was obvious that the music playback would be included into smart
phones. Besides the stored music playback capability most music phones
include FM-radio receiver. Radio broadcasts are also listened as podcasts
i.e. radio programs are provided as compressed files (aac, mp3) for
downloading as music files can be downloaded. Technologies like flash
memory and small size hard disks have enabled to store enough music in
phone size devices. Now the development is going towards total control of person’s music listening interest. This seems to be done using UPnP type of
controlling protocol and music downloading services, podcasts andenhanced FM radio (e.g. Visual Radio by Nokia). Of course music
capabilities are expanded to video viewing like Apple® has expanded their iPod to Video-iPod. This development needs continuously more computing
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capacity which first is received by video accelerator blocks (which are
different to 3D graphics accelerators).
This kind of interaction with technology development within different
technologies like flash memory and cellular data speeds are turned into
smart phone applications. Development of an application has mostly gone
so that the feasibility of an application is first proved in special devices. The
additional value of integrating an application to smart phones is that people
like to carry as few devices as possible and that the modem capability of
smart phones usually provides new value when combined with the
application, like in this music phone example.
Figure 2-1. Music phone roadmap
For many applications there must be existing software or other connections
to other devices, usually PC. For example camera phones have had an
advantage as in PCs there are already photo viewing, editing and printing
services so the main thing for camera phone provider has been to enable
easy transfer of the pictures from the camera phone to the PC. Many
applications do not have this kind of ready base for the use so PC software
etc. might be needed to be provided with the smart phone.
Industrial and professional applications require similar enhancements
towards ergonomics in display and input device besides enhanced network capacity and security. Differentiation there is likely to base on environment
durability (e.g. resistance to water, dust and shock), location and sensor,measurement and data logging capabilities that some industrial applications
will require. The smart phone that is used by service personnel in industrialenvironment for reading documents needs more durable packaging than for
example a smart phone that is used by business people in office or other “clean” environments. Location/positioning is estimated to be a requirement
in many industrial applications. Satellite based systems (GPS, Galileo) work
only outside. Factory and other indoor environments require other kind of
location techniques. Some candidates for indoor positioning are WLAN
based approaches and UWB impulse based positioning. A roadmap for industrial use smart phones is shown in Figure 2-2. Nokia Communicator
has been office oriented smartphone from the 1990’s but it is not shown in
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the roadmap in Figure 2-3. The difference between not yet existing
(although Nokia E70 is close) first generation office phones and 1990’s
Nokia Communicator is especially on the data transfer speed.
Figure 2-2. Industrial smart phone roadmap.
Figure 2-3. Office smart phone roadmap.
The entertainment applications, like camera, music, gaming and internet
browsing, have each special requirements for user interfaces, which features
must emphasized and design including materials. All these can include same
smart phone platform that keeps the development and manufacturing costsfeasible. TV viewing is on special case of entertaining applications because
the data speed of broadcasted material and possible long time for operation.
Therefore it is expected that TV-decoders are implemented as special
acceleration blocks also in the future. The roadmap of TV-smart phones is
shown in Figure 2-4. Camera smart phones will like follow the development
in digital pocket cameras. The camera smart phone roadmap is shown in
Figure 2-5.
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Figure 2-4. TV –smart phone roadmap.
Figure 2-5. Camera smart phone roadmap.
The most advanced applications of any kind will use all the available
computation and data transfer capacity. Therefore the applications are
limited by the smart phone performance witch roadmap is described in
chapter 3. The computation capacity is challenging to increase more than
the silicon technology development allows because of the limitations in
power consumption. The data transfer capacity challenge can be partially
solved when WLAN networks are used but if they are not available then
cellular networks may reduce usability seriously depending of the uselocation because faster networks than GPRS (<100 kbps) are taken into use
slowly in sparsely populated areas.
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3 Smart Phone Technology Forecast
3.1 Current status
The current smart phones are already extremely versatile devices. Alreadythe cellular functionality includes GSM (2G) and UMTS (3G) speech and
GPRS (2G), EDGE (2.5G) and 3G data operating modes. Practically all
smart phones have also bluetooth radio link for near area wireless
communications and USB wired connection to computers. Almost all smart phones have build-in cameras which generate large amount of data to be
processed and stored. Besides of the networks and camera the data is read
from and written to local memory or a memory card attached to the smart
phone. So smart phones must be capable to use large number of connections
and dataflow and this must be done in some extend simultaneously. It isobvious that GPRS and 3G data transfers do not occur at the same time but
bluetooth and cellular speech are required to function at the same time.
Many smart phone models have some more features besides the mentioned
above which differentiate the model to specific target customer group.Additional connection possibilities like WiFi and infrared are expanding the
radio requirements. Some models have large displays which require higher video data traffic to displays. These kinds of features are going to be
common or even a requirement in smart phones in the future.
3.2 Radio modem trends
All radio links tend to become faster generation by generation. The speed isachieved mostly by more sophisticated algorithms which require more
computations, even per send data bit. One future trend is multiple input,
multiple output (MIMO) technologies that use several antennas. The
multiple antennas provide possibility to space-time coding witch gives more
reliable and faster data transmission. It is physically challenging to fit more
than two antennas to device that is size of smart phone unless the used radio
frequency is raised several orders. Radio modems have been mostly limited
with bandwidth but ultra wide band (UWB) has a different approach. As the
name implies it uses very large bandwidth, more than 500 MHz, but the
allowed power is limited so it can provide very fast data speed but only for
few meters distance or very low power consumption in tens of meters with
lower data rates. Pulse-type UWB radios gives also possibility to ranging.
The data speeds of different networks non-cellular and cellular are shown in
Figure 3-1 at logarithmic scale. Figure 3-2 [5] reveals the projections for
bitrate evolution of some broadband and cellular standards.
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Data Speeds of Networks
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
N F C Z i g B e e
B l u e t o o t h 1. 1
B l u e t o o t h 2. 0 I r D
A
8 0 2. 1 1 b
8 0 2. 1 1 a
8 0 2. 1 1 g
8 0 2. 1 1 n W U
S B W i B r o W i M A
X G P
R S E D G E U M
T S
H S D P
A ( C u r r. )
H S D P
A ( M a x ) 3. 9 G 4 G
D a t a S p e e d [ k b i t s / s ]
Figure 3-1. Data speeds of networks.
2005 2006 2007 2008
802.16-e(WiMAX
nomadic/Mob)
WLAN
802.20(Standardisation
phase)
802.16-2004(WiMAX fixed)
EDGE
CDMA2000
WCDMA
2009 2010
1 Mb/s
UL 100-200kB/sDL 200-300 kB/s
14 Mb/s
11…54 Mb/s
UL 384 kB/sDL 384 kB/s
1xEV-DODL 2.4 MB/sUL 153kB/s
1xEV-DODL 3.1 MB/sUL 1.8 MB/s
HSDPADL 3.6 MB/s
HS(D/U)PAUL 1…2 MB/sDL 14 MB/s
HSUPAUL 5 MB/s
DL 14 Mb/s
Cellular
access
Broadband
access
540 Mb/s
Figure 3-2. Projected bitrate evolution for uplink (UL) and downlink (DL)
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3.2.1 Cellular radios
Cellular radios are dependent of the regulations and agreements. The
cellular modem parts of the phones are getting more complex to have more
efficiency in radio frequency usage (bits/MHz) etc. Common,
programmable or reconfigurable, baseband hardware can be used in these
modems because of the number of concurrently used cellular radios is
limited. A special case of cellular radio usage is to switch seamless from
cellular radio to unlicensed radio. For example one possibility is to have
VOIP using both WLAN-type of radios and cellular radio even during one
call.
The digital baseband processing is likely to be separated from the user
application processing, because of for example safety/authority regulation
requirements. The data transfer is provided as service to applications with
possible quality of service (QoS) parameters. Currently first phones withHigh Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) with downlink speed of 3.6
Mbps are available but the max standardized data rate is 14 Mbits/s. Future3.9 generation devices should be capable to about 100 Mbps data rates.
3.2.2 Other radios
Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, Wireless USB, ZigBee etc. are examples of
radios that use unlicensed frequency bands and that can be used without feesto operator. Bluetooth is geared towards voice and data application in 10 m
and 100 m ranges depending on class of the device. The peak data rate of
Bluetooth is 3 Mbps with the newest version 2.0 and with future UWBBluetooth 480 Mbps but only in few meters range. “Certified Wireless
USB” uses UWB technology and provides data speeds of 110 Mbps at 10 m
range and 480 Mbps at 2-3 m range. This is not yet commercial although are
promised during year 2006. ZigBee is low data speed (max 250 kbit/s)
standard which is targeted to low power and low cost applications. WiFi is
the most popular wireless local area network but has so far been in few
smartphones because too high power consumption. 802.11b (11 Mbps)
version has been available long time and 54 Mbps versions (802.11g and
802.11a in USA) have also been years at market. WiMAX is coming tocommercial use now and it is targeted to long distances (up to 50 km but
needs line of sight) and it offers data rates to 70 Mbps. Mobile WiMAX isnow in standardization.
The speed of these additional radios will grow, especially in very shortdistances where UWB is usable. The speeds of hundreds of megabits per
second will provide new type of applications but the speed it self setsrequirements in modem and data processing capabilities. Besides fast data
rates another advantage of UWB is the low power in transmitter RF but the
range will be short. If low data rates are accepted then UWB will be very
simple and low power consuming but there are yet not any standardised
applications for this.
For local area connections WLANs will evolve from current 802.11a/b/g to
n-version which is promised to provide transfer rates up to 600 Mbps.
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MIMO is the key technological advancement to achieve these kind of data
rates.
3.2.3 Modem
Traditionally modem baseband has been implemented as dedicated
hardware. When modem generation is matured then silicon technology has
been developed in stage that enables baseband computation with DSP
processor but when new generation is taken in use then the modem
baseband performance requirements has forced to change back to dedicated
hardware. New technologies have emerged that are claimed to be suitable
for low power/high performance designs like smart phone modems.
Embedded programmable logic in forms of FPGA (e.g.
http://www.m2000.fr/), configurable processors (e.g.
http://www.tensilica.com/) and re-configurable processors (e.g.
http://www.pactcorp.com/) provide programmability and high performance.If traditional dedicated hardware blocks or DSP processor approach does
not give enough performance and/or flexibility to latest generation devicesthen obvious approach is a mix of hardware blocks or DSP processor and
one or more of these new technologies. The downside of mixing differenttechnologies is that the use of several tools, coding languages etc. makes
implementation, programming and testing more difficult.
Many of the mentioned radio modems might be used simultaneously. For
example, WLAN to download video content from internet to phone, WUSB
to video to bigger display and Bluetooth to send sound to headphones.
Therefore it is difficult to use a single reconfigurable digital baseband(software defined radio, SDR) for all these radios. A possibility is that when
there will be large number of radios on one device then those modems that
are not used on same time or are just relatively simple could be done in SDR
approach and the most complex modems would have hardware or mixed
HW/SW implementation.
The use of programmable digital radio basebands requires a design
paradigm change with new tools and methodologies and therefore the
effects are challenging to predict. Another option is to implement all radiomodems separately as logic blocks and just turn of the operating voltage of
the unused parts but this is supposed to take more silicon area and does notallow modifying of the used algorithms as a reconfigurable or software
based implementation.
3.3 Computation trends
Smart phones are computationally quite limited devices because of power consumption and heat dissipation limitations. The heat limitations means
that even better batteries do not solve problems for computation capacity
shortage during requirement peaks like video coding etc. So the key is tohave both efficient algorithms and hardware. All algorithms are important in
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both application and modem to keep computational heat dissipation as low
as possible.
Network on Chip (NoC) is an emerging processor interconnect architecture
type. NoCs overcome some scalability problems of System on Chips (SoC)
by implementing a network of routers for inter-core communication.
Heterogenous SoCs require the whole interconnect to be driven each time an
inter-core action is made, which is not the case with NoCs. Simple routers
can be used to implement an interconnect network of a predictable nature
and a low power consumption. Figure 3-3 shows the general direction of
handheld device processor architecture evolution.
1995 2003
SRAM DSP
Logic
MPUSRAM
Non-SOC
2006 2010+
External memory
SOC (OMAP1)
DSPMPU
SRAM
Cache Cache+SRAM
Traffic controller
External memory
SOC (OMAP2)
DSPMPU
SRAM
Cache Ca ch e+
SRAM
Crossbar - Interconnect
IVA2 2D/3D
External memory
MPU DSP1
FPGA DSP2
SRAM
MPU
MPUMPU
NOC = switch
MMU
Figure 3-3. Evolution of handheld device processor architectures.
3.3.1 Application processors
Video encoding and decoding are one of the computationally most intensivetasks on an application processor. Table 3-1 gives an idea on how the
application complexity will evolve in the near future [6].
Table 3-1. Video standard complexity comparison.
Video
standard
operations per
pixel
processing
speed
MPEG-4 200-300 2-3 GOPS
H.264-AVC 600-900 6-10 GOPS
Future 2000-3000 20-30 GOPS
Current smart phones usually have a single core processor running at speeds
of 200 to 600 MHz as their applications processor, although some
exceptions exist. Computations in the future smart phones will likely bedivided to more than one unit. Most common solution is a RISC CPU with
DSP processor and other accelerators. Examples of this approach are TIs
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OMAP series where the number of accelerators has grown generation by
generation while the performance of CPU has also improved. The
accelerators in OMAP can handle 2D/3D graphics, video and audio, and
camera data processing. Also the ARM Cortex-A8 CPU of the upcoming
OMAP 3 is capable for superscalar operations. With the OMAP productfamily, this development has enabled leaving standard DSP unit out from
the application side when more specified accelerators do DSP related tasks
faster and/or more efficiently.
Another way to extend processing capabilities is to add the number of RISC
cores. NEC has a prototype of four ARM cores in symmetric
multiprocessing (SMP) connection. The multicore approach is currently a
hot topic in PC world when both AMD and Intel have multicore CPUs
available. Application transfer to multi-threaded environment has been slow
there, probably because of long single CPU tradition. Mobile phone
development is used to divide computation between different units (RISCand DSP) so smart phone developers might be more ready to developapplications to multicore environment than their PC software colleagues.
The single core Intel XScale processor has been very successful in theWindows PDA market. It will be interesting to see how this architecture will
compete against the multi core approaches in the future. One of the clear
benefits of single core architecture is the ease of compiler and application
development especially for the third party software partners, as their code
has to run on only one type of an instruction set.
Table 3-2 shows a list of application processing related SoCs used in high-end smart phones and PDAs.
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Table 3-2. Concurrent SoC application processors.
Application
processors
Main core Main
clock [MHz]
DSP extensions/cores
Accelerators
(details)
Process Ships
Single core
Intel Xscale
PXA27x PXA27x ~600
Wireless MMX
(ext. in PXA)
90-
130nm 2005
Intel "Monahan" “Monahan” ~1250 unknown unkn. >2006
Heterogenous
multicore
TI OMAP 1710 ARM926 ~220 TI C55x (core) 90nm 2005
TI OMAP 2420 ARM11 ~330
Altivec (ext. in
ARM11), TIC55x (core)
IVA (ARM7+multimedia accel.) 90nm 2005
TI OMAP 2430 ARM11 ~330Altivec (ext. inARM11)
IVA2 (MCU +accel.) 90nm 2005
TI OMAP 3430
ARM
Cortex-A8 ~550
NEON (ext. in
Cortex-A8)
IVA 2+ (TI C64+),
ISP (unknown) 65nm 2008?
Freescale
i.MX31 ARM11 ~550
MPEG4 (hw
accel.), IPU 90nm 2006
Homogenous
multicore
NEC ARM4 4x ARM11 ~400
Altivec ext. in
each ARM11core Unknown 130nm 2006
Appendix A also lists some DSP and GPP cores usable in a system chip.The benchmark information is from BDTi [7].
3.3.2 Baseband processors
Signal processing in the baseband region has a different nature compared tothe application region. To get some insight on the how the processing speed
requirements are evolving, see Table 3-3. The values in the table are for
solutions employing Turbo-decoding and they do not include chip level
decoding and symbol level combining that further increase the processing
needs. It is quite clear that baseband processing especially for turbo
decoding will be impossible to perform without dedicated hardware
accelerators [6].
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Table 3-3. Processing speed requirements in 3-3.9G systems.
Channel type Data rate Processing speed
Typical 3G 0.384 Mbps 1-2 GOPS
HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 35-40 GOPS
Future 3.9G OFDM 100 Mbps 210-290 GOPS
Smart phone baseband processors haven’t usually been integrated intoapplication processors, but this is likely to change in the near future. Texas
Instruments has integrated a baseband processor in their OMAPV2230 SoC.
The single chip consists of an OMAP2430 core for applications and a
ARM9+C55x combination for 3G baseband processing. Freescale has asimilar approach with their MXC300-30. A Starcore SC140 baseband DSP
is integrated on a i.MX31 applications processor to make a 3G enabled
platform.
3.3.3 Graphics and video decoding
Video games have need for hardware acceleration for graphics like we have
seen in PCs but also decoding of movies also require efficient acceleration
especially to save battery power. Scalable vector graphics are on way tosmart phones and that needs new kind of accelerators/graphics processors.
The video decoding accelerators are very different than 3D processors so
usually they are implemented in separate hardware block inside the
application SoC. In PC-gaming the graphics processor uses as much energythat the desktop type CPU uses. Therefore in smart phones it is important to
take care of the power consumption from defining the 3D APIs toimplementation of the graphics processor. Both gaming and video viewing
can take long continuous time which makes the power consumptionchallenge even more severe.
Modern application system-on-chips usually include some kind of agraphics processor. Some high performance solutions with external
multimedia processors have been on the market for some time. Notably the
Intel 2700G multimedia processor has been used in Dell Axim 50x and 51x
PDA devices. The usage of an external chip as an accelerator processor is
not a very novel idea in the era of SoCs and NoCs.
3.3.4 Memory
The main memory of smartphones is not integrated on SOCs as the silicon
area needed is unfeasibly large. Only the cache and other close-to-core
coupled fast memories are on the SOC chips. The amount of memory insmartphones in 2005 was in the range of 30 (Nokia N70) to 64 megabytes
(QTEK9000). Mobile DDR is starting to replace mobile SDR and SRAM as
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handset memories. Figure 3-4 shows the projected evolution of mobile
memory capacities and bandwidths in mobile handsets along with other
technologies. It is estimated that in 2007 a mobile handset mobile handset
will have an average of 100 megabytes of memory – and this figure is likely
higher for high end smart phones.
2004 2007
SRAM8 MB average68 MB max
100 MB/s
90 MB NOR
1.6 MB/s
1.3 Mpixels
CIF
Mobile DDR100 MB average
384 MB max
800 MB/s
225 MB NAND
7.2 MB/s
6 Mpixels
VGAVideo capture
Image capture
Flash program BW
Flash density
RAM BW
RAM density
2010
Mobile DDR2230 MB average
880 MB max
1500 MB/s
440 MB NAND
14 MB/s
12 Mpixels and/or low light features
HDTV
Note: 2004 and 2007 figures are from Samsung
2010 figures derived from 2007 figures with ITRS 2005 information
Figure 3-4. Handset memory feature evolution between 2004 and 2007.
3.4 Platform service trends
The evolution and new applications will come from different directions: PC
applications are fitted for smart phones, separate gadgets are integrated tosmart phone (camera, music player) and mobility (GPS, ubiquitous
applications). In principle, everything that can be used with or connected to
a laptop should be implemented into smart phones. And of course someonemay invent something totally new...
Generally the number of interfaces and the data speeds in the interfaces will
grow as well as the processing/computation requirements while the size and
weight of the smart phones should be highest at the current level.
Besides of these functional applications people have needs for security and
privacy. Smart phones have large number of personal data and economic
miss-usage possibilities which may fear smart phone owners. The firewall
and anti-virus programs may become a necessity. The different
identification methods are developed also, like face detection which uses thecamera that is already in the device (demonstrated by Panasonic at 3GSM
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2006) or something like fingerprint detection which needs a specific sensor
for that purpose.
Content owners are requiring complete and mandatory digital rights
management (DRM) system which will prevent use of content to other
purposes that the content owner/provider has thought. This is a feature that
many users fear so smart phones should make DRM as convenient as
possible. Probably this requires some DRM features also from the platforms
hardware.
3.4.1 Displays
The displays will grow as size and as the number of pixels. The quality
requirements rise when people watches pictures and video from smart phone
screens. The videos and video games require fast response time from the
display and cause a lot of data traffic to display and this data rate rises as the
number of pixels rises. The variation in smart phone display resolution has
been small mostly because of operating system limitations. Now this limit is
demising and a variety of different display sizes and formats are coming tonew smart phone models. Currently mostly used resolution is QVGA
(320x240). The display is selected according to the most importantapplications of specific model. TV and Video watching requires display that
is wider than high, at least 4:3 unless 16:9 is used. Wide displays are usefulalso in internet browsing and gaming. PDAs have usually had 90 degrees
turned display i.e. 3:4 and about this ratio have traditionally been in use on
mobile phones. This higher than wide display is suitable on many PDA-
types of applications and fits well on physical format of mobile phones. Anoption that has so far implemented in few applications is to use display in
different watching directions e.g. turn the device 90 degrees to watch video
from a display that is normally used in 3:4 mode.
Anyway the feasible size of smart phones limits the size of the display
unless foldable or projection displays are taken in use. Currently foldable
displays exist in separate display products but they are slow and still take
considerable volume when folded in. Currently we don’t have exact
predictions how foldable displays will evolve and when they could beusable in smart phones. Projector techniques might be one possible way to
have bigger display from smart phones. Currently smallest 800x600 pixel projectors are size of 127.2 x 94.5 x 76.8mm i.e. almost one litre volume
without battery and weights 660g (Samsung P300). It uses led-lamps thathave much lower power requirements than traditional projector lamps so
battery operation is possible. If this development ever leads to a projector
that could be embedded to smart phone is difficult to predict. Second light
source for projecting display is laser witch can be considered more
promising by the latest prototypes. Smallest prototype that we found (by
Light Blue Optics Limited) has about 62 cc volume and uses averagely 350
mW to display monochrome image in sizes less than 15 inch.
Another way for better and especially bigger displays is the use of externaldisplays. The external displays can be personal (“video eye-wear”) or TV-
set/video projector type. The connection to these can be wired but wireless
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connection would be preferred. As discussed, the data rate for video is high
or very high depending on the image size and frame rate.
The data rates for QVGA, VGA and two forms of wide-VGA (15:9 & 16:9)
are shown in Figure 3-5. Currently most advanced smart phone displays use
18 bits color space and PCs use 32 bits while 24 bits was the previous step
in PC world. If data is sent to external display then lower bitrates can be
used because the external display have logic that converts data to RGB-
values, see numbers for camera data speeds in Table 3-5.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Bits/Pixel
M b i t s / s
QVGA
VGA
WVGA(15:9)
WVGA(16:9)
Figure 3-5. The required data speeds for different smart phone display sizes and color
resolutions.
3.4.2 Cameras
The cameras are standard equipment in feature phones and smart phones
already today. The numbers of pixels in camera cells are continuously rising
and it is expected that this rise will continue, possibly settling when 10
megapixel limit is reached because of the physical limitations with optics performance. The number of pixels is directly related to data traffic from
camera to storage like memory cards and also required processing power to
compress, noise reduction, image stabilizing and other picture processing
algorithms. The processing power and data transfer and storing speedsduring picture taking will be important because people like to be able to take
fast series of pictures (usually referred as sport-mode). The large picturefiles are usually transferred from phone to PC, printer or external display
which requires more data traffic in that phase than smaller size pictures.
The zoom and focus functions are producing mainly mechanical challenges
and at least the camera factories have created auto-focus algorithms fromthe 1980’s. Therefore it is not going to be a special challenge for digital
logic to adapt to zoom and auto-focus requirements.
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Video recording is used with smart phones along the still pictures. The
number of pixels is lower in video mode than in still picture mode but the
frame rate in video mode is preferably 25 or more pictures per second which
will produce extremely large amount of data to be processed and stored.
These pictures and videos are wanted to be seen from larger displays than
today. This issue was discussed above. Smart phones display is usually used
as viewfinder in camera use. To perform well in viewfinder use the delay
from camera to display should be only some tenth of second and the display
should be sharp to check focusing and bright to be able to be seen in
daylight.
Both video and still pictures have similar but large encoding and decoding
processing requirements that these must be taken care by using some kind of
hardware acceleration. Many people thought still pictures like photographs
and small devices like smart phones have difficulties to fit good optics in product but video is used to be seen with lower quality and smart phones
have less size based limitations on video recording.
3.4.3 Sound
The sound processing requirements are evolving with the available contents.When content is music the required processing is limited (at level of mp3
decoding + equalizing etc.) but if movies will become a use for smart phones then also sound processing should follow movie standards like
Dolby Digital and DTS and additionally have some processing for
formatting sound more attractive for headphones, for example like DolbyHeadphones processing which makes 5.1 sound usable with headphones.
This processed sound should be transferred to headphones wirelessly. This
complex sound processing uses considerable amount of computing capacity.
3.4.4 Storage
Currently smart phones have memory card slots for expanding data and
application storage. The latest mobile phone memory cards have maximum
size of two gigabytes. Some new phones (e.g. Samsung SGH-i300, Nokia
N91) have hard disks embedded. Currently hard disks are at size of few
gigabytes but already later this year nearly 10 gigabytes e.g. Samsung SGH-i310 will have 8 GB hard disk. One possibility is also bigger external hard
disks with radio link. With Bluetooth link the speed would be enough for music and low quality video but as soon the faster connections like 802.11g
WLAN or wireless USB are added to products the bottleneck is in other parts of the smart phone based system.
3.4.5 Physical user interfaces
The small size of smart phones is and will be the most challenging issue in
smart phone user interface development. It is just impossible to implementergonomic keyboard to that small device. Besides typing aids like T9
predicting writing and QWERTY-keyboards, other means of human input
are developed. Voice recognition is already in use, even without teaching personal voice profiles, but only for simple tasks. Hand writing recognition
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is another input technology that has been developed years for PCs and
PDAs but that has not been widely used in smartphones. Other at least
demonstrated ways for user input are gestures and moving/turning the
device which are detected with acceleration sensors.
Communication with the environment is not actually user interface but can
help on controlling the smart phone. For example, RF-tags can replace
difficult input and selection by doing those automatically when an RF-tag is
read. This has obvious applications in ticket and other kind of service
ordering and paying.
A different approach could be to predict what the user will do based on
previous behaviour of the user. This approach has been used years by TiVo
TV-recording system that records TV-programs that might interest the user
without manually selecting them. Amazon.com also has a technique that
after few selections by the user can propose books and other items that theuser might be interested of. This approach needs classification databases and
good algorithms to work.
3.5 Operating system trends
Currently the situation of operating systems on smart phones can be seen as
Symbian vs. others when the number of sold smart phones is studied.
Symbian has approached the smart phone from traditional phone perspective
is mostly used by Nokia, Ericsson and other “old” mobile phonemanufactures. Windows Mobile and PalmOS have come to smart phone
market from PDA world and have been used by HP, Fujitsu-Siemens, Treoand other companies that have their backgrounds in PDA business. Linux
does not have a clear approach because the user interfaces of different Linux
phones vary significantly, but there are products from Motorola, Panasonic
and NEC, for example. Most likely development on operating systems is
that they will be more like each others but some differentiation by smart
phones target groups will be needed. One example is the Nokia E61 witch
looks a lot like PDA-phone but has Symbian OS. This is an example of the
flexibility that the new versions of operating systems provide.
3.5.1 Symbian
Symbian OS is currently the basis of three major open smartphone user
interface platforms – UIQ from Sony Ericsson and Series 60 and 80 both
from Nokia. Symbian OS is also used in closed platforms such as Japanese
FOMA phones from NTT DoCoMo. Originating from EPOC, Symbian is
basically a set of C++ libraries aiming to optimize memory usage and
maximize battery life and modularity.
Currently version 9.1 of Symbian OS has been released in real products and Nokia’s N91 is the first phone implementing the system. The 9-series
Symbian is used with the Series 60 3rd
edition user interface by Nokia. Sony
Ericsson is bringing their Symbian 9-series based phones with UIQ3 user interface.
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The main difference with the 9.1 version compared to the previous 8.1 is the
Symbian Signed –program. Any program on the new OS using for example
networking features must be digitally signed in order to work. The rationale
is that the company Symbian is able to gather certificate fees and on the
other hand improve the security of the programs. Old Symbian 8.1 programswill not work on the 3rd edition version due to the digital signing process,
which poses serious problems for some vendors (such as Ouman in the
Rooster scope). The Symbian 3rd edition EKA2 kernel will support ARMv5
architectures such as ARM10 and XScale.
3.5.2 Linux
Linux is widely used in embedded systems and is also emerging as a strong
competitor in the smartphone sector. Although Linux is an open source
operating system, it comes appears in different flavours for the customer.
Smartphone manufacturers take vastly different approaches with Linux.Open source Linux development can be categorized for example with the
type of the distribution used by device manufacturer. On the other hand, thenature of the application development environment is also a differentiating
factor. This can be seen in Table 3-4. Sandbox development means thatdevelopers can create applications only in a restricted non-native
environment, such as Java.
Table 3-4. Categorizing different Linux approaches for smart phones.
Open (native) development
Commercial Linux
distros, such as
MontaVista or Trolltech.
Native development,
system hackable.
Open source
community Linux.
Native development,
system hackable.
Closed (sandbox) development
Commercial Linux
distros + proprietary
layer(s).
Sandbox development,
system not hackable.
Open source
community Linux.+
propieraty layer(s).
Sandbox development,
system not hackable.
Commercial Linux
distributions used.
Open source used.
Nokia doesn’t currently make a phone with Linux, but instead has the 770
internet table available. The 770 fits the “open development – open source”
category of the previous table. The company also supplies the Maemo
application development platform for 770, which allows developers to port,
write, debug and test 770 specific software on a Linux PC. Maemo will also
be the platform for the upcoming Nokia Linux products. The upcoming
Maemo 2.0 will add features such as VoIP, but due to a new application packaging system, etc. it makes version 1.1 applications incompatible.
Unlike the Symbian S60 3rd edition compatibility issues, this is really not a
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problem at the moment since the internet tablet is mainly used and
developed by Linux enthusiasts.
Motorola is an interesting case since it has several Linux-based phones on
the market, but is not keen in giving third-party developers direct access to
application development. However as the GNU Public License of the
original Linux kernel obligates, the source codes for the phones are supplied
by the company. Motorola uses Trolltech’s Qtopia and Qt/Embedded
graphical user interface design tools to build user space applications, but
these applications are on top of a proprietary service layer called EZX. Thus
its Linux phones matched the “closed development – commercial Linux
distros” category. The usage of this layer effectively makes native third
party software development on the phones impossible. This has prompted
critics to claim that Motorola is using Linux to escape paying license fees of
other operating systems.
3.5.3 PalmSource Access Linux Platform (ALP)
Palm OS was originally launched for the first generation Pilot PDA devicefrom US Robotics in 1996. Over the years, over 20 000 third party
applications have been produced for the operating system and Palm OS hasalso found its way into smartphones named Palm Treo. Although not a
major contender in the phone business, PalmSource (developer of the PalmOS) is currently making an interesting step towards a Linux based operating
system. In fact the latest Palm OS 6.0 is being cancelled in favour of the
Access Linux Platform (ALP). It is a mobile software platform, which
provides a large number of programming options for developers. The four types of software that can be run on it are:
• MAX Applications (the native ALP interface)
• Palm OS Emulation layer (the native Palm OS 5.0 applications)
• GTK+ (native Linux like environment)
• J2ME (Java Virtual Machine)
ALP is currently in prototype phase, an SDK should be available for licensees in the end of 2006 and products with ALP are predicted to go on
sale in 2007. The ALP stack is a very promising, yet complicated approachin integrating different application development method on a single device.
The quality of the implementation will be the deciding factor in whether thesystem will penetrate the market. The stack diagram can be seen in Figure
3-6 [8].
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Figure 3-6-1. Access Linux Platform stack.
3.5.4 SavaJe Platform
Differing remarkably from the ALP approach, the SavaJe uses a native Java
stack without a generic Java Virtual Machnie (JVM). The idea behind thisapproach is the great number of Java applications and the need for a lighter
stack which can be seen in Figure 3-7 [9].
Figure 3-7. SavaJe application platform.
One mobile phone has been released featuring this platform – the Jasper S20from GSPDA Group Sense Limited PDA (GSPDA). The platform features
support for the Jazelle Java acceleration of the ARM926EJ-S core of the
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OMAP730 processor. This supported feature is actually quite rare and is
made possible by the highly OS kernel layer above the CPU. Some of the
most critical functions of the stack are coded in C/C++ for better
performance.
3.5.5 Windows Mobile
Microsoft has been developing their embedded version of the Windows
operation system since mid-nineties. Currently the core OS is in its fifth
generation and is named CE 5.0 (Macallan). Microsoft makes specialized
operating systems based on this core for automotive, smartphone and
handheld-PC applications. The latest smartphone operating system is the
Windows Mobile 5.0 and it was launched in the October of 2005. Several
PDA and smartphone manufacturers such as Dell, HP and HTC use this
operating system in their products. Actually, even Palm has made one Treo
smartphone that runs Windows Mobile.
The main features of the newest version are:
• .NET Compact Framework 1.0
• Office Mobile
• Windows Media Player 10 Mobile
• GPS management interface
• Microsoft Exchange Server push functionality (for push email)
3.6 Application service trends
Application services are constantly updated in the world of smartphones.
This poses a challenge for hardware and software vendors as new featuresare added to the services on a fast pace.
3.6.1 Macromedia Shockwave
Macromedia shockwave is one of the most popular browser extensions. It is
designed for making various kinds of movies and online animations, but it is
being used for game development also. It should not be confused with
Macromedia Flash. Shockwave pages can also be used as web applications
beyond the capabilities of normal HTML browser pages. The problem with
the player is, that only a few smart phones currently support it.
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3.6.2 Macromedia Flash
Macromedia Flash is a small animation player, and its size gives it a wider
distribution compared to Shockwave. It is a basic animation player mainly
to enhance the appearance of web pages beyond basic HTML. Flash has a
very fast start-up time and is quite light, so a Flash player can be
downloaded onto most smartphones.
3.6.3 Java
Sun Java is a very popular language for making platform independent
software. Platform independence is gained by compiling a Java language
program first into intermediate byte-code. Each platform has a specific Java
Virtual Machine (JVM), which compiles the byte-code into native platform
code during run-time. Java can be used on client or servers sides and the
desktop. The mobile version of the Java development kit is called Java 2
Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME)
3.6.4 .NET framework
The .NET framework from Microsoft is a platform independent competitor
to Java in many ways. NET framework programs have a small performance
penalty compared to native code, but Microsoft advertises that programmingfor .NET will be much faster than developing native applications. Along
with Windows, .NET programs can be run on Linux, Mac OS and NetBSDoperating systems, just as Java applications can. The current Windows
Mobile 5.0 operating system already has .NET Compact Framework 1.0integrated and the version 2.0 is available for download.
3.6.5 AJAX
Asynchronous Javascript and XML (AJAX) is a new web development
technology for creating interactive web applications. Its intent is to make
interactive web pages appear faster by exchanging only the necessary data
between the client and the server, rather than reloading a complete web
page. It uses a combination of XHTML and CSS for styling information,
Javascript or Jscript to dynamically interact with the information presented.
AJAX is not a technology itself, the term refers to a group of technologies.
3.7 Technology and service development scenarios
The application processing platform development in possible time to market
requires use of very large blocks in implementation. When processing units
are reused it induces use of parallel processing units. That requires new way
of coding the applications. This is currently happening in PC world so
experiences there are in use when the smart phone parallel processing is
taken in use (ITRS 2005 [10] suggest year 2009).
Together the digital baseband and application processing requires doubling
of the computation capacity every year while keeping the dynamic part of
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the power consumption constant according to ITRS 2005 edition. The static
power consumption will rise so the added heat must be dissipated more
efficient way by using heat spreading techniques such as heat pipes.
Although these challenges in digital hardware development are significant
even more challenges will be in software development. The software coding
easiness is one of the key issues when the digital computation platform is
developed.
The platform services are the enablers when application differentiated smart
phones are developed. The emphasized feature required by chosen main
application is selected for high quality. Other features of the smartphones
are selected as standard level so that any feature does no appear lower
quality than in the competitors’ smart phones. Example of this is the current
situation in smart phone camera. While standard camera is fixed focus two
megapixels camera the models that emphasize photography have nowautofocus (Nokia N90, Sony Ericsson K750i) and already published new
models have optical zoom, three or more megapixels camera sensor andhigh power flash (Nokia N93, Samsung V770). The smart phone users still
want the flexibility so any major possibilities of the smart phone usagecannot be left out, those users who can do without flexibility will by a
feature phone.
The development of the platform services is challenging to estimate because
as well as technological limitations there are physical limitations and
limitations to usability by other parts of the smart phone. It clear the
technological development is changing the basic display resolution toQVGA (240x320) but the moment of change seems to be more dependent of
the capability of processing platform and operating systems than the
advancement in display technologies. The display of Nokia 770 Internet
Tablet has 800x480 pixels resolution and diagonal size of 10.4 cm. This size
is near the limit that can be put into smart phone because display cannot be
physically much bigger and more dense pixels does not give any advantages
(at least in common applications).
Camera sensors development can bee seen from the compact digitalcameras. Since slow start of the compact digital camera market the number
of megapixels has grown steadily to current situation when all better modelshave eight megapixels. This is despite the opinions of camera magazines
that the optics has been the limiting factor for the picture quality after four or five megapixel models. This kind of rise of resolution is expected for the
smart phone cameras also because it is cheaper to raise the number of pixels
than to build better quality optics. But as mentioned above, at least in smart
phones targeted for picture taking use the quality of the lens system is one
competing method. Video purposes require more from battery and data
storage than the still images but less resolution from the camera sensor.
Besides fewer pixels the video data have high requirements for data speedsfrom the camera sensor to the data compressor logic Table 3-5 and storage
size and write speed of compressed data. With H264 encoding the currentmobile content can have data speed of about 60 kbps but the HDTV
resolution needs as much as 8 Mbps (according to Apple). The limit of the
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resolution could be HDTV resolution (1920x1080) but this resolution is
available now only on high-end “prosumer” video cameras. Nokia N93 was
introduced in May 2006 and it is the first smart phone to have DVD
resolution (NTSC, 640x480) video recording quality. Usually users can
make DVDs with their PC’s but higher resolution formats are not yet clear even for movies and the consumer requirements seem to depend on this
issue. So we cannot estimate when higher resolution video could be adapted
to smart phones but DVD resolutions are to come within few years to all
smart phones.
Table 3-5. The data speeds of camera sensors with 4:2:0 YUV coding.
System Resolution Pixels
Framerate
[Hz] Quantization
bits/pixel with
4:2:0 coding
Uncompressed
Mbits/s
Uncompressed
Mbytes/s
QVGA 320*240 76800 30 8 12 27,648 3,456
VGA 480*640 307200 30 8 12 110,592 13,824
DVD(PAL) 576*720 414720 25 8 12 124,416 15,552
HDTV(720p) 720*1280 921600 60 8 12 663,552 82,944HDTV(film) 1920*1080 2073600 24 8 12 597,1968 74,6496
HDTV(1080i) 1920*1080 2073600 30 8 12 746,496 93,312
HDTV(1080p) 1920*1080 2073600 60 8 12 1492,992 186,624
The high fidelity sound features of smart phones are used for music
listening and sound of the videos and movies. The stereo sound is already
implemented but surround sound for videos and especially movies requires
special decoders (Dolby Digital, DTS) and headphone surround sound
coders. These become a requirement when other movie watching issues are
solved. Technically storage space and display size are the main technicalissues of movie viewing but probably the challenge is to get agreement with
rights owners so a system could be build where users can buy or rent amovie with affordable price to their smart phone. For this reason it is
impossible to foresee when the surround sound features are needed and if it
takes more than few years then the application processing performance
could be enough to implement these features with software without
hardware acceleration.
Data storage size is one of the key features in many smart phone
applications, like music listening, movie viewing and video recording that
were mentioned above. This can and must be approached from two
directions both having more memory capacity and having better efficiency
data compression. For the beginning of this decennium the capacity of flashdevices has raised faster than Moore’s law predicts but for next 10-15 years
the ITRS 2005 edition forecasts a bit slower development than Moore’s law
i.e. in next five years there would be raise of the flash density of average
26% per year. Expected development is shown in Figure 3-8 with feasiblesize of 1 GB for memory card and 64 MB for on device flash memory in
year 2005 as starting point. Development can be faster if those flash
technologies that store four bits per cell instead of current two bits are really
successful. Besides of flash memory technologies there are hard disks used
on few devices. The data density of hard disks has risen from 10 to 100
gigabits per square inch in latest five years and this development seems to
continue. N HDD smart phones have 3 or 4 gigabytes disks so in year 2011they would have 40 gigabyte hard disks.
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
M B y t e s
Memory Card
On device flash
Figure 3-8. The expected development for flash memory on memory cards and on deviceaccording to the ITRS 2005 edition.
.
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4 Conclusions
Smart phone technologies are in rapid progress and there is a strong
application push behind it. In this report we have covered the main
application requirement trends and scratched the surface of the basicroadmaps of smart phone related technologies. It is clear from all market
related information that smart phones will be the dominant phone category
in the next few years. The only competition comes from more closed feature
phones. In practise the actual phones may be very similar, and the only
distinction is their limitations with respect to new applications.
The greatest technological challenges will be related to user interfaces. The
shift from device-oriented to service-oriented world is already going-on.Another major trend is towards user friendliness. Smart phone is, by nature,
a generic mobile computer that can be used for variety of purposes, from
industrial assistant, to office computer and music and video player. Theactual devices for different purposes will be different, but in order to keep
the development cost and effort acceptable the platforms, processes, and
development environments should have similarities. Creation of flexible,
configurable and adaptable user-service interface is therefore essential.
Possibly, this may lead to the partitioning of the device.
The second major challenge is the efficiency of smart phone platform. The
number of needed communication interfaces is rising and the next
communication standards are extremely complicated. They will need huge
amount of capacity from modems. The application domain is not easier.
Multimedia processing with increasing accuracy and increasing effect on people will certainly stress application processing parts of smart phones both in consumer markets and in industrial markets. Multi-core platforms
are here today. Operating systems and UI service packages have appeared.The next steps are parallel computer systems and operating systems that
support them. The first steps can probably be taken by using derivatives of current technologies and approaches, but the real parallel systems and
parallel programming are already behind the corner… (ITRS 2005 edition
sees that the parallel processing will be in use 2009, concurrent software
compiler 2013 and heterogeneous parallel processing 2015.)
The success of device has been and will be dependent of the experience that
it gives to the user. Continuously rising computation performance, higher
quality featured HW (cameras, more storage capacity etc.) and more
efficient operating systems and user interfaces are the enablers to develop
interesting applications and attractively designed smart phones.
When considering the industrial case examples in Rooster project, both the
Ouman and Jaakko Pöyry cases belong to the industrial application category
while JP-Epstar case is more or less a mixture of industrial (or
infrastructure) and consumer categories.
• Ouman´s (http://www.ouman.fi) EH-60 system for private andvacation homes is an example of monitoring and controlling. The
EH-60 system emphasizes on remotely monitoring heating, door
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locks, yard lights and alarm on burglar, freezing, moisture, water
flow interruption and fire but also allows control of heating, door
locks and yard lights.
•
Jaako Pöyry´s case example deal´s with the design and maintenanceof complex industrial sites. The key issues are document viewing
and updating, but there are demanding elements related to document
finding for example. Knowing the location may set requirements
also for local communication. The amount of data sets requirements
for communication capacity and for user interfaces, especially for
display.
• JP-Epstar case aims at lowering costs for road maintenance by
providing traffic assistance information for drivers via phone. This
example has a lot of commercial potential and it is widely studied
subject also abroad. The challenges are mostly related to positioningand usability, and to concept development. Especially understanding
the costs for infrastructure is important.
Common factor for all cases is the need for a solution with a long life-
cycle. In practise, it means that the interface between application and
platform must be as high as possible and as standardised as possible.
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References
[1] Nokia press release, 26th January 2006[2] Gardner Research, 8
th March 2006. Forecast: Mobile Phone Production and
Semiconductor Market, Worldwide, 2003-2010, 1Q06 Update (Executive Summary)
[3] Nagate, K. NTT DoCoMo’s 3G services and terminal platform strategy, Presentation in
the Smart Phone Show Conference , 11-12.October, 2005.
[4] Robert Coombs. Wireless Core Roadmap, ARM Limited, 2004.
http://www.jp.arm.com/event/pdf/forum2004_07.pdf [5] Alahuhta Matti, 3G and the Mobile Internet. IDATE Conference, November 25 2004.
http://www.idate.fr/jii04/bio04/actes/NOKIA_Matti_ALAHUHTA.ppt[6] Silven, Olli, Jyrkkä Kari. Observations on Pwer-Effiency Trends in Mobile
Communication Devices. SAMOS 2005, LNCS, pp. 142-151. 2005.
[7] Pocket Guide to Processors for DSP. http://www.bdti.com/pocket/pocket.htm[8] PalmSource reveals Linux mobile phone OS plans,
http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS4663700447.html
[9] Sun blesses Java phone, http://www.deviceforge.com/news/NS6109398413.html
[10] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2005 Edition,
http://www.itrs.net/Common/2005ITRS/Home2005.htm
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Appendix A
Vendor Family Data Width Clock
Speed
BDTImark
2000 [1]
BDTImem
Mark2000 [2]
Notes
ADSP-BF5xx
(Blackfin)16 bits 750 4190 [3] 72 [3]
Dual-MAC DSP with variable speed and
voltageAnalog
Devices ADSP-TS20x(TigerSHARC)
8/16/32/40 bits
600 6400 524-way VLIW with SIMD capabilities; useseDRAM
MSC71xx(SC1400)
16 bits 300 3370 67 Based on SC1400 licensable core
FreescaleMSC81xx
(SC140)16 bits 500 5610 [3] 67 [3]
Based on SC1400-compatible core; mostchips use 4 cores
LSI LogicLSI40x
(ZSP400)16/32 bits 200 940 74
Based on ZSP400 licensable core (see below)
NEC PD77050
(SPXK5)
16 bits 250 1770 65Dual-MAC DSP with variable speed and
voltage
RenesasSH772x
(SH3-DSP)16 bits 200 490 70
Hybrid DSP/microprocessor based on SH3-DSP
TMS320C55x 16 bits 300 1460 75Dual-issue, dual-MAC DSP; assembly-compatible w/ ’C54x
TMS320C64x 8/16 bits 1000 9130 53Adds quad-MAC capabilities and specializedoperations to 'C62x
TexasInstruments
TMS320C64x+ 8/16 bits 1000 10980 60Adds 8-MAC capabilities and specializedoperations to 'C64x
Licensor Family Data
Width
Clock
(MHz)
BDTImark2000
[1]
BDTImem
Mark2000 [2]
Die area
(mm²) Notes
ARM7 32 bits 145 150 57 0.28Widely licensed 32-bit microprocessor core
ARM9 32 bits 265 330 74 n/aAdds separate bus for data access,
deeper pipeline to ARM7
ARM9E 16/32 bits 265 550 72 1.7ARM9 enhanced with single-cycleMAC unit
ARM
ARM1136 16/32 bits 330 1160 72 2.9Adds SIMD, load/store unit, branch
prediction, deeper pipeline
CEVACEVA-X1620
8/16 bits 330 2660 67 2.6 8-way VLIW, dual-MAC DSP core
ZSP540 16/32 bits 200 n/a n/a 2.7Quad-MAC, 4-way variant of the
ZSP500LSI Logic
ZSP600 16/32 bits 175 n/a n/a 3.1Quad-MAC, 6-way variant of theZSP500
PhilipsCoolFlux
DSP24 bits 175 n/a n/a 0.34
Dual-MAC core targets low-power audio applications
SC1200 16 bits 200 1580 69 1.9Dual-MAC, 4-issue variant of theSC1400
StarCore
SC1400 16 bits 185 2080 67 2.3Synthesizable version of quad-MAC, 6-issue SC140
TensilicaXtensa LX/Vectra LX
18 bits 210 3490 69 3.7VLIW-based customizable core; withoptional DSP features
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[1] The BDTImark2000 provides summary measures of DSP speed, higher is faster
[2] The BDTImemMark provides a summary measure of memory use in signal processing applications; higher is
better.
[3] Score for one core. Some family members contain multiple cores.