Smart Grid Communicationssite.iugaza.edu.ps/mtastal/files/SG_comm_2021-IntroZigbee.pdf · child...
Transcript of Smart Grid Communicationssite.iugaza.edu.ps/mtastal/files/SG_comm_2021-IntroZigbee.pdf · child...
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Acknowledgment
This presentation is prepared based on :
1. PPT of Course: Fundamentals of Smart Grid Design andAnalysis, that was prepared by eSCO: www.eAcademy.ps
2. Smart Grid Course, Topic 3, of Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering Texas Tech University
2
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CONTENT
CONTENT
1
2
NIST Conceptual Reference Model for Smart Grid
Smart Grid Technologies
• Overview, applications, & products
• Wireless channels & Packet structure • Device classes & addressing
• Routing (assignment)
2 ZigBee
• Collocation problem & Z-wave alternative
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• Each domain involves its own actors and applications.
• Interactions across 7 Smart Grid Domains:
Texas Tech University
Composition of the Smart Grid
NIST Conceptual Reference Model for Smart Grid
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• Each domain involves its own actors and applications.
• Interactions across 7 Smart Grid Domains:
Composition of the Smart Grid
NIST Conceptual Reference Model for Smart Grid
• Consumers:
• The end users of electricity.
• May also generate/store electricity.
• Traditionally: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial.
• Market:
• Participants in wholesale market: day‐ahead, hour‐ahead,...
• Involves prediction, bidding, auctions, …
• Service Providers:
• Organizations providing service to:
• Both utilities and consumers.
• ISPs, Cell Phone Companies, Aggregators,…
• Operations:
• Independent System Operators (ISOs)
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTOs)
• Bulk Generation:
• Major Power Plants.
• Transmission:
• Carriers of bulk electricity over long distances.
• Distribution:
• Distribution of electricity to (and from!)
consumers.
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Composition of the Smart Grid
NIST Model for Smart Grid Information Network
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•There are two questions to answer:
✓ How can different smart grid entities exchange
messages?
✓ What kind of messages (and why) should they
exchange?
Texas Tech University
➢ Our focus in Topic 3 is on the first question.
•We want to learn which communication technologies may help.
Smart Grid communications?
Smart Grid Communications
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• In particular, we cover these communications technologies:
Smart Meter
Aggregator
PLC IP WMN
ZigBee (Home Area Network)
Substations
Operation
Sensors
PLC IP/IEC
Texas Tech University
Smart Grid communications?
Smart Grid Communications
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ZigBee
Texas Tech University
ZigBee
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• ZigBee is a working group to promote IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Texas Tech University
ZigBee
ZigBee Overview
• EEE 802.15 is for Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN)✓ 802.15.1: Bluetooth✓ 802.15.2: Co‐existence (e.g., with WLAN)✓ 802.15.3: High Rate WPAN via Ultra wideband (UWB)✓ 802.15.4: Low Rate
Low Power Consumption / Long Battery Life
Inexpensive!
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802.16
WiMAX
802.11
WiFi
802.15
WPAN
Freq 2 – 11GHz 2.4GHz Varies
Range 31 miles 100 Meters 10 Meters
R 70 Mbps 11 - 110Mbps 20k – 55Mbps
Nodes Thousands Dozens Dozens
•WPAN vs WLAN/WiFi and WMAN/WiMax
* Data for 802.16a and 802.11a
ZigBee
ZigBee Overview
•Simpler and Less Expensive than Bluetooth
✓ Cost: One fourth of Bluetooth
✓ Complexity:▪ Complex ZigBee Nodes: 10% Code of a Bluetooth node
▪ Simple ZigBee Nodes: 2% Code of a Bluetooth node
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ZigBee
ZigBee Application
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• Automatic Notification: Call the owner if problem occurs.
• Door Control: When the door is locked, lights are turned off.
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ZigBee
ZigBee Building Solution
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•Smart appliances can also communicate with smart meters.
• Example: They can obtain prices and adjust their load. (Demand Response topic)
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ZigBee
ZigBee Building Solution
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•ZigBee solutions by Texas Instrument (TI) at different layers:
• Refer to TI’s ZigBee pages for more detail.
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ZigBee
ZigBee Products
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ZigBee Protocol Stack
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• There are four layers in ZigBee Protocol Stack:
User Defined
ZigBee Alliance
Texas Tech University
IEEE 802.15.4
[DE: Data Entity, ME: Management Entity, SAP: Service Access Point]
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• ZigBee devices may use different frequency bands:
PHYFrequency
Band
Channel
NumberingBit Rate
868 MHz 868 – 870 MHz 0 20 kb/s
915 MHz 902 – 928 MHz 1 - 10 40 kb/s
2.4 GHz 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz 11 - 26 250 kb/s
ZigBee
ZigBee Wireless Channel
• Frequency channels used by ZigBee devices:
868.3 MHz
Channel 0
Channels 1‐10
Channels 11‐26928 MHz902 MHz 5 MHz
2 MHz
2.4835 GHz
2.4 GHz
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ZigBee
ZigBee Wireless Channel
868.3 MHz
Channel 0
Channels 1‐10
Channels 11‐26
928 MHz902 MHz
5 MHz
2 MHz
2.4835 GHz
2.4 GHz
• Some of the features for co‐existence at certain bands:
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
• End‐to‐end ACK and Retransmission
• Built‐in Channel Scanning / Find Available Channels
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ZigBee
ZigBee Packet Structure
• Packet Fields [specified by IEEE 802.15.4]:• Preamble: 32 bits for synchronization• Start of Packet Delimiter: 8 bits• PHY Header: 8 bits / indicates PSDU length, etc.• PSDU: 0 to 127 bytes of data
PreambleStart of
PacketDelimiter
PHYHeader
PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
6 Bytes 0‐127 Bytes
•Inside PSDU:
CRCLink Layer PDUPC ADDR DSN PC: Addressing Mode FlagsADDR: AddressDSN: Data Sequence NumberCRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
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•All Devices Have Address:
•Two‐bytes: We can have up to 65,536 nodes (Q: Why?)
•Addressing Modes:
•Star
• Peer‐to‐Peer
• Cluster Tree
Addressing Modes Depend on the Network Topology.
[We will see more on topologies…]
Texas Tech University
ZigBee
ZigBee Device Addressing
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• ZigBee has two main Device Classes (in term of capabilities) :
1. Full Function Device (FFD)
✓ Available in any topology
✓ Can become a network coordinator
✓ Talks to any other device
2. Reduced Function Device (RFD)
✓ Limited to star topology
✓ Cannot become a network coordinator
✓ Talks to only a network coordinator
✓ Simpler Implementation & less power consumption
ZigBee
ZigBee Device Classes
• Each ZigBee network has one network coordinator.• It initiates network formation.• We need at least one Full Function Device. (Q: Why?)
• Other devices can be either FFD or RFD.
• FFDs that are not network coordinator act as routers.• Recall that RFDs only talk to the network coordinator.
in term of functionality
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Q: Can we build a mesh topology with RFDs only?
ZigBee
ZigBee Network Topologies
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ZigBee
ZigBee Network Topologies
Network Coordinator initiatesthe network formation.
ZigBee routers help expanding the network
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We can form Tree Clusters.
ZigBee
ZigBee Network Topologies
• Each cluster has one FFD as its root.
• The root for the overall tree is the
network coordinator.
• They allow routing with minimum
overhead.
• The tree may span physically large
areas.
• In total, we can have 255 clusters of 254
nodes = 64,770 nodes.
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ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
• For each new node (i.e., associated device):
•A unique address is allocated by parent (router/coordinator)
•Recall that the parent can only be a FFD.
• The max number of devices that a parent can support = 32.
• Two types of addresses:
•Network Address: 16‐bit, only unique in this network
•Extended Address: 64‐bit, unique in all networks
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ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
•The following network attributes are important:
✓ nwkcMaxDepth:
•The maximum absolute depth allowed in this
network.
✓ nwkMaxDepth (Lm):
•The maximum absolute depth a particular device
can have.
✓ nwkMaxChildren (Cm):
•The maximum number of children a device is
allowed to have.
✓ nwkMaxRouters (Rm):
•The maximum number of routers a device can
have as children, and it set by the coordinator The network attributes for a
node/router with absolute depth d:
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•These attributes let us compute:
✓ the function Cskip(d): Size of address block allocated by each parent at
depth d. A FFD parent withCskip(d) > 0 may accept
child devices.
• A parent assigns addresses to children based on whether the child is router
capable or not.
• Let Aparent denote the address of a parent at depth d.
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
Router Capable Child: [nth such child at depth d+1] • End‐Device Child: [mth suchchild at depth d+1]
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• Note that each child needs an address.
• A router child also needs an address block for its future children.
• Overall Idea: Assure having unique addresses for all nodes.
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
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• Example: Rm = 1, Cm = 2, and Lm = 3.
• Cskip(0) = 1 + 2 x (3 – 0 – 1) = 5• Cskip(1) = 1 + 2 x (3 – 1 – 1) = 3• Cskip(2) = 1 + 2 x (3 – 2 – 1) = 1
Block with 5 Addresses
Block with 3 Addresses
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
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• Consider addressing at the network coordinator with ANC = 0.
• Router Child:
Addr = 0 + 5 x 1 + 1 = 6• End‐device Child:
Block: 1…5
Block with 3 Addresses
0
1 6
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
• At the router node at depth 1 with Aparent = 1.
• Router Child: Addr = 1 + 3 x (1 – 1) + 1 = 2Addr Block = 2 … 1 + 3 x 1 = 2 … 4
• End‐device Child:
Block: 1…5
Block: 2…4
0
1 6
2 5
Addr = 0 + 5 x (1 – 1) + 1 = 1Addr Block = 1 … 5 x 1 = 1 … 5
Addr = 1 + 3 x 1 + 1 = 5
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• Example: Rm = 2, Cm = 4, and Lm = 3.
• Cskip(0) = (1 + 4 – 2 – 4 x 23‐0‐1) / (1‐2) = 13
• Cskip(1) =
• Cskip(2) =
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
Your Job: Choose the addresses and address blocks!
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• Q: What if the topology is not complete?
• Q: What if the topology is not star? Does it affect addresses?
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
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• This routing mechanism is particularly good for tree topologies.
• Although it works for other topologies as well.
• However, for more complex networks, ZigBeeuses:
• AODV: Ad‐hoc On‐demand DistanceVector
• Uses Bellman‐Ford (BF) Equation as a DV algorithm…
• But first it requires route discoveryon‐demand
ZigBee
ZigBee Addressing
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• Based on initial slides of given in Moodle, explain the ZigBee
routing mechanism (deliverables : 15 minutes video)
ZigBee
ZigBee Routing
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• In addition to medium access control:
• They should automatically avoid common channels.
Ref
:P. Y
iet
al.
• ZigBee and WiFi collocate at 2.4 GHz Frequency Band
ZigBee
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
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• ZigBee (or WiFi or both) should search for unused channels.
Ref
:P. Y
iet
al.
• ZigBee and WiFi collocate at 2.4 GHz Frequency Band
WiFi:
ZigBee:
(3 Orthogonal Channels)
ZigBee
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
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• An Algorithm for ZigBee Channel Switching:
• PER: Packet Error Rate
• To be checked by End‐Device
• LQI: Link Quality Indicator
• To be checked by Router / Coordinator
• Strength of Received Packets
• From 0 to 255 [Strongest]
• ED: Energy Detection
• RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator
Ref
:P. Y
iet
al.
ZigBee
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
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• Experimental Results by P. Yi et al. to obtain:
• Safe Distance
• Safe Offset Frequency
• WiFI Uplink and Downlink as source of interference on ZigBee:
Ref
:P. Y
iet
al.
PER vs Distance (Meter)
ZigBee
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
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• At 7 MHz Frequency Offset, “Safe Distance” is 5 Meter.
PER vs Distance (Meter)
Ref
:P. Y
iet
al.
ZigBee
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
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• 8 MHz is “Safe Frequency Offset” regardless of Distance.
• We can do similar experiments for other technologies.
• One can also study ZigBee interference on WiFi [the reverse!].
Ref
:P. Y
iet
al.
PER vs Distance (Meter)
ZigBee
ZigBee Collocation with WiFi
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• An alternative home area networking technology for ZigBee:
• To resolve ZigBee/WiFi collocation problem.
• Z‐Wave operates at around 900 MHz band
• It does not collocate with WiFi
• It may compete with some cordless telephones
ZigBee
Z-Wave
![Page 42: Smart Grid Communicationssite.iugaza.edu.ps/mtastal/files/SG_comm_2021-IntroZigbee.pdf · child devices. •Aparent assigns addresses to children based on whether the child is router](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071517/613bee77f8f21c0c82694732/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Similar to ZigBee, Z‐Wave aims to build a “smart home”:
• A wireless HAN “ecosystem”
Z‐Wave appliances can participate in AMI, AMR, and Demand Response
ZigBee
Z-Wave