Terabit

An Ultrafast Optical Digital Technology

2.28.07

Terabit Corporation

Smart Light

Stanford University EE380

Terabit

Overview Background What and How

methodologyoptical state machines

Whysmartspeedpowersizecost

Historical PerspectiveSummary

Overview

Terabit

Overview Background What and How

methodologyoptical state machines

Whysmartspeedpowersizecost

Historical PerspectiveSummary

Background

Terabit

Background - Starlite Packet Switch

Pipelined State Machine Architecture (Batcher / Banyan)

32 inputs each at 100 Mb/s (1982)

evolved into AT&Ts First Broadband ATM Switch (1987)

927

92 7

92 7

927

Terabit

Background - Free Space Optical Switching / Computing at Bell Labs

4 Gates @ 10 KHz 216 sq. ft. (1984) 48 Gates @ 2 MHz 1 sq. ft. (1985)

4x48 Gates @ 2 MHz 4 sq. ft. (1986) 6x1024 Gates @ 50 MHz (1987)

Terabit

Technology - Beyond Electronics

Terabit

Sagnac Logic Gate

Input A

Output Y

Output X

Input Bpolarization coupler

fiber loop

counter propagating pulse streams

50/50 coupler

3 db coupler

Output C

polarization coupler

Terabit

Sagnac Logic Gate

1.6 Tb/s digital oscillator (Bell Labs 1993)2.5 Gb/s digital loop (Bell Labs 1993)

0-200 200

relative delay (ps.)

100

% tr

ansm

issi

on

Jitter Tolerance (Bell Labs 1992)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Intensity

Non-linear Transfer Function (Bell Labs 1990)

Terabit

Ultrafast All-Optical Time Division Multiplexing

Terabit

Overview Background What and How

methodologyoptical state machines

Whysmartspeedpowersizecost

Historical PerspectiveSummary

What and How?

Terabit

Methodology - Device

Application

State Machine

Device

Introduction to VLSI Systems by Mead and Conway

Terabit

Device Sagnac Logic Gate

Input A

Output Y

Output X

Input Bpolarization coupler

fiber loop

counter propagating pulse streams

50/50 coupler

3 db coupler

Output C

polarization coupler

Terabit

Methodology State Machines

Application

State Machine

Device

Terabit

Optical State Machine

electronic optical

Terabit

Pipelined WDM Optical State Machine

Terabit

Pipelined WDM Relay-Logic Optical State Machine

Terabit

Plumbing Simulations

Terabit

Logic Simulations

Terabit

Logic, plumbing, and juggling

PSPICE model

Terabit

power supply

D

D

X

Y

A

B

Time

0s 5ns 10ns 15ns 20ns 25ns 30ns 35ns 40ns 45ns 50nsV(Sagnac1:out_pwr)

-100mV

0V

100mV

200mV

300mV

400mV

500mV

600mV

Time

0s 20ns 40ns 60ns 80ns 100ns 120ns 140ns 160nsV(Sagnac1:out_pwr) V(ABM12:OUT)

-100mV

0V

100mV

200mV

300mV

400mV

500mV

Example: Analog Simulation of Optical Memory Loop

Terabit

Example: Analog Simulation of Sagnac Divide by 4 Circuit

Terabit

Minard Napoleons Moscow Campaign(The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Tufte)

How? Power vs. Time design methodology

Power vs. Time diagram for an interlaced optical state machine

optic

al p

ower

Lcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler Lfiber_loop Lcoupler Lsplitter

input(0 1 2 3)(8 9 10)

noiseASEdependent loss

Ldelay

Pclock_laser

Dcirculator Dsplitter Dcoupler Dfiber_loop Dcoupler Dsplitter

jitter tolerance

inputlclock

input(0 1 2 3)(8 9 10)noiseASE

outputvariable

S

DOR_module DLCAD_moduleDclock_module

Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0

outputvariable

C

optic

al p

ower

input Adependent

lossLfiber_loopLcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler

Lmux

Lcoupler Lsplitter Lcirculator

Ldemux

Lisolator

Lfiber_loopLcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler

Lmuxinput B

dependentlossLcoupler Lsplitter Lcirculator

Ldemux

Lfiber_loopLcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler

Lmux

feedbackvariable Cdependent

lossLcoupler Lsplitter Lcirculator

Dfiber_loopDcoupler Dcoupler Dsplitter Dcirculatoror

Ddelay

DdemuxDfiber_loopDmux Dcirculator Dsplitter Dcoupler Dcoupler Dsplitter Dcirculatoror

Ddelay

DdemuxDisolator Dmux Dcirculator Dsplitter Dmux Dcirculator DsplitterDfiber_loopDcoupler Dcoupler Dsplitter Dcirculatoror

Ddelay

Ddemux

jitter tolerance jitter tolerance jitter tolerance

DAND_moduleDAND_moduleDsource_module DAND_module

input01238910

inputvariable

A

inputvariable

B

inputvariable

C

Psource_laser

DOR_module

GOR_amp

DOR_amp

output(0 1 2 3)(8 9 10)noiseASE

LdemuxLmux

Dmux

noiseASE

Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0

Hetch Hetchy Hydraulical Map

Terabit

Methodology Applications

Application

State Machine

Device

Terabit

How? matching the speed of electronics to optics interlacing

Terabit

How? Optical Buffer algorithm

S0

M

P

S1

HD FIFOElement

S0

M

P

S1

HD FIFOElement

S0

M

P

S1

HD FIFOElement

...

B C

DA

input output

Terabit

Logic Simulations

Terabit

T

framesync

shutterSagnac

wavelengthconverterSagnac

wavelength todelay converter

t0 data out01

n

...

t1

tn

0

1

n

t0t1tn

T T T01n

t0t1tn

0

1

n

t0

t1

tn

Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Multiplexer

Demultiplexer

fra m es yn c

w a v e le n g thc o n v e r te r

S a g n a c

d e la y tow a v e le n g th

c o n v e r te r

0

1

n

...d a ta in

sh u t te rS a g n a c

t0t1tn

0

t0t1tn

1

t 0t1tn

n

t0

t1

tn 0

1

n

...

0

1

n

t0t1tn

T T T

t0t1tn

0

t 0t1tn

1

t0t1tn

n

t n

0

t1

1

t0

n

Terabit

Overview Background What and How

methodologyoptical state machines

Whysmartspeedpowersizecost

Historical PerspectiveSummary

Why?

Terabit

Why? Smart

State Machines = Logic + Delay = Logic + Memory

Terabit

Why? Speed Greater than 1 Tb/s

electronics 50 Gb/s

optics 1,250 Gb/s

optics = 25 x electronics

1.28 Tbit/s-70km OTDM transmission using third- and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation with a phase modulator, M. Nakazawa, T. Yamamoto, and K.R. Tamura, Electronics Letters, vol. 36, no. 24, pp. 2027, Nov. 23, 2000.

Terabit

Why? Power, Size, and Cost are independent of the data rate

1 secen

ergy

1 sec

ener

gy

10 Gb/s

100 Gb/s

400 Gb/s

The power consumption of the Sagnac gates, passive components, and optical amplifiers are independent of the data rate.

The size of the Sagnac gates, passive components, and optical amplifiers are independent of the data rate.

The cost of the Sagnac gates, passive components, and optical amplifiers are independent of the data rate.

Power consumption of a Sagnac gate

Terabit

Why? Electronics vs. Optics

pow

er

bits / sec

bits / sec

size

bits / sec

cost

size

bits / sec

optics

electronics

cost

bits / sec

optics

electronics

pow

er

bits / sec

optics

electronics

optics vs. electronics optics

Terabit

data rate

pow

er

data rate

pow

er

data rate

pow

er

Optical crossbar with electronic control (10% optical & 90% electronic) (1999)

Add / Drop Packet Ring (30% optical & 70% electronic) (2001)

Optical state machines(100% optical) (2005)

How? Power as a function of data rate and percent of electronics

Terabit

Overview Background What and How

methodologyoptical state machines

Whysmartspeedpowersizecost

Historical PerspectiveSummary

Historical Perspective

Terabit

Historical Perspective Enabling Experiments

1.6 Tb/s digital oscillator (Bell Labs 1993)2.5 Gb/s digital loop (Bell Labs 1993)

0-200 200

relative delay (ps.)

100

% tr

ansm

issi

on

Jitter Tolerance (Bell Labs 1992)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Intensity

Non-linear Transfer Function (Bell Labs 1990)

Terabit

Historical Perspective Methodology and Tools

logic

plumbing & timing

methodology

Application

State Machine

Device

plumbing

tools

Terabit

Historical Perspective Optical Time Domain Multiplexing

Bell Labs 1990 not 2.5 Gb/s

British Telcom 1995 not wireless

NTT 2000 not WDM

Terabit

physics EE CS

optical state machines

Historical Perspective Technological Evolution

Terabit

Historical Perspective Paradigm Shifts

control electronic > optical

multiplexing wavelength division > time division

switching circuit > packet

granularity circuit > bit

representation analog > digital

data rate / bandwidth electronic > optical

Terabit

Historical Perspective 20 / 20 Hindsight

Electrons (fermions) are for control while photons (bosons) are forcommunications (incorrect inference)

There is no such thing as optical memory (closed minded)

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is superior to time division multiplexing (TDM) (lack of perspective)

Optics is analog while electronics is digital (ignorance)

In an optical switch the same photon must come out the other end (ignorance)

There is no need to go faster than electronics since all the inputs areelectronic (lack of imagination)

Terabit

Overview Background What and How

methodologyoptical state machines

Whysmartspeedpowersizecost

Historical PerspectiveSummary

Summary

Terabit

Summary Technological Advantages

Smart logic and memory

Speed > 1.0 Tb/s

Power is independent of the Clock Rate

Size is independent of the Clock Rate

Cost is independent of the Clock Rate