Smart Irrigation Making Every Drop Count...Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) Irrigation...
Transcript of Smart Irrigation Making Every Drop Count...Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) Irrigation...
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Smart Irrigation – Making Every Drop
Count Master Gardner State Conference
Oct. 21-23, 2013
Michael D. Dukes, PhD., P.E., C.I.D. Agricultural & Biological Engineering
University of Florida/IFAS
clce.ifas.ufl.edu
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UF/IFAS Center for Landscape Conservation and Ecology
• Mission
– To protect and conserve Florida's natural resources
through research-based sustainable urban landscape
practices.
• Vision
– To be the leading source of science-based
information on horticulture and the urban environment
in Florida.
clce.ifas.ufl.edu
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Why Worry About Water?
• 17.5% population growth 20002010
• Florida will be 3rd most populous state by
2030
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Water – How Much and Where?
• How much water is used in the home?
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Water – How Much and Where?
• Total FL municipal consumption (2005):
– 95 gal/person/d
• 7,125 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 85,500 gal/yr
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Water – How Much and Where?
• Total FL municipal consumption (2005):
– 95 gal/person/d
• 7,125 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 85,500 gal/yr
• How much water is used indoors?
– Avg: 69 gal/person/d
• 5,175 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 62,100 gal/yr
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Water – How Much and Where?
• Total FL municipal consumption (2005): – 95 gal/person/d
• 7,125 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 85,500 gal/yr
• How much water is used indoors? – Avg: 69 gal/person/d
• 5,175 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 62,100 gal/yr
– High Efficiency homes: 43 gal/person/d • 3,200 gal/mon
• 38,400 gal/yr
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Water – How Much and Where?
• Total FL municipal consumption (2005): – 95 gal/person/d
• 7,125 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 85,500 gal/yr
• How much water is used indoors? – Avg: 69 gal/person/d
• 5,175 gal/mon (2.5 people/home)
• 62,100 gal/yr
– High Efficiency homes: 43 gal/person/d • 3,200 gal/mon
• 38,400 gal/yr
• How much water is used in FL landscapes?
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Mean Water Use Distribution (gal/mon)
4,861
5,283
Tampa Water Dept. 121,728 gal/yr
Indoor Irrigation
4,462
8,717
Orange Co. Utilities 158,148 gal/yr
Indoor Irrigation
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Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
De
pth
(in
ch
es
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Irrig Water Req - Turf 8 inch RZ
Precip
ETc
Irrigation Requirements Estimation
Turfgrass Annual Water Req. N FL, 33 inches/yr S FL, 43 inches/yr
=3,700 gal/1,000 sq ft
1” = 623 gal/1,000 sq ft
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Annual Irrig. Requirement Volume over 4,000 sq ft
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
North Central South
Gal
lon
s/ye
ar
Typical Low Req. High Eff.
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How Much Water Can Be Saved?
• *Toilets: 2,484 gal/yr
• *Dishwasher: 288 gal/yr
• *Washing Machine: 5,220 gal/yr
*DeOreo et al. 2011. California Single-family Water Use Efficiency Study
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How Much Water Can Be Saved?
• *Toilets: 2,484 gal/yr
• *Dishwasher: 288 gal/yr
• *Washing Machine: 5,220 gal/yr
• Irrigation Scheduling (25%): 18,837 gal/yr
– 240% of all indoor
*DeOreo et al. 2011. California Single-family Water Use Efficiency Study
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Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT)
Irrigation controllers that respond to conditions in the irrigated system to automatically adjust to plant needs
Soil moisture controllers (SMS)
Evapotranspiration (ET) based controllers
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Soil Moisture Sensor Controller
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Bypass Control: How Does It Work?
SMS Interface
Common
Timer
Switch
Hot
Water
Valve
Water W
Image credit: Melissa Baum Haley
Soil
Moisture
Sensor
(SMS)
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Bypass Control: How Does It Work?
SMS Interface
Soil
Moisture
Sensor
(SMS)
Common
Timer
Hot
Water
Valve
Water
Switch
Image credit: Melissa Baum Haley
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ET Controllers
• Can determine runtimes and days
• Programming is key!
– Soil type
– Plant type
– Microclimate
– Application rates
– Slope
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• Runoff and drainage assumed negligible for irrigation calculation
ET Controllers Calculate Plant Water Use
• Irrig = ET - Rain
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Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
De
pth
(in
ch
es
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Irrig Water Req - Turf 8 inch RZ
Precip
ETc
Irrigation Requirements Estimation
Turfgrass Annual Water Req. N FL, 33 inches/yr S FL, 43 inches/yr
=3,700 gal/1,000 sq ft
1” = 623 gal/1,000 sq ft
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Irri
gati
on
Sav
ings
(%
) Rainy
Dry
Research Based Irrigation Savings Potential
No d
ata
No d
ata
No d
ata
No d
ata
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Current
• Smart Controllers just a fraction of total
controller sales
• Utilities resistant to “count on” smart
controllers
• Everyone hesitant to change….
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OCU Smart Controller Demonstration Objectives
• Will smart controllers reduce irrigation on
moderate to high use single family
homes?
• What is effectiveness of ET vs. SMS
controllers?
• Impact on landscape quality?
• Customers feelings about technology?
clce.ifas.ufl.edu
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Smart Technologies
– ET Controller (ET) • Rain Bird ESP-
SMT
– Soil Moisture Sensor (SMS)
• Baseline WaterTec S100
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Determine Potential Cooperators
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Water Use Data • Gather monthly water billing records for 7 years (2003-
2009) from OCU for 8 locations in Orange County
Apopka
Windermere
Ocoee
Gotha
Winter Garden ORLANDO
Winter Park
Maitland
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• Per capita indoor use = 70 gal/person/d ~ 5,000 gal/month
• irrigable area = total lot area – built area
• Estimated irrigation expressed as depth (mm or inches) per month
Irrigation Estimation
monthly metered water use – per capita indoor water use irrigable area =
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• A soil water balance
(Dukes, 2007) was used to
calculate the irrigation
requirements from 2003-
2009.
• Every city had its own
inputs based on weather
and soil variability.
• Irrig = ET - Rain
Theoretical Irrigation Requirements Calculation
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Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
De
pth
(in
ch
es
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Irrig Water Req - Turf 8 inch RZ
Precip
ETc
Irrigation Requirements Estimation
Turfgrass Annual Water Req. N FL, 33 inches/yr S FL, 43 inches/yr
=3,700 gal/1,000 sq ft
1” = 623 gal/1,000 sq ft
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• Within each subdivision,
select customers that:
1) Exceed average
monthly theoretical limit
by 1.5-4 times,
and
2) Over-irrigate at least 3
months out of every
year from 2006-2008
Selecting Potential Homes Subdivision
If (1.5 x Theo.Limit) ≤ estimated irrigation ≤ (4 x Theo.Limit)
Customer 1
If customer over-irrigates
≥ 3 months every year
Potential Home
Customer 2
If customer over-irrigates
≥ 3 months every year
Potential Home
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Selection of High Irrigators
10 190 40 220 70 100 130 160 250 280 310 340 370 More 400 460 430
35,000
28,000
21,000
14,000
7,000
Nu
mb
er o
f cu
sto
mer
s
Estimated irrigation (mm month-1)
Theoretical limit
= 77 mm month-1
1. 5 times theoretical limit
= 116 mm month-1
4 times theoretical limit
= 308 mm month-1
Theoretical limit
= 77 mm month-1
Area where ‘potential
cooperators’ were
identified
7,407 possible participants
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Recruit Potential Cooperators
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Initial Questionnaire Respondents
• Of the OCU
service area,
– 7,407 met the
initial study
requirements
– 843 responded to
the questionnaire
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Criteria for Study Removal
• Of the 843 respondents, participants were removed from consideration unless they met the following requirements: – Utilized automatic time clock for irrigation
– Irrigation connected to potable water supply (not reclaimed)
– Lived in home for more than 2 years (2008 - 2009)
– Year round resident
– Owned home (does not rent)
– Indicated automatic or manual irrigation habits
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Criteria for Study Removal
• Some respondents chose to remove
themselves from the study due to:
– Lack of trust in that there were no fees or
products being sold
– Did not understand that there were future
commitments after the questionnaire
– Decided that future commitments to the study
were too much to handle
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Irrigation Inspection: The System Review
• Activate all zones
• Observe and document
which components are
not operating correctly – The Sprinkler System
Review form can help with
recording and reporting
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Low Pressure
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Broken Sprinklers
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“Promote Efficient
Irrigation”
Bad Seals
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“Promote Efficient
Irrigation”
Mismatched Sprinklers
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Statistics from On-site Evaluations
Location
Number Evaluated
Average Number of
Zones
Avg. Zone Area
(ft2)
Irrigating on Non-
watering Days (%)
Hunters Creek Area 54 4.3 967 9
Keenes Pointe Area 37 6.0 1267 3
N. Tanner Rd Area 29 4.0 896 10
Turtle Creek Area 28 4.7 1102 0
Waterford Lakes Area 96 3.7 1060 10
Not grouped 40 4.6 879 10
Total 284 4.3 1033 8
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Statistics from On-site Evaluations
• Minor problems
- 415 total
- Average of 1.5 per home
- 65% had at least 1 minor problem
• Major problems
- 59 total
- Average of 0.21 per home
- 15% had at least 1 major problem
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Map of Final Participants
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Select Treatments and
Install Equipment
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Summary of Treatments
– ET • Rain Bird ESP-SMT installed by contractor
• Received educational pamphlet in mail
– ET + Edu • Rain Bird ESP-SMT installed by contractor
• Follow-up visit from UF
• Physically handed educational pamphlet
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Summary of Treatments
– SMS • Baseline Watertec S100 installed by contractor
• Received educational pamphlet in mail
– SMS + Edu • Baseline Watertec S100 installed by contractor
• Follow-up visit from UF
• Physically handed educational pamphlet
– Comparison (MO) • No changes
clce.ifas.ufl.edu
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Summary of Final Participants
Group Name Soil type ETa ET + Edub SMSc SMS + Edu MOd Total
Hunters Creek A Flatwoods 4 4 4 4 4 20
Hunters Creek B Flatwoods 4 4 4 4 4 20
Keenes Pointe Area Sand 4 4 4 4 3 19
North Tanner Road Area Sand 0 5 0 5 5 15
Turtle Creek Area Sand 4 4 4 4 4 20
Waterford Lakes – East Flatwoods 4 4 4 4 4 20
Waterford Lakes – South Flatwoods 4 4 4 4 4 20
Waterford Lakes –West Flatwoods 4 4 4 4 4 20
Sweetwater Apopka Area Sand 0 5 0 5 3 13
Total 28 38 28 38 35 167
aET designates cooperators that received a Rain Bird ESP-SMT ET controller bEdu designates cooperators that received an on-site educational training cSMS designates cooperators that received a Baseline WaterTec S100 soil moisture sensor dMO designates cooperators that did not receive a technology
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Begin Monitoring
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Reference ET (ETo) & Rainfall
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
No
v-1
1
Dec
-11
Jan
-12
Feb
-12
Mar
-12
Ap
r-1
2
May
-12
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
Au
g-1
2
Sep
-12
Oct
-12
No
v-1
2
Dec
-12
Jan
-13
Feb
-13
Mar
-13
Ap
r-1
3
May
-13
Jun
-13
Tota
l De
pth
(in
)
Month
ETo (in)
Rainfall (in)
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Residential Avg. Irrigation
Treatments
Comparison ET ET+Edu SMS SMS+Edu
Avera
ge
We
ekly
Ir
rigation
App
lica
tio
n (
in)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Average Weekly Irrigation (in)
0.99 a
0.78 b
0.69 b0.77 b
0.53 c
Treatments
Comparison ET ET+Edu SMS SMS+Edu
Ave
rage
We
ekly
Ir
riga
tion
App
lica
tio
n (
in)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Average Weekly Irrigation (in)
1.22 a
1.1 a
0.77 b
0.82 b0.77 b
Sand Flatwoods
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Cumulative Irrigation
20%-30%
48% 25%-34%
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Turfgrass Quality
• What is the turfgrass quality rating?
3 8
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Turfgrass Quality
clce.ifas.ufl.edu Season
Before treatments Fall 2011 Winter 2011-2012 Spring 2012 Summer 2012 Fall 2012
Ave
rag
eT
urf
gra
ss Q
ua
lity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6.4 abcd6.7 c
6.2 d
6.6 c
7.6 a
Comparison
ET
ET+Edu
SMS
SMS+Edu
7.1 b
Preliminary*Results*• Turfgrass*Quality*
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Customer Concerns
– Too much irrigation/high water bill
– Too little irrigation
– Watering too soon after rainfall
– Non-functioning controller/sensor
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Customer Concerns
Treatment Count
ET 17
ET+Edu 25
SMS 8
SMS+Edu 21
Grand Total 71
Year Months Per Year Count
2011 8 29
2012 12 34
2013 6 8
Grand Total 71