SOPRA Sustainable Off-grid Powerstation for Rural Applications Sustainable Smart Micro Grids.
SMART OFF GRID ENERGY SYSTEM
Transcript of SMART OFF GRID ENERGY SYSTEM
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A PRESENTATION ON
DESIGN OF SMART OFF GRID ENERGY SYSTEM
byMD.FARMAN
M.Tech. (Energy System -2nd year)EN NO - 09512010
Under the guidance of :
Dr. D.K. KhatodAssistant ProfessorI.I.T Roorkee
Dr. Arun KumarHead
I.I.T Roorkee
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General• Energy scenario in India• Grid, functions and types• Smart grid• Necessity of smart grid• Various soft wares used in hybrid and smart grid system design• Constraints in development of smart and off grid energy system in India• Line diagram and features of smart grid energy system• Progress in India for converting grid into smart grid• Literature review• Types of hybrid grid energy system• Single line diagram of hybrid system
Sizing of off grid energy system• Conceptual schematic diagram of WDBS based hybrid system• Flow chart for development of a WDBS based hybrid energy system• Site selection and load assessment• Wind power potential assessment• Result of Sizing and costing of system
Outlines
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Wind speed forecasting Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system• Values of different coefficients• Scheduling results of WDBS system
Smart utilization of energy• Circuit diagram and description for smart utilization of energy• Major components name, purpose and cost• Functional Diagram for display of LED, Alarm and Relay operation • Developed model• Different States of Power System and Corresponding Load• Various connections and system state sensor• Results• Cost analysis• Advantages
Conclusions and future scope of work Various IEC standard and companies involved in designing smart grid List of publications References
Outlines
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Total installed capacity of India = 1, 74,361.40 MW as on 30th April, 2011.
a). Contribution of energy sources in Indian power sector b). Sector wise installed capacity in India
• Net shortage of energy in India = 9.9 % • The peak power shortage = 12.6 %• Energy losses = 34%• Total transmission length = 265,000 ckm.
Energy scenario in india
94,653.38 MW
17,706.35 MW
1,199.75
MW
37,567.40 MW
4,780.00
MW
18,454.52 MW
CoalGas OilHydro (Large)NuclearRES
82,452.58 MW
54,412.63
MW
37,496.19
MWState SectorCentral SectorPrivate Sector
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Grid is electrical network which transmits power in bulk amount at fixed frequency and voltage to different substation from where redistribution of power to consumer takes place through substation. Nation has been divided in five regions for transmission system, namely, Northern, North Eastern, Eastern, Southern, and western.
What is a grid?
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Main functions:
• To transmit & distribute power at lower cost with highest efficiency and reliability,
• To control and maintain a balance of power among various regions,• To maintain power quality for consumers within specified limit.
Types of grid :
• Micro and Mini grid• Major grid (Interconnected grid)
Functions and types of grid
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What is smart off grid?
Convergence of technology (IT + Communication + Automation & control ) in power system leads to optimal digital technology i.e. smart grid.
Off grid energy system i.e. mainly hybrid energy system is the integration ofrenewable energy resources using distributed generation.
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• To meet growing demand • To reduce environmental impact.• To reduce power theft and losses in T&D system.• To maximize accessibility & profitability.• To increase power and cyber security.• Power system stability and aging of grid.• Capacity and additional infrastructure (e-cars).• To improve reliability, sustainability and continuity of supply.• To improve Power quality (Harmonics, flicker, spike, shallow, dip) and
black outages.
Smart Off grid energy system is a possible solution to overcome these problems.
Necessity of smart off grid?
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Various softwares used in hybrid and smart grid system design
S.NO OFF GRID (HYBRID) SYSTEM SMART GRID SYSTEM
1 HOMER PLC
2 PVSYST SCADA
3 HYBRID 2ADAPTIVE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
(ADP)
4 RET SCREEN GRIDLAB-D
5 PV-DESIGN PRO FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
6 NUER09 GRIDAPPS
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Constraints in development of smart and off grid energy system in india
S.NO Constraints in smart grid energy system
Constraints in off grid energy system
1 Gap between various technology Resources are distributed in nature
2 Lack of integration of distributed generation
Lack of skilled man power
3 High Cost of infrastructure Unavailability of grid near site
4 Cyber threats in grid power management
Inaccessible geological condition
5Lack of government interest Clearance problem
6 Power quality problems Local factors
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Line diagram of smart grid energy system
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• Self-healing: The grid rapidly detects, analyzes, responds, and restores.• Tolerant of attack: The grid mitigates and is resilient to physical /
cyber-attacks.• Provides power quality needed by 21st century users: The grid provides
quality power consistent with consumer and industries needs• Empowers and incorporates the consumer: Ability to incorporate
consumer equipment and behavior in grid design and control.• Accommodates a wide variety of supply and demand: The grid
accommodates a wide variety of resources, including demand response, combined heat and power, wind, photovoltaic, and end-use efficiency.
• Fully enables and is supported by competitive electricity markets.• Dynamic pricing.
Features of smart grid
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Progress in India for converting grid into smart grid
• Electromechanical devices are being replaced by intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)
• The Bureau of Indian Standards has issued a standardized meter protocol in March 2010 to address meter interoperability.
• FACTS devices are being used in HVDC network for efficient power flow between two sub-stations.
• Power Grid Corporation of India has given assignment to Siemens India limited to change earth shielding wire with optical fiber.
• PGCIL has also given assignment to AREVA for construction of ultra high voltage transmission line.
• PLCC is also incorporated in distribution system
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S.NO MAIN FIELD SUB-AREA REFERENCE NO
1 Energy Scenario of India Sector & Source wise [1]2 Introduction to Grid Grid. Grid Management [2]3 Basic of Smart Grid Definition ,need, Layout [3,4]
4 Smart Grid Energy System
Design of Various Network, Remote Control, Phasor
Measurements, PLCC, AMR, PHEVS
[5-22]
IEC Standards for Designing smart grid
[23-27]
5 Off Grid Energy System
Sizing & costing of off grid energy system
[28-31]
Control Strategy for off grid energy system
[32-39]
Scheduling & dispatch strategy for off grid hybrid energy system
[40-47]
6 Forecasting Wind speed forecasting [46-51]
Literature review
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Hybrid energy system
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• Wind-Diesel-Battery Storage System• Bio-mass – SPV – Diesel,• Small/Mini/Micro-hydro – Wind – Diesel,• Geothermal – SPV – wind – Bio-mass-diesel,• Fuel cell – SPV – Diesel, • Small/Mini/Micro-hydro – Bio-mass – Diesel,• SPV – Small-hydro –Diesel, and• Biomass – Small-hydro – SPV- battery storage.
Types of hybrid grid energy system
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Conceptual schematic diagram of WDBS based hybrid system
Wind turbine Generator System AC DC
Controller
Bus Bar
Battery bank DC AC
Dump Load
LOADDiesel
Generator
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Flow Chart for development of a WDBS based Hybrid Energy System
Start
Selection of Un- electrified Village
Is the Selected Site is Cluster of
Villages?
NO
Hourly Wind & other RES
Forecasting and individual energy
Assessment
YES YES
Optimal Resource
Selection That can meet Load Requirement
Is total
Demand
= Supply?
Add diesel/Conventional
option to develop hybrid system
Sizing the individual Energy
System
Unit cost of energy of individual resources
NO
YES
Problem Formulation of Hybrid Model
Cost Optimization of WDBS System
Unit Energy cost of Hybrid energy
system
Operational Scheduling
Strategy of WDBS System
Load forecasting and Assessment of load profile
(Minimum , Desirable &
rate)
Stop
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Wind speed forecasting
1 2 1
Fourier coefficient Expressiona0= 9.81 a0=(2/24)×Σya1 = 0.36 a1=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /12)a2 = -0.02 a2=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /6)a3 = -0.12 a3=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /4)b1 = -0.27 b1=(2/24)× Σysinx(πxi /12)b2 = -0.01 b1=(2/24)× Σysin(πxi /6)b3 = 0.07 b3=(2/24)× Σysin(πxi /4)
Weight age MSE and RMS Errorλ1= 0.15, λ2 = 0.85 0.028, 0.169λ1= 0.20, λ2 = 0.80 0.017, 0.132λ1= 0.25, λ2 = 0.75 0.021, 0.0146λ1= 0.30, λ2 = 0.70 0.016, 0.128λ1= 0.35, λ2 = 0.65 0.020, 0.142λ1= 0.40,λ2 = 0.60 0.027, 0.166λ1= 0.45, λ2 = 0.55 0.022, 0.149
0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
Actual & Forecasted Hourly wind speed
Actual wind speed
Forecasted wind speed
Hour of the Day
Win
d Sp
eed
(in m
/s)
2 01 2 1 20.006 0.155 5.533 ( cos cos2
2 i i i i i
ay x x a x a x 3 1 2 3cos3 sin sin 2 sin3 ) i i i ia x b x b x b x
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Case.No.
Component
of system
Capacity of component Generated unit
System cost
Unit cost of energy
1
DG, Converter &
Battery
DG1=20kW, DG2=15kW
DG3=10kW, Converter=12kW
Battery= (2×2, 4V, 1900Ah)
194,854 969,362$ 0.395$
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Wind generator, Converter,
DG & battery
Wind= (2×25kW), DG1=20kW
DG2=15kW, DG3=5kW
Converter=12kW
Battery= (2×2, 4V, 1900Ah)
210,617 558,947 $ 0.228$
Sizing and costing of system
Load ValueAverage load 21.78kWPeak load 60 kW
Load description
Results of Sizing and Costing
Location map Components considered
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Wind power potential assessment
-
2-
-
-
0 0
( )
0
cut in
rated cut in ratedw
rated rated cut out
cut out
v V
a bv cv P V v Vf v
P V v VV v
3- - - -
2 2 2- -2
cut in cut in rated cut in cut in rated
cut in rated rated cut in rated
V V V V V Va
V V V V V
4- -
3 2 2- -
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cut in rated cut in rated
rated cut in rated cut in rated
V V V VbV V V V V
3
-2
-
1 2 42
cut in rated
ratedcut in rated
V VcVV V
Type of equation
Model equation for Revenue, operating cost and energy constraints of WDB system
Equation no
Revenue 1,2
Operating cost 3
Equality Constraint
s for energy
4
5
6
7
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Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system
]Cβ)}PC)P(PCPCPCΔT{β [ F βKK
WDWDK
BLK
WBBOK
DLK
DL24/Δ4
1K
KALAL
KC
ΔT24To1KPPPPβ K
BLK
DLK
WLK
ALK
ΔT24To1KPPPP K
WK
WDK
WBK
WL
ΔT24To1K)
ηP
PΔT(ηVVI
KBLK
WBR1KK
ΔT24KforV
0KforVV Final
B
InitialBK
[
ΔT24
1KAL
KAL
KEnergy ΔTC)P(βC
ΔT24
1Kβ
KAward CβC
24ΔT
k 1
Operating cost of WDBS system
[ ( ) ]
k k k kDL DL BO WB BL WD WDC P C P P C P T
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Name of variable Lower & Upper bounds on variables Remarks Equation
no
βkDepend on load
condition & system state
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PWLK For wind 9
PBLK For battery
discharging 10
PWBK For battery
charging 11
PDLK For DG set 12
VK For battery energy state 13
Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system
ΔT24To0KFor1β0 K
ΔT24To0KForPP0 K
WK
WL
ΔT24To0KForPP0 Max
BK
BL
ΔT24To0KForPP0 Max
BK
WB
ΔT24To0KForPP0 Max
DK
DL
1)ΔT24(To1KForVVV MaxKMin
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Values of different coefficientsS.NO SYMBOL VALUE UNIT DISCRIPTION
1 PALMAX 60.00 kW Peak load of System
2 Prated 30.00 kW Rated power for Wind Turbine
3 Vcut-in 3.00 m/s Cut-in speed for Wind Turbine
4 Vrated 7.00 m/s Rated speed for Wind Turbine
5 Vcut-out 20.00 m/s Cut-out speed for Wind Turbine
6 Hhub 20.00 m Hub height for Wind Turbine
7 CWOK 0.30 Rs/kW Operating cost for Wind Turbine
8 CWDK 2.00 Rs/kW Cost for Wind power to Dump load
9 PD-rated 30.00 kW Rated power for Diesel Generator
10 PDMin &
PDMax
0.00 and 30.00
kW Minimum and maximum power from Diesel Generator
11 CDLK 10.00 Rs/kW Operating cost for Diesel Generator
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Values of different coefficientsS.NO SYMBOL VALUE UNIT DISCRIPTION
12 PB-rated 12.00 kW Rated power for Battery unit
13 ηR & ηI 0.85 & 0.90
- Efficiency of battery unit during charging & discharging mode
14 PBMin &
PBMax
0.00 and 12.00
kW Minimum and maximum power from Battery unit during charging as well as discharging mode
15 CBO 0.40 & 0.40
Rs/kW Operating cost for Battery unit during charging & discharging mode
16 VBCap 30.00 kWh Capacity of Storage
17 VBMin &
VBMax
3.00 & 30.00
kWh Minimum and maximum energy level of Storage
18 VBInitial &
VBFinal
15.00 & 15.00
kWh Initial and final energy level of Storage
19 CAL 11.00 Rs/kWh Tariff for serving system demand
20 Cβ 150.00 Rs. Value of award for Beta
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Scheduling results of WDBS system
0 5 10 15 20 2505
101520253035404550
Consumer Load Demand
Hour of the Day
Con
sum
er lo
ad D
eman
d (in
kW
)
0 5 10 15 20 2505
101520253035404550Load Served to the Autonomous System
Hour of the Day
Disp
atch
ed L
oad
PALK
(in
kW)
0 5 10 15 20 250
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Hourly variation of Beta(Load served/Load demand)
Hour of the Day
Val
ue o
f Bet
a
0 5 10 15 20 2505
101520253035404550
Hourly Profile of served and required demand
Demand Profile
Served Demand
Hour of the Day
Pow
er P
rofil
e (in
kW
)
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Contribution of power from wind, diesel and battery storage
0 5 10 15 20 2505
1015202530
Contribution of Power from Wind
Hour Of the Day
Pow
er f
rom
Win
d to
Loa
d PW
LK
(in k
W)
0 5 10 15 20 2505
101520253035
Contribution of Power from Diesel Generator
Hour of the Day
Pow
er fr
om D
G se
t to
Loa
d PD
LK
(in
kW)
0 5 10 15 20 2502468
1012
Power from Battery Bank to Load
Hour of the Day
Pow
er fr
om B
atte
ry B
ank
to
Load
PB
LK (i
n kW
)
0 5 10 15 20 2505
101520253035
Hourly Profile of All Sources
Contribution from Wind Generator
Contribution from DG set
Contribution from Battery Bank
Hour of the Day
Pow
er P
rofil
e (in
kW
)
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Distribution of wind power
0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
30
Wind Power distribution for Load Demand & Battery Charging
Wind Power Fed to the Load
Wind Power Fed to the Battery Bank
Hour of the Day
Win
d Po
wer
to L
oad
& B
atte
ry B
ank(
in k
W)
29
Battery charging & discharging power
0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
Hourly Power after Rectification and Inversion process of Battery bank
Hourly Power after Rec-tification Process
Hourly Power after Inversion Process
Hour of the Day
In &
Out
Bat
tery
Pow
er (i
n kW
)
30
Hourly battery energy state
0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Hourly Battery Energy State
Hour of the Day
Bat
tery
Ene
rgy
Stat
e V
K (i
n kA
h)
31
Beta with & without DG set and battery bank
0 5 10 15 20 250
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Hourly Variation of Beta with & without DG Set and Battery Bank
Hourly Variation of Beta with DG Set & Battery Bank
Hourly Variation of Beta without DG Set & Battery Bank
Hour of the Day
Val
ue o
f the
Bet
a(Se
rved
dem
and/
Req
uire
d de
man
d)
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• Display of generation cost to consumer
• Power system status display to consumer
• Spot pricing based on power system status
• Alarm activation during high cost of generation period
• Application of intelligent electronic devices in hybrid system
• Automatic heavy load rejection during high cost of generation period
Smart utilization of energy
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Circuit diagram for smart utilization of energy
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The power from wind-diesel and battery storage is simulated by power available from 1-Ф, 230V, 3 pin socket.
Four feeders are sectionalized using tie switches. Overall load current is sensed with the help of voltage developed across the standard resistance. An isolation Transformer is used to isolate the HV and LV circuit. The voltage signal is divided into four parts for showing four power system states After rectification and averaging process, signal is given to the AT Mega 32 microcontroller. The necessary biasing voltage is obtained with the help of Transformer, Diode Bridge, IC LM
7912, IC LM 7805, BS 170, capacitor, and resistor. IC LM 7912 provide positive VCC (+12V) while LM 7805 provide negative VCC (-12V). Four resistances, each of 330 Ω, is inserted between four different colours LEDs and
microcontroller which limits the LEDs current. For changing LCD back light intensity 10 Mega Ω variable resistance is connected between
display and controller. 0.01 μF capacitor is connected in port A of the controller to provide stable reference voltage. After 230/15 V transformer and diode bridge, two capacitors having capacitance of 4700 μF
each is connected which provide stabilized DC voltage to IC 7912 and 7812. After IC, two capacitors are inserted to obtain stabilized +VCC and –VCC which is fed to the
controller.
Circuit description
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S.NO Component Purpose Cost(Rs.)1 230/12V Transformer As a Battery and supply power to controller 502 12/12V Transformer Isolation from HV & LV circuit 1003 Ordinary diode Full bridge used for rectification 104 Standard resister Limiting Current 505 Reset switch & 2 Way tie switch Reset & load management 1206 MOSFET Controlled Switch 507 16×2 Display Display 1408 AT Mega 32 Controller Providing Control instruction 2509 AVR High speed USB programmer Program Development 70010 Electrical Load, cable and holder Demand, connections 30011 Load Shedding Alarm Remote alarm 10012 IC-7912, 7805 and BS 170 Biasing voltage(+VCC & -VCC) 7513 741 OPAMP Voltage follower provide high impedance 1014 Capacitor Stabilizing reference & DC Voltage 5015 LED Indication 1016 Zener Diode Voltage Clipping 1017 Relay Load control of High power appliances 25
Major components name, purpose and cost
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Functional Diagram for display of LED, Alarm and Relay operation
START
Initialize the LCD Unit
Initialize the ADC
Read the Digital Value of the Signal
Check
PS St
atus
Is Voltage < 1.25 V?
Is PS Status is E or P?
Check Voltage Level
Is Voltage < 2.5 V?
Is Voltage < 3.75 V?
Display PS Status :E
Rs. 12: Cost Highest
Display PS Status :N
Rs. 9 : Cost Normal
Display PS Status :S
Rs. 8: Cost Least
Display PS Status :P
Rs. 11 : Cost High
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
Actuate Alarm Circuitry
YES
Relay Supply OFF
NO
STOP
STOP
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Developed model
1. Four feeder and each sectionalized into two parts
2. Four set of sectionalizing switch
3. Four power system state (E,S,N,P)
4. Different tariff rates in different power system state
5. Tariff display panel
6. System status sensor
7. Controller , relay and alarm
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Different States of Power System and Corresponding Load
Emergency State Saving State
Normal StatePeak State
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Various connections and system state sensor
Connection between controller, Relay and display Connection between power and control circuit
Tie switch and Current sensor
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• During Emergency(E) state, load considered is less than 40%• During Saving(S) state, load is less than 55%• During Normal(N) state, load is less than 88%• During Peak(P) state, load is equal to installed capacity of the plant
Results
Details of controlling actionsVoltage(V) PS Status Unit Cost Alarm State Relay State LED glows
V<1.25V E 12 ON ON Red
[1.25V,2.5V) S 8 OFF OFF Green
[2.5V,3.75V) N 9 OFF OFF White
[3.75V,5V) P 11 ON ON Yellow
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Cost analysis• Per house hold maximum connected load= 400W (2×100W bulb+2×60W fan+80W Auxiliaries)• Let us assume, 50 percentage of house hold load (200W) is kept off for one hour in a day due to
awareness of the grid status. • Total amount of energy saved during whole year considering electricity is available to the consumer
throughout the year is 0.200 kW ×365 days = 73 units. • Cost of one unit energy through WDBS system =Rs. 9.00 • Hence annual cost of energy saving comes to be Rs. 9×73U = Rs 657.00
Equipment Name Cost of Equipment Cost of saved energy Saving in Rs.Controller 250
Rs 657 Rs 657- 645=Rs. 12
Display 140Wireless Alarm 100LED & Zener Diode 10Relay 25MOSFET and IC 50Capacitor, Resistor 50Connecting Leads 20Total Rs. 645
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Advantages of implementation of model
• Peak demand reduced
• A proper load management
• Saving in consumer tariff bill
• Improvement in reliability of supply
• Effective utilization of energy
• Improvement in diversity factor
• Consumer will be more aware of generation cost and cost sensitive
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Conclusions and future scope of the work• Combination of Smart generation, smart distribution, smart utilization and energy
management in an autonomous system Leads to SOGES. • Off grid hybrid generation can be the one of reliable method for electrification of remote
areas where grid extension is not techno-economically feasible.• Profit obtained daily Rs. 7913.50• Wind is supplying the load unless it is not available, for low wind availability period DG
and battery is supplying the load and Excess wind energy is used to charge the battery bank
• Sectionalization of feeder based on priority & battery storage meet out peak demand,• Demand and generation side management can be effectively implemented in OGES
Reliability of the supply improved,• A high diversity factor can be achieved that can reduce system installation capacity• Consumer will be aware of system stateFuture scope of the work:• Design of Load controller to perform load scheduling process of WDBS System • Minimization of GHG Emissions From DG set• Replacement of Diesel generator with other RES• Advanced Meter Reading and Prepaid billing System• System Status and Spot price Messaging System• Facilitation and implementation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in Off Grid
Energy System
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Various standards for designing smart grid energy system and list of companies
S.NO Standards Application1 IEC 61850[23] Communication for PS automation, Communication for monitoring & control
of DER, SCADA, hydro power and harmonization issues.2 IEC 61968[24] Common distribution power system model (CDPSM), messaging & interface.3 IEC 61970[25] Common information model (CIM) and generic interface definition (GID)4 IEC 62325[26] CIM for energy markets5 IEC 62351[27] Communication security, protection, control, and process bus messaging.
Companies NameEchelon Elster Comverge GE Itron
Aclara Grid Net Landis Gyr Sensus ABB
Grid Point OSI soft SEL G AREVA
Enernoc Trilliant O current System Microsoft
Tendril ORACLE CISCO IBM
Siemens SPRING Eka systems Avantha
Silver Spring Cooper Power Smart Synch Google
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List of publications
1. Farman Md., Khatod D. K., Kumar A., “Design of Smart Off-Grid Energy
System,”International Conference on Deregulated Environment and Energy Market,
(DEEM 2011), Chitkara University Panjab, India, July 22-23, 2011 (Accepted).
2. Farman Md., Khatod D. K., Kumar A., “Off grid Generation Scheduling with Wind-
Diesel and Battery Storage System, “International Conference on Emerging Green
Technologies (ICEGT-2011), Periyar Maniammai University Vallam, Tamilnadu,
India, July 27-30, 2011(Accepted).
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