27 February, 2015 Eklavya Sharma 12EBKEE031 Experiment No. 5/Page No.1

EXPERIMENT NO-5

Object:- Discuss about

(a)What do you mean by smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?

(b)What is need of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?

(c) What are various merits and benefits of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?

(d) Various technologies to make adjusting system into smart substation, smart distribution & Transmiss ion

system?

Theory:-

(a)Meaning of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system

Smart Substations: - The smart substation is the use of advanced, reliable, integrated, low- carbon,

environmentally friendly intelligent devices. Digital of all station information, network of communica t ion

platform and standardization of sharing information are the basic requirements to realize the automation of data

acquisition, measurement, control, protection, metering, monitoring and other basic functions. The smart

substation also supports the real-time automatic control, standardization, analytical decision-making online,

collaborative interaction and other advanced functions. Smart substation is one of the key parts of smart grid

and the network of process layer is an important foundation for smart substation which is related to the reliability

and real-time of data acquisition and switch control.

Fig 1:- Smart Substations

Smart feeders:- Feeder automation has a primary role because it provides the strongest business case for

utilities compared to other Smart Grid technologies. Feeder automation provides benefits that are six to eight

times the cost of the technology, and the payback period is well under three years. There are three applications

for feeder automation. The first is voltage control. By controlling the voltage on the feeders, utilities can control

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the demand or load. This can be done during on-peak times for peak load reduction, and it can be done during

off-peak times to reduce electricity consumption. Voltage control has always been used during peak periods

because it reduces the need to deploy peaking generation plants, which are very expensive. A typical utility is

in peak load periods for less than 100 hours in a year, and the last thing it wants to do is build a very expensive

plant or purchase expensive power for this short period of time. Off-peak voltage control, which hasn't been

used by utilities, would save utilities a tremendous amount of money. In the United States, the average voltage

at a person's home is 122.5 volts; however the ANSI standard is 114 to 126 volts. The higher the voltage at a

home, the higher the home's electric bill will be. But because utilities make revenue based on how muc h

electricity they sell, most utilities have no incentive to conserve. We've done studies showing that if you could

lower the voltage by 4.5 volts to 118 volts, for example, customers would not notice any difference at their

homes. Yet the change would free up a tremendous amount of infrastructure so a utility could better support

load growth without building new substations. Revenues would decrease however. The second application for

feeder automation is reactive power control. Reactive power takes up space on the electric system but it is not

used. We want our electric system to have a power factor of 1.0, which means all we have is real power (watts),

and no reactive power (VAR). We can eliminate reactive power by employing automation technologies to

switch capacitor banks on the feeders. The technology will improve the power factor, which reduces losses. A

feeder automation system deals with the "last mile" of electric power transmission to end-users in either

households or manufacturing sites. Building a feeder automation system often involves multiple IP-based

networks that make use of both wired and wireless architectures to construct many distributed systems based

on Feeder Terminal Units (FTUs).

Fig 2:-Feeder Automation

Transmission system:-

A successful transmission automation system is the foundation for a high level of functionality and flexibility

in energy usage. A smart transmission grid increases overall grid reliability and efficiency while reducing line

losses and faults. It incorporates decentralized energy sources, such as offshore wind farms, and delivers

electricity through the power lines on demand. An optimally engineered power transmission network must be

both economically viable and physically feasible. A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS)

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is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to

enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-

based system. FACTS are defined by the IEEE as "a power electronic based system and other static equipment

that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase

power transfer capability.

Series compensation:-In series compensation, the FACTS is connected in series with the power system. It

works as a controllable voltage source. Series inductance exists in all AC transmission lines. On long lines,

when a large current flows, this causes a large voltage drop. To compensate, series capacitors are connected,

decreasing the effect of the inductance

Shunt compensation:-In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS.

It works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types:

Shunt inductive compensation:-This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when

there is very low load at the receiving end. Due to very low, or no load – very low current flows through the

transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti effect).

The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long

transmission lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line. The power

transfer capability is thereby increased depending upon the power equation

Power angle

Fig3:- Modern transmission syste

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(b)Need of Smart Substation, Smart Feeders & Transmission system

Need of Smart Substation:-

Substation Automation for the Smart Grid The smart grid promises a more efficient way of supplying and

consuming energy. In essence, the smart grid is a data communications network integrated with the power grid

that enables power grid operators to collect and analyze data about power generation, transmission, distribut ion,

and consumption—all in near real time. Smart grid communication technology provides predictive information

and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.. The

existing supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) remote terminal unit (RTU) systems located inside

the substation cannot scale and evolve to support next-generation intelligence. Since flexible IEC 61850–

compliant intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and utility-grade rugged IP routers and Ethernet switches have

become more widely available, many utilities are now ready to transform their communications networks from

serial to IP-based communications. Figure shows the transition from a legacy substation to a next generation

substation.

The electric utility substation is extremely strategic to utility operations and business. Compared to other

systems in an electric utility network, the substation has the highest density of valuable information needed to

operate and manage a Smart Grid.

I've conducted several projects proving that IED installations deliver 20 percent or less of their potential

benefits. The problem undermines Smart Grid's promise of bringing together the operations and information

sides of a utility and perpetuates traditional utility culture in which the two sides of the business don't work

together. This disconnect prevents utilities from realizing more benefits from their substations and their

investments in substation IEDs.

I've identified several steps utilities need to follow to effectively address the 80 percent of untapped benefits

that substation automation can provide.

First, when buying IED devices, make sure that all the devices and the valuable data in the devices are known

by the different stakeholder groups in the utility. The usual practice today, when devices are being put in the

field, is for an individual group in the utility to become the primary owner of the device.

For example, the protection group buys a protective relay that will be connected to a circuit breaker in a

substation. The relay has information for that circuit breaker-such as the number of times the breaker operates

and the magnitude of the fault energy it interrupts-that maintenance personnel must have to determine when

maintenance is required on that device.

So the first step, when deploying IEDs, is making sure everyone is familiar with the devices that are in the

field, determining the operational and non-operational data contained in the devices and identifying the

primary stakeholders who may benefit from the data.

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The second step is to look at the operational and non-operational data within the devices and determine which

particular data points could help other business groups in the utility. Examples of these data points include

digital fault recorder records (waveforms) for protection; circuit breaker contact wear for maintenance; and

dissolved gas/moisture content in oil for maintenance. I have found that in addition to the operators in the

control center, there are 20 to 25 different business groups in a utility that could provide more value to their

organizations if they had access to this data. It's tremendous.

Need of Smart Feeders:-

Feeder automation has a primary role because it provides the strongest business case for utilities compared to

other Smart Grid technologies. Feeder automation provides benefits that are six to eight times the cost of the

technology, and the payback period is well under three years.

There are three applications for feeder automation. The first is voltage control. By controlling the voltage on

the feeders, utilities can control the demand or load. This can be done during on-peak times for peak load

reduction, and it can be done during off-peak times to reduce electricity consumption.

Voltage control has always been used during peak periods because it reduces the need to deploy peaking

generation plants, which are very expensive. A typical utility is in peak load periods for less than 100 hours

in a year, and the last thing it wants to do is build a very expensive plant or purchase expensive power for this

short period of time.

Off-peak voltage control, which hasn't been used by utilities, would save utilities a tremendous amount of

money. In the United States, the average voltage at a person's home is 122.5 volts; however the ANSI standard

is 114 to 126 volts. The higher the voltage at a home, the higher the home's electric bill will be. But because

utilities make revenue based on how much electricity they sell, most utilities have no incentive to conserve.

They make more money if they deliver electricity at higher voltages.

The third application, called Fault Detection Isolation Restoration (FDIR), is used to improve the reliability

of the system. When a disturbance occurs in the distribution network, the technology automatically detects the

disturbance and locates it. The system will open up switches on either side of the faulted segment to isolate it

and restore service around that faulted segment, which improves the reliability of the system.

Improving reliability of the system is important for consumers, of course, but utilities have strategic reasons

to do this too. Utilities must report reliability performance to the power pools they're part of and their

performance is ranked according to various reliability indices. That's why this is important. If a utility is not

doing well it's not a secret.

.

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Need of Smart Transmission System:-

Electric-power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrica l

substations located near demand centers. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage

substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. Transmission lines,

when interconnected with each other, become transmission networks. The combined transmission and

distribution network is known as the "power grid" in North America, or just "the grid". In the United Kingdom,

the network is known as the "National Grid".

A wide area synchronous grid, also known as an "interconnection" in North America, directly connects a large

number of generators delivering AC power with the same relative frequency, to a large number of consumers.

For example, there are four major interconnections in North America (the Western Interconnection,

the Eastern Interconnection, the Quebec Interconnection and the Electric Reliability Council of

Texas (ERCOT) grid), and one large grid for most of continental Europe.

.

Historically, transmission and distribution lines were owned by the same company, but starting in the 1990s,

many countries have liberalized the regulation of the electricity market in ways that have led to the separation

of the electricity transmission business from the distribution business.

Europe needs smart electricity transmission system.

The recent JRC review of existing methods for transmission planning and for grid connection of wind power

plants presents the state of the art in this field and points the way for future developments. The report's

findings and recommendations include:

• Transmission planning must change drastically to accommodate market liberalisation and increased

integration of wind and other sources of renewable power.

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• Grid expansion should focus on achieving better coordination between Transmission System Operators

(TSOs) through integrated strategic planning and cross-border cooperation.

• Transmission planners should take a smarter approach to integrating ‘variable' power sources such as wind,

solar, hydro and wave, which do not generate consistent levels of power (e.g. by balancing the variable

power with storage technologies).

• A more harmonised and market-based framework is required to overcome planning and regulatory

differences at national level, and to realise the potential synergies between offshore energy projects and

cross-border trade in electricity.

In the EU, electricity grids are among low carbon energy technologies assessed as part of the strategy to

achieve energy and climate change policy targets (which include a 20% reduction of CO2 emissions and a

20% share of renewables in overall EU energy consumption by 2020; this translates to 30-35% of electricity

consumption covered by renewable energy sources).

(c) What are various merits & demerits of smart substations, smart feeders and smart

transmission system?

Merits of smart substations:-

● Reduce operations expense: The future substation reduces operational expenses by converging multip le

controls and monitoring systems onto a single IP network while helping ensure higher priority for grid

operational and management traffic. This network convergence enables utility companies to reduce power

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outages and service interruptions as well as decrease response times by quickly identifying, isolating,

diagnosing, and repairing faults.

● Reduce capital expense: Substation automation can be the enabling technology for mass-scale peak load

shaving and demand response, which will reduce the need to build as many power plants to meet peak demand.

● Enable distributed intelligence: As network intelligence expands beyond the control center out into the

substations, new applications can be developed that enable distributed protection, control, and automation

functions.

● Meet regulatory compliance: For many governments, utilities are considered critical infrastructure and have

economic and national security concerns. Because of this, various regulatory mandates exist or are emerging

that requires utilities to secure, monitor, and manage their critical data networks in accordance with regulatory

requirements, such as NERC-CIP.

● Improve grid security: Grid security is not just about securing the electronic security perimeter (ESP) in the

substation; it is also about creating a secure end-to-end architecture that maximizes visibility into the entire

network environment, devices, and events.

Demerits of smart substations:-

Aging infrastructure increases energy consumption on large scale.

Scalability is required to facilitate the operation of the power grid.

QoS mechanism must be provided to safety the communication requirements between suppliers and consumers.

Costly and complex.

Merits of smart feeders:-

Voltage Control: By controlling the voltage on the feeders, utilities can control the demand or load. This can be

done during on-peak times for peak load reduction, and it can be done during off-peak times to reduce electric ity

consumption.

Reactive power control: We want our electricity system to have a power factor of 1.0, which means all we have

is real power and no reactive power. We can eliminate reactive power by employing automation technologies

to switch capacitor banks on the feeders.

Fault Detection Isolation Restoration (FDIR):It is used to improve the reliability of the system.

Distribution Management System: It is the control center. The DMS manages the increasing complexity of the

distribution system, for integrating renewable generation into the distribution system.

Demerits of smart feeders:-

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Complex in structure.

High capital and operating cost.

Constrained about the regulatory framework.

Lack of awareness.

Skilled and trained persons are required to operate the grid with smart feeders.

Merits of smart transmission system:-

Reliability.

Emergency support.

Improved Reliability.

Higher asset utilization.

Better integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and renewable energy.

Reduced operating costs for utilities.

Increased efficiency and conservation.

Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions.

Demerits of smart transmission system:-

Expensive: Converter stations needed to connect to AC power grids are very expensive.

Complex: Controlling power flow in such systems requires continuous communication between all termina ls,

as power flow must be actively regulated by the control system instead of by the inherent properties of the

transmission line.

Capacities: The number of substations within a modern multi-terminal HVDC transmission system can be no

larger than six to eight, and large differences in their capacities are not allowed. The larger the number of

substations, the smaller may be the differences in their capacities.

Radio Noise: The high-frequency constituents found in direct current transmission systems can cause radio

noise in communications lines that are situated near the HVDC transmission line. To prevent this, it is necessary

to install expensive “active” filters on HVDC transmission lines.

Difficult Grounding: Smart transmission system a complex and difficult installation, as it is necessary to

construct a reliable and permanent contact to the Earth for proper operation and to eliminate the possible creation

of a dangerous “step voltage.”

The flow of current through the Earth in monopole systems can cause the electro-corrosion of underground

metal installations, mainly pipelines.

(d)Various technologies to make adjusting system to smart substations, smart

distribution and smart transmission

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Latest Technology To Be Used For Smart Substations

Use of Superconductors for transmission lines, Transformers, Generators, HT Cables Generators, HT Cables.

The sophisticated revenue models they will employ to shape customers' behavior.

Easy to install, low-cost sensors to measure energy use with high resolution.

Networked power electronics for everything from solid state, New Technology development opportunities,

lighting to solar micro-inverters inverters.

Grid-scale electricity storage to buffer transients in s ents in supply and demand.

Electrified-vehicle infrastructure including batteries and charging stations ( Few MW).

Universal Remote Control to a Set-top Box which includes Home includes Home Control.

Fuel Cell.

Analytical Tools

System performance monitoring, simulation, and prediction

Phasor measurement analysis

Weather prediction and integration

Ultra-fast load flow analysis

Market system simulation

High-speed computing

Different communication choices like

Broadband over power

New Technology Development opportunities line

Wide-area monitoring system (WAMS)

Dynamic line rating technology

Conductor/ compression connector sensor

Insulation contamination leakage current sensor

Electronic instrument transformer

Fault-testing recloser

Latest Technology to Be Used For Smart Distribution

Integrated communications: Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response,

distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems,

wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber optics.

Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system

reliability, asset utilization, and security.

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Sensing and measurement: Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter

reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating (typically based on online readings by

Distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic

signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables,

backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.

Smart meters: A smart grid often replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in

real time. Often this technology is referred to as Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) since meters alone

are not useful in and of themselves and need to be installed in conjunction with some type of communicat ions

infrastructure to get the data back to the utility (wires. fiber, WiFi, cellular, or power-line carrier). Advanced

Metering Infrastructure may provide a communication path extending from power generation plants on one

end all the way to end-use electrical consumption in homes and businesses.

Phasor Measurement units: High speed sensors called PMUs distributed throughout a transmission network

can be used to monitor the state of the electric system. PMUs can take measurements at rates of up to 30 times

per seconds, which is much faster than the speed of existing SCADA technologies

Smart power generation using advanced components: Smart power generation is a concept of matching

electricity production with demand using multiple identical generators which can start, stop and operate

efficiently at chosen load, independently of the others, making them suitable for base load and peaking power

generation. Matching supply and demand, called load balancing, is essential for a stable and reliable supply of

electricity.

Advanced control: Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid

disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key areas. Three

technology categories for advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent agents (control systems),

analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operational applications (SCADA,

substation automation, demand response, etc.).

Improved interfaces and decision support: Technologies include visualization techniques that reduce large

quantities of data into easily understood visual formats, software systems that provide multiple options when

systems operator actions are required, and simulators for operational training.

Latest Technology To Be Used For Smart Transmission

Smart Transmission

A successful transmission automation system is the foundation for a high level of functionality and flexibility

in energy usage. A smart transmission grid increases overall grid reliability and efficiency while reducing line

losses and faults.

27 February, 2015 Eklavya Sharma 12EBKEE031 Experiment No. 5/Page No.12

New materials and alternative clean energy resources. The application of new materials and devices in power

systems will improve the efficiency of power supply by increasing power transfer capabilities, reducing energy

losses, and lowering construction costs. The high penetration of alternative clean energy resources will mitiga te

the conflicts between the human society development and environment sustainability.

Advanced power electronics and devices. Advanced power electronics will be able to greatly improve the

quality of power supply and flexibility of power flow control.

Communications. Adaptive communication networks will allow open-standardized communication protocols

to operate on a unique platform. Real-time control based on a fast and accurate information exchange in different

plat- forms will improve the system resilience by the enhancement of system reliability and security, and

optimization of the transmission asset utilization.

Advanced computing and control methodologies. High-performance computing, parallel, and distributed

computing technologies will enable real-time modeling and simulation of complex power systems. The accuracy

of the situation awareness will be improved for further suitable operations and control strategies. Advanced

control methodologies and novel distributed control paradigms will be needed to automate the entire customer -

centric power delivery network.

Mature power market regulation and policies. The mature regulation and policies should improve the

transparency, liberty, and competition of the power market. High customer interaction with the electricity

consumption should be enabled and encouraged.

Intelligent technologies. Intelligent technologies will enable fuzzy logic reasoning, knowledge discovery, and

self-learning, which are important ingredients integrated in the implementation of the above advanced

technologies to build a smarter transmission grid. The application of the technologies will be discussed in detail

in concert with smart control centers, smart transmission networks, and smart substations in Sections III to V

Smart sensing and measurement and advanced instrumentation technologies will serve as the basis for

communications, computing, control, and intelligence.

Result:-We have successfully study about-

(a)What do you mean by smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?

(b)What is need of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?

(c) What are various merits and benefits of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?

(d) Various technologies to make adjusting system into smart substation, smart distribution & Transmiss ion

system?