SMART MATERIALS

Advanced Studies in Construction TechnologyTTU-5334-001Maria PerbelliniJonathan Creel

-Introduction *definition *useage-Applications *rewriteable photonic paper *portable lighting *magnochromatic microspheres *self healing polymers *nanoparticle inks *energy coating *insuladd paints *nanoprotex *nanoprotect glass-Base Materials *nanocrystalline *fullerenes *carbon nanotubes *nano copper *nano gold *nickel-tungsten alloys

-Intention*academic goal*OLED*Photovoltaics

-Existing Examples-Innovate

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DEFINITION

Nanomaterials is a field which takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those which have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension,[1] though this term is some-times also used for materials smaller than one micrometer.

figure 2-9. Smart Materials and Technologies

The term ‘nanotechnology’ has attracted considerable scientific and public attention over the past few years. The prefix ‘nano’ indicates the the dimensional scale of a thing or a behavior is on the order of a few billionths of a meter and it covers a territory as large, if not larger, than thatrepre-sented by micro-scale. For comparison, the head of a pin is about one million nanometers across whereas a DNA molecule is about 2.5 nanometers wide. Given that individual atoms are nano-meter size (for example, 5 silicon atoms is equivalent to one nanometer), then the ability to build structures one atom at a time has been a provocative objective for materials scientists. In its sim-plest form, nanotechnology conceptually offers the potential to build ‘bootom up,’ creating materi-als and structures with no defects and novel properties.

( Smart Materials and Technologies- for the architecture and design professions, pg. 44)

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials

Addington, Michelle, and Daniel Schodek. Smart Materials and Technologies: for the architecture and design professions. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005.

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Photonic Crystals - Rewritable Photonic Paper

ProductPhotonic crystals allow light photons to be controlled as electrons are controlled through semi-conductors.

ProcessUFe3O4@SiO2 colloids exposed to a magnetic field and cured with a UV process to fix the photonic structures inside the PEGDA matrix. A hydro-scopic salt solution reacts with the hotonic crystals, diffracting colors onto the paper. Rinsing the paper with water returns removes all trace of the reaction.

ApplicationsGraphic printing is looking to this proces because of its rewritability, low toxicity of the manufac-turing materials and inks, it is inexpensive. Structurally, photonic paper is sturdier and brighter than traditional papers. This paper is actually brighter than liquid crystal.

APPLICATIONS

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Nano Products - Portable Light

ProductThe Portable Light is a solar powered light that can be easily tramsported and after charging for three hours in the sun will provide ten hours of illumination.

Devices-The solar cells of the portable light are made of a fabric that has been treated with the nanoma-terial copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) which can be printed or sprayapplied.

ApplicationsUsed by the semi-nomadic, indigenous Huichol people of Mexico, who travel hundreds of miles to religious sites or farmlands.

Australian Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, with the help of staff from the Centre for Appropriate Technology in Alice Springs.

Resourceshttp://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/04/27/nomad_hum.html?category=human&guid=20070427103030Kennedy & Violich Architecture, Boston MA

APPLICATIONS

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MAGNO-CHROMATIC MICROSPHERES

Properties:Microscopic polymer beads that change color instantly and reversibly when external magnetic fields acting upon the microspheres change orientation

Key Benefits:Excellent structural stabilityStable photonic materials with tunable colors can be

Possible Uses:Environmentally friendly pigments for paintsRewritable or reusable signage, posters, papers and labels

Resourceshttp://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=8087&ntid=122&pg=2

APPLICATIONS

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SELF HEALING POLYMERS

Properties:A polymer system based on weak, reversible bonds that can heal itself when heated has been creat-ed by UK and US chemists. The new polymers could be further developed and used in the aerospace and other industries, say the researchers.

Key Benefits:At room temperature, flexible, self-supporting materialA broken film could be re-healed by simply pressingthe broken ends gently together and heating briefly at 80°C.When the mix is cooled the interactions reform and theoriginal appearance and strength of the material is regained

Resourceshttp://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/September/11090901.asp

APPLICATIONS

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NANO-PARTICLE INKS

Properties:Solar cells could soon be produced more cheaply using nanoparticle “inks” that allow them to be printed like newspaper or painted onto the sides of buildings or rooftops to absorb electricity-produc-ing sunlight.

Key Benefits:

1/10th the orIginal cost of conventional manufacturing of solar cell panelsLess material to make a solar cellSemi-transparent allowing for application on glazing

APPLICATIONS

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ENERGY COATING

Properties:Similar to the way a plant absorbs sunlight and turns it into chemical energy to fuel the growth of a plant, energy coatings absorb sunlight and indoor light and convert them into electrical energy.Energy coatings are produced by working on the nano scale by injecting a dye into titanium dioxide, a white pigment commonly used in toothpaste and paint. The dye, applied to a flexible material, ab-sorbs energy from both the sun and indoor light. This light energy travels through the titanium dioxide and a series of electrodes and is converted into electrical energy.

Konarka, the major producer of energy coatings, develops and manufactures power plastic that is inexpensive, lightweight, flexible and versatile. The light-activated power plastic film can be embed-ded within devices, systems and structures. Since the manufacturing process uses the printing tech-nology, the film can be produced in any color and transparency. The film can be applied to structural systems, windows, roofs, glass and effectively produce energy.

Resourceshttp://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm

APPLICATIONS

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INSULADD PAINTS

Properties:The complex blend of microscopic hollow ceramic spheres that makes up INSULADD® have a vacu-um inside like mini-thermos bottles. While the use of INSULADD® on interior walls is extremely ben-eficial, its use on exterior walls is even more dramatically effective since it blocks the extreme heat of the sun. INSULADD® ceramic-filled paint on interior walls looks like ordinary flat wall paint.

The ceramic materials have unique energy savings properties that reflect heat while dissipating it. The hollow ceramic microspheres reflective quality affects the warming phenomenon called “Mean Radiant Temperature,” where heat waves from a source such as direct sunlight cause a person to feel warmer even though the actual air temperature is no different between a shady and sunny loca-tion. It is the molecular friction within the skin caused by the sun’s radiant energy waves which makes the body feel warmer.


APPLICATIONS

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NANOPROTEX

Properties:Nano-protex is a water-based NANO impregnation with very high penetration depth for textile. The product is repellent to water and the adherence of foreign matter to the surface is decreased. The Nano-particles adhere directly to the substrate molecules, deflecting any foreign matter.

Key Benefits:Water-repellingDirt-deflectingWeather protectionUV - weather-resistantEasy to clean- Self cleaning effect


APPLICATIONS

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NANO_PROTECT_GLASS

Properties:Nanoprotect Glass is a special nanotechnology product, manufactured by Nanotec, with a long term self cleaning effect for glass and ceramic surfaces.

The NANO-particles adhere directly to the material molecule and allow the surface to deflect any dirt and water.

Key Benefits:Water-repellingDirt-deflectingLime-rejectingWeather protectionUV - weather-resistantPrevents fungus growthEasy to clean= Self cleaning effect


APPLICATIONS

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Nano Materials - Nanocrystalline Materials

Definition

Nanometer scale, heterogeneously structured crystallines.

Devices-Quantum dot fluorescent biodetectors-Copper iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size-Copper zinc iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size-At nano scale is no longer a metal,becomes a semiconductor-1-D nanowires, 2-D nanofilms and 3-D supercrystals

ApplicationsA potential application is to aid firefighters,who now wear protective masks containingcopper-manganese-oxide. That material’seffectiveness at getting rid of CO, however,lasts only 15 minutes, while nanogoldprotects for several hours. One such reaction is the conversion of carbon-monoxide (CO)to carbon-dioxide (CO2). Nanogold catalyzes this at roomtemperature and with 100-percent efficiency.

Resourceshttp://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-04zb.html

BASE MATERIALS

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Fullerenes/ Carbon Nanotubes

Definitions-Fullerenes are molecules composed of carbon in the shape of hollowspheres, or ellipsoids; fullerenes in a cyllindrical for are called nanotubes.

Properties-High tensile strength-High electrical conductivity-High ductility-High resistance to heat-Due to the lack of surface exposure they have relatively no chemical reactivity

ApplicationsA potential application is to aid firefighters, who now wear protective masks containing copper-man-ganese-oxide. That material’s effectiveness at getting rid of CO, however, lasts only 15 minutes, while nanogold protects for several hours. One such reaction is the conversion of carbon-monoxide (CO)to carbon-dioxide (CO2). Nanogold catalyzes this at room temperature and with 100-percent efficien-cy.

Resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerenehttp://cnst.rice.edu/

BASE MATERIALS

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Nano Copper

Properties

-Copper aluminum oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size -Copper iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size-Copper zinc iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size Applications-Bouisol-colloidal copper used as a fungacide since 1931.-Used an an algaecide in the treatment of water in swimming pools.-Used in polymers and plastics, lubricants, inks and metallic coatings-Copper interconnects on silicon chips in computers.-Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has recently developed metal nanofluids based on nanoparticles of copper that would have application in improving the efficiency of automobiles, heating/air condition-ing systems and industrial equipment.-Antimicrobial Materials - research is being done at MIT

Resourceshttp://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2006/01/copper_nanotechnology.html

Nano Gold

Properties

-Created in small enough chunksturns red, yellow, blue and other colors-Becomes an excellent catalyst at 3-5 nm-At nano scale is no longer a metal,becomes a semiconductor-1-D nanowires, 2-D nanofilms and 3-D supercrystals

Applications

A potential application is to aid firefighters,who now wear protective masks containingcopper-manganese-oxide. That material’seffectiveness at getting rid of CO, however,lasts only 15 minutes, while nanogoldprotects for several hours. One such reaction is the conversion of carbon-monoxide (CO)to carbon-dioxide (CO2). Nanogold catalyzes this at roomtemperature and with 100-percent efficiency.

Resourceshttp://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-04zb.html

BASE MATERIALS

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NICKEL- TUNGSTEN ALLOYS

Properties:Nano-material which exhebits more stability and safety than that of chrome, but offers the same amount of function in the electro-plating process.

Key Benefits:Adds a protective coating and shiny lusterSafer than electro-plating with chrome which is a carcinogenic processCheaper process than chroming.

Possible Uses:Electro-plating of many industrial metals, bathroom fixtures, and any othervisible metal objects.

Resourceshttp://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=7966&ntid=122&pg=3

BASE MATERIALS

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PART 2

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Intention

Many different applications are found within the realm of photovoltaic technology.As well, there are many different types of display technologies which are useful in their own ways, however, these two ideas have rarely been found in union. This blog is an introduction to developing a marriage of photovoltaic ink and OLED video technology within a single glazing unit. This concept has many useful places in our daily lives, but this is primarily an architectural inquiry.

green pix building construction

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OLED

An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also light emitting polymer (LEP) and organic electro lumines-cence (OEL), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. The layer usually contains a polymer substance that allows suitable organic compounds to be deposited. They are deposited in rows and columns onto a flat carrier by a simple “printing” process. The resulting matrix of pixels can emit light of different colours.

Such systems can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. OLEDs typically emit less light per area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources.

source: wikipedia

Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either ac-tive- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.

reference: www.howstuffworks.com

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PHOTOVOLTAICS

Photovoltaics (or PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting solar energy directly into electricity.[1] Due to the growing demand for renew-able energy sources, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced dramati-cally in recent years.[2][3][4]

Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years, increasing by an average of 48 percent each year since 2002, making it the world’s fastest-growing energy technology, and then increased by 110% in 2008.[5] At the end of 2008, the cumulative global PV installations reached 15,200 mega-watts.[6][7] Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid-tied electrical systems. Such installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) [8] or built into the roof or walls of a building, known as Building Integrated Photovoltaics or BIPV for short.[9]

reference: wikipedia

There are many ways that photovoltaics are utilized, and furthermore, the capabilities of each type of installation usually is efficient in its own sort. One very interesting development is one which has progressed rapidly in the last year. Recently, scientists at MIT improved the field of photovoltaics by integrating nanotechnology to invent a ink which can be applied to the out rim of flat glass panels. The radiant energy is reflected toward the edges of the glazing using a transparent silicon film on the glass. This silicon is similar to the same structural component in OLED screens.

PHOTOVOLTAIC INKS APPLIED TO GLASS IMAGE COURTESY OF COVALENT SOLAR

The cost of photovoltaic power can be reduced with organic solar concentrators. These are planar waveguides with a thin-film organic coating on the face and inorganic solar cells attached to the edges. Light is absorbed by the coating and reemitted into waveguide modes for collection by the so-lar cells. We report single- and tandem-waveguide organic solar concentrators with quantum efficien-cies exceeding 50% and projected power conversion efficiencies as high as 6.8%. The exploitation of near-field energy transfer, solid-state solvation, and phosphorescence enables 10-fold increases in the power obtained from photovoltaic cells, without the need for solar tracking.

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

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Existing Examples

Green Pixhttp://www.greenpix.org/press/PDF/GreenPix_press-kit_EN.pdf

Simone Giostra & Partners | Architectshttp://www.sgp-architects.com/

PVTVhttp://www.metropolismag.com/story/20040727/pv-tv-a-multifunctional-eco-friendly-building-material

MSKhttp://www.suntech-power.com/products/docs/catalogs/MSK_Discover_EN_v3_28Oct2008_lo.pdf

Monster Mediahttp://www.monstermedia.net/index.php

Covalent Solarhttp://www.covalentsolar.com/

Woehburkhttp://woehburk.de/en/index.php

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Innovate

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The polymer and anode layers are microscopic and can be applied using the same techniques found in laser printing. The human hair is approximately 200x the size. photovoltaic inks would be applied to the glass substrate, which is the same place that a silicon film would be applied to redirect radiant energy toward the edges. A frame would be necessary to conceal the mechanisms used to

redirect the energy from the panel.

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During the day, a building facade could absorb radiant energy using photovoltaic OLED panels.

ENVISION

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At night, these panels could become a display; these glass walls could become completely opaque, show video signage. the possi-bilities are endless.

ENVISION

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Addington, D. Michelle. Smart materials and new technologies for the architecture and design profes-sions. Amsterdam: Architectural, 2005. Print.

Architecture in the digital age design and manufacturing. New York, NY: Spon, 2003. Print.

Ritter, Axel. Smart Materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design. Boston: Birkhäuser Basel, 2006. Web.

Michael F. Ashby, Paulo J. Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek. Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and-Design, An Introduction for Engineers and Architects. Elsevier Ltd. 2009

compiled by materio. Material World 2: Innovative Materials for Architecture and Design. Amster-dam: Frame Publishers, 2006.

FURTHER RESOURCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials

http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/04/27/nomad_hum.html?category=human&guid=20070427103030Kennedy & Violich Architecture, Boston MA

http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=8087&ntid=122&pg=2

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/September/11090901.asp

http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerenehttp://cnst.rice.edu/

http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-04zb.html

http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=7966&ntid=122&pg=3

www.howstuffworks.com

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

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SMART MATERIALS

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