Crosslinkers

New powder coating crosslinker VESTAGONreg EP-HA 376 3

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures 8

Under the INXELtrade brand Evonik Industries off ers pigment preparations in granule form for solvent-based coating sys-tems (see Table) The INXELtrade A series is based on high-quality color and carbon black pigments All colors from the RAL Classic Color series can be produced using the easy to disperse INXEL preparations These new preparations can be utilized in a number of applications e g UV-curing systems as well as solvent-based coatings and printing inks

Easy-to-Disperse Pigment Preparations in Granule Form

Editorial

INXELtrade pigment preparations off er the following advantages

free of VOC

dust-free handling

simple incorporation ndash no milling necessary

less production time

excellent stabilization of pigments leading to perfect color development

easy and precise dosage of granules

good solubility in common solvents

broad compatibility with most binder systems used for solvent based coatings

The dispersion of powder pigments requires a wetting step subsequently followed by milling applying high sheer

forces Typically bead mills are used for the dispersion step To achieve the desired fi neness of grind the milling equipment o en runs for long times This leads to high equipment o en runs for long times This leads to high energy consumption low fl exibility in the production and high cleaning- and maintenance eff ort Insuffi cient dispersion of the pigment powder can lead to problems with color development and stabilization Pigment powders create a lot of dust Therefore diff erent colors o en have to be processed in locally separated areas of the production plant

Some paint manufacturers use liquid pigment disper-sions These products contain a lot of solvent which increase the content of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the coatings formulations Many of these dis-persions have a limited shelf life and the pigments tend to settle

Continued on page 2

Additives

TEGOreg Dispers 670 4

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings 6

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a Contradiction 7

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 12

Coloring

Easy-to-Dispers Pigment Preparations in Granule Form 1

New Developements Consider-ing Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems 9

Resin Components

VISIOMERreg ndash The New Brand for Methacrylic Monomers 3

New Polymerization Plant in China 3

Crosslinking at Ambient Temperature 7

A Quantum Leap in MMA Technology 11

Resins

New Production Plants Go on Stream in China 3

Silicone Hybrids in a Maritime Environment 4

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F 7

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment Formulations 10

Smart FormulatingJournal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Issue 06March 2009

Coloring

Smart Formulating

for CoatingsEuropean Coatings Show 2009

Hall 7 A Booth 317

Visit us at our booth

Dear Mesdames and Sirs

Yoursquore holding the sixth issue of our Smart Formulating Journal In this maga-zine for our paint and coatings business partners wersquod like to show you up close what a few of our products and services for the coatings market look like At the

same time wersquod like to tell you about our latest innovations and where our developments are heading

The coatings market is a major submarket for Evonikrsquos chemical subsidiary A er all we generate 14 percent of our chemicals-based sales revenues worldwide in this innovative and dynamic market segment And this fi gure keeps growing Wersquore doing quite a lot to ensure that we continue to reach this growth For example wersquore investing nearly 4 percent of our sales revenues in research for new coating raw materials and technologies In addition our Paints amp Coatings Industry Team is identifying current market trends thus helping gear the research projects to the demands of the market This research work is whatrsquos more also supported by a network of researchers and technical service engineers which was established years ago These people come from our area of competence called Coating amp Bonding Technologies At the same time we exchange ideas with our other fi ve areas of competence such as Biotechnology so wersquore working on the problems of tomorrow and the problems of the day a er tomorrow

With you our customers we want to achieve profi table growth in a way that fosters partnership We support you not only with new products some of which are customized but also with our network of experts Wersquore thus able to off er you comprehensive service In all coatings matters we want to be the professional contact all our customers like to work with

We look forward to your comments and to continuing our valuable dialogue with you

Best regards

Dr Thomas HaeberleMember of the board of Evonik Degussa GmbH

2 Smart Formulating Journal

Technical Contactat-inxelevonikcomwwwevonikcom fp

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

Easy-to-Disperse Pigment Preparations in Granule Form

Continued from page 1

Pigment Preparations of the INXELtrade A Series for Solvent Based Coating Systems

INXELtrade Grade Pigment Class Colour Index Pigment Concentration

INXELtrade White A001 Titanium Dioxide Pigment White 6 75

INXELtrade Yellow A101 Isoindoline Pigment Yellow 139 45

INXELtrade Yellow A102 Quinophthalone Pigment Yellow 138 50

INXELtrade Yellow A103 Bismuth Vanadate Pigment Yellow 184 70

INXELtrade Yellow A104 Synthetic iron oxide α-FeOOH Pigment Yellow 42 60

INXELtrade Yellow A105 Mixed oxide Pigment Yellow 216 60

INXELtrade Orange A201 Diketo-pyrrol-pyrrole Pigment Orange 40

INXELtrade Red A301 Diketo-pyrrol-pyrrole Pigment Red 254 40

INXELtrade Red A302 Synthetic iron oxide α-Fe2O3 Pigment Red 101 60

INXELtrade Red A303 Quinacridone Pigment Red 122 30

INXELtrade Red A304 Anthraquinone Pigment Red 177 30

INXELtrade Violet A401 Quinacridone Pigment Violet 19 30

INXELtrade Violet A402 Dioxazine Pigment Violet 23 30

INXELtrade Blue A501 Cu phthalocyanine beta Pigment Blue 15 4 40

INXELtrade Blue A502 Cu phthalocyanine alpha Pigment Blue 15 2 40

INXELtrade Green A601 Cu phthalocyanine Pigment Green 7 40

INXELtrade Brown A801 Chrome antimony titanium dioxide Pigment Brown 24 60

INXELtrade Black A901 Carbon Black Tinting 95 nm Pigment Black 6 35

INXELtrade Black A902 Carbon Black High Colour 17 nm Pigment Black 7 30

INXELtrade Black A903 Carbon Black Regular Colour 25 nm Pigment Black 7 40

INXELtrade Black A904 Carbon Black Low Colour Tinting 50 nm

Pigment Black 7 35

INXELtrade Black A905 Carbon Black High Colour 13 nm Pigment Black 7 25

INXELtrade pigment preparations are uniform dry and dust-free granules with dia-meters of 1 ndash 3 mm INXELtrade pigment preparations are free of VOC The granules are produced using a combination of mixing and extrusion Together with suitable addi-tives the pigment is fi nely dispersed and stabilized within an aldehyde resin matrix The carrier resin of the INXELtrade A series for solvent-based coating systems is non-yellowing showing a good solubility in the most common solvents and a broad com-yellowing showing a good solubility in the most common solvents and a broad com-patibility with most resins used for solvent-based coating systems

The granular INXELtrade pigment preparations are incorporated into the coating raw The granular INXELtrade pigment preparations are incorporated into the coating raw materials within 15 to 45 minutes by use of a dissolver The preparation of a con-materials within 15 to 45 minutes by use of a dissolver The preparation of a con-centrated pigment paste is simply reduced to a complete solubilization of the carrier centrated pigment paste is simply reduced to a complete solubilization of the carrier resin Milling of the pigment is not necessary anymore leading to time and energy resin Milling of the pigment is not necessary anymore leading to time and energy savings when producing the coating

TEM pictures of microtome cuts of dry coatings show the excellent dispersion of the TEM pictures of microtome cuts of dry coatings show the excellent dispersion of the pigment particles a er solubilization of the INXELtrade resin matrix in comparison to pigment particles a er solubilization of the INXELtrade resin matrix in comparison to the conventional dispersion of the respective pigment powders (Figure 1)

Colored coatings based on INXELtrade pigment preparations o en show better chroma brilliance and transparency compared to coatings based on the respective pigment powders because the dispersion of the pigment in the granules is close to 100

In acrylate coating formulations INXELtrade pigment preparations based on Carbon Black Pigments show high jetness (high MY values) and an excellent stabilization expressed by a strong bluish undertone (high dM values) (Figure 2) The coloristic results are either comparable to or better than the results of coatings based the respective pig-ments dispersed by conventional milling

Usage of INXELtrade pigment preparations in coatings for the coil coating application does not aff ect the mechanical properties of the coating Tests show that adhesion and fl exibility of coatings based on INXELtrade pigment preparations are comparable to reference level

Beside the INXELtrade A series for solvent based coating systems Evonik Industries will introduce new INXELtrade products to the market for waterborne industrial coating systems at the European Coatings Show 2009

Pigment Yellow 139 amp Pigment Red 255

Figure 1ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash2 microm ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash2 microm

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

MY dM

Undertone dM Jetness MY

Pigment Black Powder Pigment Preparation

Comparision of Jetness MY and Undertone dM of a 2Pack Polyurethane Coating Based on a Regular Colour Black and INXELtrade Black A903

Figure 2

INXELtrade Black A905 (left) in Comparison to the Respective High Colour Black (right) in a 2Pack PUR Coating

Smart Formulating Journal 3

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Crosslinkers Resins

New Production Plants Go on Stream in ChinaMATCH (Methacrylates to China) is the project name under which Evonik Industries is currently installing an integrated methacrylates production facility in Shanghai

Seven interlinked plants will work together to pro-duce methyl methacrylate (MMA) further methacrylic monomers (trademarked VISIOMERreg) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

The main focus is on the rapidly growing Chinese mar-ket but the plants are also included in the worldwide logistics chain via global sales planning Shanghai with its very good infrastructure is an excellent base for such operations

The fi rst plant successfully started up in the third quar-ter of 2008

In December 2008 the multipurpose unit for producing high-quality methacrylate specialty esters (trademarked VISIOMERreg) went on stream These monomers are pre-dominantly used in the plastics and adhesives industries but also in the coatings industry With this unit Evonik Industries is considerably boosting its production cap a-city for this product group and supplies customers all over the world with high-quality monomers from Shanghai

Further plants belonging to the integrated network are set to go into operation in the course of 2009 like the MMA facility with an annual capacity of 100 kt

At ECS 2009 the Acrylic Monomers Business Line will for the fi rst time present all the products in its sales range under the new trademark VISIOMERreg

The methacrylic monomers sold so far under diff e-rent regional names and brands will from now on be marketed worldwide under the umbrella trademark VISIOMERreg

ldquoWith this step we are responding to our globalized production and businessrdquo comments Senior Vice President amp General Manager Acrylic Monomers Thomas Muumlller The sales range of the Performance Polymers Business Unit comprises over 60 monomers derived from methyl methacrylate (MMA) which are mainly used in the coatings plastics and adhesives industries but also play a major role as raw materials for cosmetics and contact lenses

VISIOMERreg stands for the reliable provision of our customers with high-quality standard and perfor-mance monomers manufactured at production sites in Europe the USA and China including the competent and creative development of specifi c solutions together with our customers

New powder coating crosslinker VESTAGONreg EP-HA 376In late 2008 the Business Line Crosslinkers expanded its product portfolio of hydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers for powder coatings

VESTAGON EP-HA 376 is designed to help formulators make HAA powder coatings with

Less yellowing when cured in direct fi red gas ovens Excellent color stability

Like VESTAGON HA 320 the new hydroxyalkylamide crosslinker is non-hazardous

Physical properties are similar to the excellent coatings formulated with the standard grade VESTAGON HA 320 The scale-up of production went very successfully Commercial quantities are available

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcom

Evonik Industries Builds New Polymerization Plant for Methacrylate Resins in China

At Evonik Industries global production capacity for thermoplastic methacrylate resins is expanding accord-ing to plan At the Shanghai Chemical Industry Park in China the company is building a new production plant which will form part of one of the largest integrated production sites for methacrylates

Thanks to the use of a novel polymerization technol-ogy it is possible to produce solid-form acrylic resins that meet the highest quality requirements

The new production process off ers our customers sig-nifi cant advantages in handling and coating produc-tion It also markedly improves the application proper-ties of the coatings produced

The granular product has good fl owability thus sig-nifi cantly reducing dust generation during handling of the material This is also due in part to the very nar-row particle size distribution of the product

The continuous production process leads to improved batch consistency In contrast to the suspension poly-merization process no dispersing agent or other

auxi liary is used during production so the customer obtains an extremely ldquopurerdquo product Clear coating fi lms using this product are signifi cantly more transparent than those obtained from products manufactured by the suspension process In addition fi lms in pigmented form show noticeable improvement in gloss faster hardness development pigment uptake compatibility with other binders and adhesion to a very wide range of substrates These are clear advantages to our customers using these products

The products manufactured in the new plant are used particularly for industrial coatings for example in coat-ings for ships containers and plastics and also as bind-ers in printing inks and ceramic transfer coatings

The plant is scheduled to begin operating in the second half of this year

Part of the production facility in Shanghai

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

Contactstefaniescholzevonikcom

The New Brand for Methacrylic Monomers

4 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

Silicone Hybrids in a Maritime EnvironmentRediscovering Product Characteristics

Around 71 of the earths surface is covered with water Most of it is in the three great oceans the Atlan-tic Pacifi c and Indian Over the centuries humans have tried to cross them using ever more sophisticated means to exploit this international highway The culmination of this development includes our modern deep sea freigh t -ers Economic operation of ships depends partly on the state of their outer skin which can be negatively aff ected by plant and animal growth (fouling) but also by the quality and ageing of the paint Colonization of the ships outer walls by barnacles (Balanidae) results in increasing roughness below the waterline thus increasing frictional resistance and energy consumption Besides reducing speed fouling attacks the coating and thus impairs corrosion protection Regular removal of this growth and the necessary repainting if damage has occurred involve high costs for shipping companies Nowadays the use of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints poses a challenge as the use of biocidal underwater paints based on tin has been banned since 2008 for eco-logical reasons (EU Order 782 2003 of 1442003) In Germany the use of biocides based on organotin com-pounds hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH or Lindane) arsenic or mercury is no longer permitted (GefStoff V of 23122004) A ban on the use of copper-based paints will also be enacted by 2010 In the latest developments in biocide-free antifouling systems the focus is on silicone-based technologies silicone FRC (silicone fouling release coatings) These are shown schematically in fi g 1 and table 1

Silicone Fouling Release Coatings (Si-FRC)The technology of silicone-based fouling-release coatings was developed and patented in the early 1970s although commercial use was delayed because of the high cost of materials It was only in the 80s with the advent of fast passenger ships that interest was generated in smooth high performance coatings and silicone-based fouling release technology was adopted

One class is the silicone-hybrid-based coatings which generate very low surface tension and an extremely smooth surface These surfaces render colonization by marine organisms more diffi cult because of the limited adhesion of typical macro growths such as algae bar-nacles or mussels on them

Typical properties of silicone coatings are extremely smooth surface very low glass transition temperature and thus a high

degree of fl exibility and largely unaff ected by low temperatures

non-eroding resistant to sea water long life

Mechanical Properties of the CoatingCoatings such as SILIKOPONreg EF based on silicone-epoxy-hybrid technology are highly resistant to mecha-nical damage The service life of classical silicone-based Fouling-Release coatings as far as mechanical damage is concerned varies particularly in the areas of the side-walls bow and waterline

Figure 1

Schematic Overview of Various Antifouling Systems and their Designations

CDP Controlled Depletion Polymer (hydrating fouling) High surface stability and high volume solids

SPC Self Polishing Copolymer (hydrolyzing antifouling)Permanent polishing rate with constant liberation of biocide and low leaching layer thickness

Hybrid-SPC Combines the properties of CPD and SPC

FRC Fouling-Release-CoatingsSilicone-Antifouling Teflon-Antifouling

Table 1

eroding non-eroding

ablative self-polishing release coatings electrical systemsfi ber-coatings

biocide-free antifouling Systems

gtgt

Additives

TEGOreg Dispers 670Ultimate Wetting and Dispersing

In a coatings formulation a certain amount of pigment must be used to obtain the required color strength Since pigments are one of the most expensive raw materials in the formulation they must be dispersed as eff ectively as possible to minimize pigment loading and thus costs

With TEGOreg Dispers 670 Evonik off ers a new high performance wetting and dispersing additive for high quality solventborne applications The product is dis-tinguished by its extremely good wetting characteristics with inorganic pigments permitting higher than usual pigment loadings in the pigment grind At the same time excellent pigment stabilization is achieved

In addition to the formulation of inorganic pigment con-centrates TEGOreg Dispers 670 also permits formulation of organic and carbon black dispersions for high-end applications such as automotive fi nishes 2-pack PUR systems for industrial fi nishes or baking enamels which require outstanding transparency combined with high gloss and high color strength

Example of a Binder-Free Pigment Concentrate with Extremely High Pigment Loading

Raw material Kronos 2310 (PW 6)

MPA 77

Bentone 38 02

Ethanol 01

TEGOreg Dispers 670 120

Pigment 800

Total 1000

Viscosity at start (D = 100 sndash1) 1350 mPas

Viscosity after 2 weeksat 50 degC (D = 100 sndash1)

1460 mPas

Technical Contactsandrabauerevonikcom

Overview of Biocide-Free Anti-Fouling Systems

Resins

Smart Formulating Journal 5

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Erosion eff ects due to cavitation by the ships propeller should also be mentioned (Cavitation is the formation of small bubbles of gas in a liquid) In the boiling water test the coated samples are placed in boiling water to simulate stress caused by cavitation

The destructive eff ect of the cavitation bubbles is com-parable to an implosion In the boiling water test the coatings are subjected to enormous stresses particularly at the liquid gas interface Where unsuitable materials are used signs of breakdown of the coating include loss of gloss and chalking SILIKOPONreg EF coatings show sur-prisingly good results in this test (fi g 2)

Macrofouling ndash Easy-to-Clean The masses of white chalky shells of barnacles are a familiar sight on harbor walls wooden and stone landing stages and even on hulls Barnacles of which only a few types are indigenous to Germany occur in many coastal waters They are crustaceans which have completely adapted their way of life to fi xed colonization

From a certain age the plankton-like larvae which swim freely in the sea search for a suitable solid sub-strate on which they can settle Since the adult species are unable to change location the larvae have a great responsibility in choosing a suitable place for their later life They attach themselves fi rmly using an endocrine cement which adheres to practically all plant animal and mineral substances under water Its adhesive strength is retained even in dry environments at icy temperatures and in warm sunshine

Because of their roughness the barnacle colonies as well as general marine fouling on hulls propeller blades and rudders slow down ships considerably Up to now there have been no eff ective commercial alternatives to biocides Further development will be of major impor-tance in combating fouling on hulls to prevent increased fuel consumption and costly cleaning and thus protect the environment

Various biocide-free silicone-based coatings were exposed to natural North Sea conditions in our test facil-ities A er the test phase was completed the overgrown test panels were easily cleaned (fi g3) Silicone-based coatings have also been used successfully in the fi eld of corrosion protection

The weak adhesion of barnacles on a coating based on SILIKOPONreg EF is demonstrated in fi g 4 Without SILIKOPONreg EF the barnacle encrustation grows into the substrate

Coating of propellers is a particularly difficult area because of rotation and its associated cavitation In test programs brass propellers from motorboats were partial-ly coated with SILIKOPONreg EF clearcoat (fi g 5) and sub-jected to typical use in North Sea water between April and October A er this test phase the coated propeller parts were compared to the uncoated propeller nose The lat-ter which served as a ldquoloss anoderdquo was overgrown with barnacles In comparison the propeller blades treated

Figure 2 Boiling water test to simulate cavitation characteristics of coatings based on SILIKOPONreg EF in the guiding formulation RR 4005 No changes in the gloss or the surface of the coat-ing appear at the edge where boiling occurs

with SILIKOPONreg EF were almost free of growth The few barnacles present and the remaining cement resi-due could be removed from the surface with little eff ort

It is worth mentioning the positive eff ect of coating with SILIKOPONreg EF on the edges subjected to cavitation stress These exhibited neither fouling nor wear

Therefore SILIKOPONreg EF will be able to protect ships in the future without recourse to biocides thus protect-ing the marine environment

ldquoSilicone and Epoxyrdquo is the secret of suc-cess With the SILIKOPONreg EF binder the combination of diff erent properties off ers the prerequisite for long-lasting exterior coatings

This project was carried out in close cooperation with MaRenate Oldenburg

Figure 4 Test panels in a typical two-coat structure The left hand photo shows the coating before ageing The right hand photo shows the test panel coated with SILIKOPONreg EF after about 8 months of ageing in the North Sea The barnacles can be easily removed with tweezers without leaving a residue Figure 5 A partly coated motorboat propeller before and after ageing

in the North Sea in 2008

Tecnical Contactudoschiemannevonikcom

MaRenate Wolfgang SchusterClausewitzstraszlige 105D-26125 Oldenburg

Figure 3 Test panels with various silicone-based coatings after 8 months ageing in the North Sea Right hand side upper photo coated SILIKOPONreg EF test panels after ageing Lower photo the same panels after simple cleaning in laboratory

cleaned

after 6 months

gtgt

6 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

Whereas the fumed silica and fumed aluminum oxide such as AEROSILreg 200 AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C are known to be exceptionally suitable for improving the desired properties of powder coatings the present study shows that the newest developments ndash AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 ndash off er even more advantages for the studied systems such as in their fl ow behavior transfer rate or Faraday cage eff ect

New Studies of AEROSILreg and AEROXIDEreg in Powder CoatingsAlthough the powder coating industry has already made extensive use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (AEROSILreg) and hydrophilic aluminum oxides (AEROXIDEreg) Evonik Degussa GmbH has developed new fumed oxides that can substantially improve the properties of powder coatings This article provides an overview of the properties of fumed oxides in polyester-based powder coatings making a distinction between a con-ventional (d50 = 310 microm additive concentration 03 wt) and a fi ne (d50 = 215 microm additive concentration 05 wt) powder coating The additives were admixed in an ACM classifi er mill

Corona ApplicationIn conventional and fi ne powder coatings alike AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 exhibited its largest positive infl uence on the angle of repose With respect to this property the newly developed AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 turned out to be the second-best product for both particle sizes When fumed silicas were used AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROSILreg 200 improved fl owability to a much greater extent than all other tested fumed silica

The test of the fl uidization behavior which was performed using a bed expansion test is depicted in Figures 1 and 2 The diagrams show the air fl ow velocity needed to produce a 20 fl uidization The air fl ow velocity of the control sample without fumed silicas and aluminum oxides was constant above 1 cm s In the fl uidization test all fumed silicas and aluminum oxides tested led to substantial improvement in the fl owability of the powder coating

For the fi ne powder coating the aluminum oxides proved to be more eff ective in comparison to the silicas AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C being the two best The hydrophobic AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results among the silicas

In fi ne powder coatings the additives made of fumed silicas helped to suppress the Faraday cage eff ect and achieve a much more uniform coverage of the coated surface The results show that AEROSILreg R 812 improves this performance characteristic quite signifi cantly

In conventional powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 resulted in an improved coverage All other silicas and aluminum oxides studied did not produce any signifi -cant improvement in the Faraday cage eff ect

The test results show that additives made of fumed silicas generally reduce the gloss value (20 deg and 60 deg) more easily than aluminum additives AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 which even increased the gloss value of the powder coating produced excellent results

Tribo ApplicationFumed aluminum oxide is frequently used for tribo applications in order to improve the fl ow properties and also to stabilize the chargeability of powder coatings

All of the aluminum oxides studied improved the transfer rate of polyester-based powder coatings Whereas the results in the corona application depended strongly on the particle size of the powder coating the use of AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 led to substantial improvements in the transfer rate in the tribo application regardless of the particle size of the powder coating

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

AluC

Alu130

Com-petition

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Fine Powder Coating

Figure 1

For conventional powder coating the fumed silicas proved to be slightly better fl u-idization additives Nevertheless AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 exhibited nearly identical performance

The study of the transfer rate by means of a Corona application was performed using a GEMA manual spray gun The better the powder coverage of the plates a er the spraying the greater the amount of powder coating that was transferred It is clear that the results of the transfer rate depend very strongly on the particle size of the powder coating system Additives that were able to improve the transfer rate of fi ne powder coatings tend to reduce the transfer rate in conventional powder coatings AEROSILreg 200 and AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results for fi ne powders while AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C proved better in conventional powders

To test for the Faraday cage eff ect we used a GEMA spray gun to spray the powder coat-ings onto an aluminum sheet that had a channel down its center A maximum Faraday cage eff ect results in very poor homogeneous coverage producing a low ldquoR valuerdquo A value of R = 1 on the other hand means that the Faraday cage eff ect is not present and that the powder coating produced uniform coverage both inside and outside the channel

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

Alu130

AluC

Com-petition

Figure 2

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Conventional Powder Coating

Influence of the Fumed Silica AEROSILreg on the Faraday Cage Effect in a Fine Powder Coating

Transfer Rates of Aluminum Oxides in Polyester-Based Fine Powder Coatings

06064068072076

08

Faraday effect R

worse

better

AEROSILregR 812

AEROSILreg200

AEROSILregR 972 Control

Figure 3

5055606570758085

Transfer rate

better

Alu C805

Alu130

Alu C Control worse

Figure 4

gtgt

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

2 Smart Formulating Journal

Technical Contactat-inxelevonikcomwwwevonikcom fp

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

Easy-to-Disperse Pigment Preparations in Granule Form

Continued from page 1

Pigment Preparations of the INXELtrade A Series for Solvent Based Coating Systems

INXELtrade Grade Pigment Class Colour Index Pigment Concentration

INXELtrade White A001 Titanium Dioxide Pigment White 6 75

INXELtrade Yellow A101 Isoindoline Pigment Yellow 139 45

INXELtrade Yellow A102 Quinophthalone Pigment Yellow 138 50

INXELtrade Yellow A103 Bismuth Vanadate Pigment Yellow 184 70

INXELtrade Yellow A104 Synthetic iron oxide α-FeOOH Pigment Yellow 42 60

INXELtrade Yellow A105 Mixed oxide Pigment Yellow 216 60

INXELtrade Orange A201 Diketo-pyrrol-pyrrole Pigment Orange 40

INXELtrade Red A301 Diketo-pyrrol-pyrrole Pigment Red 254 40

INXELtrade Red A302 Synthetic iron oxide α-Fe2O3 Pigment Red 101 60

INXELtrade Red A303 Quinacridone Pigment Red 122 30

INXELtrade Red A304 Anthraquinone Pigment Red 177 30

INXELtrade Violet A401 Quinacridone Pigment Violet 19 30

INXELtrade Violet A402 Dioxazine Pigment Violet 23 30

INXELtrade Blue A501 Cu phthalocyanine beta Pigment Blue 15 4 40

INXELtrade Blue A502 Cu phthalocyanine alpha Pigment Blue 15 2 40

INXELtrade Green A601 Cu phthalocyanine Pigment Green 7 40

INXELtrade Brown A801 Chrome antimony titanium dioxide Pigment Brown 24 60

INXELtrade Black A901 Carbon Black Tinting 95 nm Pigment Black 6 35

INXELtrade Black A902 Carbon Black High Colour 17 nm Pigment Black 7 30

INXELtrade Black A903 Carbon Black Regular Colour 25 nm Pigment Black 7 40

INXELtrade Black A904 Carbon Black Low Colour Tinting 50 nm

Pigment Black 7 35

INXELtrade Black A905 Carbon Black High Colour 13 nm Pigment Black 7 25

INXELtrade pigment preparations are uniform dry and dust-free granules with dia-meters of 1 ndash 3 mm INXELtrade pigment preparations are free of VOC The granules are produced using a combination of mixing and extrusion Together with suitable addi-tives the pigment is fi nely dispersed and stabilized within an aldehyde resin matrix The carrier resin of the INXELtrade A series for solvent-based coating systems is non-yellowing showing a good solubility in the most common solvents and a broad com-yellowing showing a good solubility in the most common solvents and a broad com-patibility with most resins used for solvent-based coating systems

The granular INXELtrade pigment preparations are incorporated into the coating raw The granular INXELtrade pigment preparations are incorporated into the coating raw materials within 15 to 45 minutes by use of a dissolver The preparation of a con-materials within 15 to 45 minutes by use of a dissolver The preparation of a con-centrated pigment paste is simply reduced to a complete solubilization of the carrier centrated pigment paste is simply reduced to a complete solubilization of the carrier resin Milling of the pigment is not necessary anymore leading to time and energy resin Milling of the pigment is not necessary anymore leading to time and energy savings when producing the coating

TEM pictures of microtome cuts of dry coatings show the excellent dispersion of the TEM pictures of microtome cuts of dry coatings show the excellent dispersion of the pigment particles a er solubilization of the INXELtrade resin matrix in comparison to pigment particles a er solubilization of the INXELtrade resin matrix in comparison to the conventional dispersion of the respective pigment powders (Figure 1)

Colored coatings based on INXELtrade pigment preparations o en show better chroma brilliance and transparency compared to coatings based on the respective pigment powders because the dispersion of the pigment in the granules is close to 100

In acrylate coating formulations INXELtrade pigment preparations based on Carbon Black Pigments show high jetness (high MY values) and an excellent stabilization expressed by a strong bluish undertone (high dM values) (Figure 2) The coloristic results are either comparable to or better than the results of coatings based the respective pig-ments dispersed by conventional milling

Usage of INXELtrade pigment preparations in coatings for the coil coating application does not aff ect the mechanical properties of the coating Tests show that adhesion and fl exibility of coatings based on INXELtrade pigment preparations are comparable to reference level

Beside the INXELtrade A series for solvent based coating systems Evonik Industries will introduce new INXELtrade products to the market for waterborne industrial coating systems at the European Coatings Show 2009

Pigment Yellow 139 amp Pigment Red 255

Figure 1ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash2 microm ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash2 microm

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

MY dM

Undertone dM Jetness MY

Pigment Black Powder Pigment Preparation

Comparision of Jetness MY and Undertone dM of a 2Pack Polyurethane Coating Based on a Regular Colour Black and INXELtrade Black A903

Figure 2

INXELtrade Black A905 (left) in Comparison to the Respective High Colour Black (right) in a 2Pack PUR Coating

Smart Formulating Journal 3

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Crosslinkers Resins

New Production Plants Go on Stream in ChinaMATCH (Methacrylates to China) is the project name under which Evonik Industries is currently installing an integrated methacrylates production facility in Shanghai

Seven interlinked plants will work together to pro-duce methyl methacrylate (MMA) further methacrylic monomers (trademarked VISIOMERreg) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

The main focus is on the rapidly growing Chinese mar-ket but the plants are also included in the worldwide logistics chain via global sales planning Shanghai with its very good infrastructure is an excellent base for such operations

The fi rst plant successfully started up in the third quar-ter of 2008

In December 2008 the multipurpose unit for producing high-quality methacrylate specialty esters (trademarked VISIOMERreg) went on stream These monomers are pre-dominantly used in the plastics and adhesives industries but also in the coatings industry With this unit Evonik Industries is considerably boosting its production cap a-city for this product group and supplies customers all over the world with high-quality monomers from Shanghai

Further plants belonging to the integrated network are set to go into operation in the course of 2009 like the MMA facility with an annual capacity of 100 kt

At ECS 2009 the Acrylic Monomers Business Line will for the fi rst time present all the products in its sales range under the new trademark VISIOMERreg

The methacrylic monomers sold so far under diff e-rent regional names and brands will from now on be marketed worldwide under the umbrella trademark VISIOMERreg

ldquoWith this step we are responding to our globalized production and businessrdquo comments Senior Vice President amp General Manager Acrylic Monomers Thomas Muumlller The sales range of the Performance Polymers Business Unit comprises over 60 monomers derived from methyl methacrylate (MMA) which are mainly used in the coatings plastics and adhesives industries but also play a major role as raw materials for cosmetics and contact lenses

VISIOMERreg stands for the reliable provision of our customers with high-quality standard and perfor-mance monomers manufactured at production sites in Europe the USA and China including the competent and creative development of specifi c solutions together with our customers

New powder coating crosslinker VESTAGONreg EP-HA 376In late 2008 the Business Line Crosslinkers expanded its product portfolio of hydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers for powder coatings

VESTAGON EP-HA 376 is designed to help formulators make HAA powder coatings with

Less yellowing when cured in direct fi red gas ovens Excellent color stability

Like VESTAGON HA 320 the new hydroxyalkylamide crosslinker is non-hazardous

Physical properties are similar to the excellent coatings formulated with the standard grade VESTAGON HA 320 The scale-up of production went very successfully Commercial quantities are available

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcom

Evonik Industries Builds New Polymerization Plant for Methacrylate Resins in China

At Evonik Industries global production capacity for thermoplastic methacrylate resins is expanding accord-ing to plan At the Shanghai Chemical Industry Park in China the company is building a new production plant which will form part of one of the largest integrated production sites for methacrylates

Thanks to the use of a novel polymerization technol-ogy it is possible to produce solid-form acrylic resins that meet the highest quality requirements

The new production process off ers our customers sig-nifi cant advantages in handling and coating produc-tion It also markedly improves the application proper-ties of the coatings produced

The granular product has good fl owability thus sig-nifi cantly reducing dust generation during handling of the material This is also due in part to the very nar-row particle size distribution of the product

The continuous production process leads to improved batch consistency In contrast to the suspension poly-merization process no dispersing agent or other

auxi liary is used during production so the customer obtains an extremely ldquopurerdquo product Clear coating fi lms using this product are signifi cantly more transparent than those obtained from products manufactured by the suspension process In addition fi lms in pigmented form show noticeable improvement in gloss faster hardness development pigment uptake compatibility with other binders and adhesion to a very wide range of substrates These are clear advantages to our customers using these products

The products manufactured in the new plant are used particularly for industrial coatings for example in coat-ings for ships containers and plastics and also as bind-ers in printing inks and ceramic transfer coatings

The plant is scheduled to begin operating in the second half of this year

Part of the production facility in Shanghai

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

Contactstefaniescholzevonikcom

The New Brand for Methacrylic Monomers

4 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

Silicone Hybrids in a Maritime EnvironmentRediscovering Product Characteristics

Around 71 of the earths surface is covered with water Most of it is in the three great oceans the Atlan-tic Pacifi c and Indian Over the centuries humans have tried to cross them using ever more sophisticated means to exploit this international highway The culmination of this development includes our modern deep sea freigh t -ers Economic operation of ships depends partly on the state of their outer skin which can be negatively aff ected by plant and animal growth (fouling) but also by the quality and ageing of the paint Colonization of the ships outer walls by barnacles (Balanidae) results in increasing roughness below the waterline thus increasing frictional resistance and energy consumption Besides reducing speed fouling attacks the coating and thus impairs corrosion protection Regular removal of this growth and the necessary repainting if damage has occurred involve high costs for shipping companies Nowadays the use of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints poses a challenge as the use of biocidal underwater paints based on tin has been banned since 2008 for eco-logical reasons (EU Order 782 2003 of 1442003) In Germany the use of biocides based on organotin com-pounds hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH or Lindane) arsenic or mercury is no longer permitted (GefStoff V of 23122004) A ban on the use of copper-based paints will also be enacted by 2010 In the latest developments in biocide-free antifouling systems the focus is on silicone-based technologies silicone FRC (silicone fouling release coatings) These are shown schematically in fi g 1 and table 1

Silicone Fouling Release Coatings (Si-FRC)The technology of silicone-based fouling-release coatings was developed and patented in the early 1970s although commercial use was delayed because of the high cost of materials It was only in the 80s with the advent of fast passenger ships that interest was generated in smooth high performance coatings and silicone-based fouling release technology was adopted

One class is the silicone-hybrid-based coatings which generate very low surface tension and an extremely smooth surface These surfaces render colonization by marine organisms more diffi cult because of the limited adhesion of typical macro growths such as algae bar-nacles or mussels on them

Typical properties of silicone coatings are extremely smooth surface very low glass transition temperature and thus a high

degree of fl exibility and largely unaff ected by low temperatures

non-eroding resistant to sea water long life

Mechanical Properties of the CoatingCoatings such as SILIKOPONreg EF based on silicone-epoxy-hybrid technology are highly resistant to mecha-nical damage The service life of classical silicone-based Fouling-Release coatings as far as mechanical damage is concerned varies particularly in the areas of the side-walls bow and waterline

Figure 1

Schematic Overview of Various Antifouling Systems and their Designations

CDP Controlled Depletion Polymer (hydrating fouling) High surface stability and high volume solids

SPC Self Polishing Copolymer (hydrolyzing antifouling)Permanent polishing rate with constant liberation of biocide and low leaching layer thickness

Hybrid-SPC Combines the properties of CPD and SPC

FRC Fouling-Release-CoatingsSilicone-Antifouling Teflon-Antifouling

Table 1

eroding non-eroding

ablative self-polishing release coatings electrical systemsfi ber-coatings

biocide-free antifouling Systems

gtgt

Additives

TEGOreg Dispers 670Ultimate Wetting and Dispersing

In a coatings formulation a certain amount of pigment must be used to obtain the required color strength Since pigments are one of the most expensive raw materials in the formulation they must be dispersed as eff ectively as possible to minimize pigment loading and thus costs

With TEGOreg Dispers 670 Evonik off ers a new high performance wetting and dispersing additive for high quality solventborne applications The product is dis-tinguished by its extremely good wetting characteristics with inorganic pigments permitting higher than usual pigment loadings in the pigment grind At the same time excellent pigment stabilization is achieved

In addition to the formulation of inorganic pigment con-centrates TEGOreg Dispers 670 also permits formulation of organic and carbon black dispersions for high-end applications such as automotive fi nishes 2-pack PUR systems for industrial fi nishes or baking enamels which require outstanding transparency combined with high gloss and high color strength

Example of a Binder-Free Pigment Concentrate with Extremely High Pigment Loading

Raw material Kronos 2310 (PW 6)

MPA 77

Bentone 38 02

Ethanol 01

TEGOreg Dispers 670 120

Pigment 800

Total 1000

Viscosity at start (D = 100 sndash1) 1350 mPas

Viscosity after 2 weeksat 50 degC (D = 100 sndash1)

1460 mPas

Technical Contactsandrabauerevonikcom

Overview of Biocide-Free Anti-Fouling Systems

Resins

Smart Formulating Journal 5

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Erosion eff ects due to cavitation by the ships propeller should also be mentioned (Cavitation is the formation of small bubbles of gas in a liquid) In the boiling water test the coated samples are placed in boiling water to simulate stress caused by cavitation

The destructive eff ect of the cavitation bubbles is com-parable to an implosion In the boiling water test the coatings are subjected to enormous stresses particularly at the liquid gas interface Where unsuitable materials are used signs of breakdown of the coating include loss of gloss and chalking SILIKOPONreg EF coatings show sur-prisingly good results in this test (fi g 2)

Macrofouling ndash Easy-to-Clean The masses of white chalky shells of barnacles are a familiar sight on harbor walls wooden and stone landing stages and even on hulls Barnacles of which only a few types are indigenous to Germany occur in many coastal waters They are crustaceans which have completely adapted their way of life to fi xed colonization

From a certain age the plankton-like larvae which swim freely in the sea search for a suitable solid sub-strate on which they can settle Since the adult species are unable to change location the larvae have a great responsibility in choosing a suitable place for their later life They attach themselves fi rmly using an endocrine cement which adheres to practically all plant animal and mineral substances under water Its adhesive strength is retained even in dry environments at icy temperatures and in warm sunshine

Because of their roughness the barnacle colonies as well as general marine fouling on hulls propeller blades and rudders slow down ships considerably Up to now there have been no eff ective commercial alternatives to biocides Further development will be of major impor-tance in combating fouling on hulls to prevent increased fuel consumption and costly cleaning and thus protect the environment

Various biocide-free silicone-based coatings were exposed to natural North Sea conditions in our test facil-ities A er the test phase was completed the overgrown test panels were easily cleaned (fi g3) Silicone-based coatings have also been used successfully in the fi eld of corrosion protection

The weak adhesion of barnacles on a coating based on SILIKOPONreg EF is demonstrated in fi g 4 Without SILIKOPONreg EF the barnacle encrustation grows into the substrate

Coating of propellers is a particularly difficult area because of rotation and its associated cavitation In test programs brass propellers from motorboats were partial-ly coated with SILIKOPONreg EF clearcoat (fi g 5) and sub-jected to typical use in North Sea water between April and October A er this test phase the coated propeller parts were compared to the uncoated propeller nose The lat-ter which served as a ldquoloss anoderdquo was overgrown with barnacles In comparison the propeller blades treated

Figure 2 Boiling water test to simulate cavitation characteristics of coatings based on SILIKOPONreg EF in the guiding formulation RR 4005 No changes in the gloss or the surface of the coat-ing appear at the edge where boiling occurs

with SILIKOPONreg EF were almost free of growth The few barnacles present and the remaining cement resi-due could be removed from the surface with little eff ort

It is worth mentioning the positive eff ect of coating with SILIKOPONreg EF on the edges subjected to cavitation stress These exhibited neither fouling nor wear

Therefore SILIKOPONreg EF will be able to protect ships in the future without recourse to biocides thus protect-ing the marine environment

ldquoSilicone and Epoxyrdquo is the secret of suc-cess With the SILIKOPONreg EF binder the combination of diff erent properties off ers the prerequisite for long-lasting exterior coatings

This project was carried out in close cooperation with MaRenate Oldenburg

Figure 4 Test panels in a typical two-coat structure The left hand photo shows the coating before ageing The right hand photo shows the test panel coated with SILIKOPONreg EF after about 8 months of ageing in the North Sea The barnacles can be easily removed with tweezers without leaving a residue Figure 5 A partly coated motorboat propeller before and after ageing

in the North Sea in 2008

Tecnical Contactudoschiemannevonikcom

MaRenate Wolfgang SchusterClausewitzstraszlige 105D-26125 Oldenburg

Figure 3 Test panels with various silicone-based coatings after 8 months ageing in the North Sea Right hand side upper photo coated SILIKOPONreg EF test panels after ageing Lower photo the same panels after simple cleaning in laboratory

cleaned

after 6 months

gtgt

6 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

Whereas the fumed silica and fumed aluminum oxide such as AEROSILreg 200 AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C are known to be exceptionally suitable for improving the desired properties of powder coatings the present study shows that the newest developments ndash AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 ndash off er even more advantages for the studied systems such as in their fl ow behavior transfer rate or Faraday cage eff ect

New Studies of AEROSILreg and AEROXIDEreg in Powder CoatingsAlthough the powder coating industry has already made extensive use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (AEROSILreg) and hydrophilic aluminum oxides (AEROXIDEreg) Evonik Degussa GmbH has developed new fumed oxides that can substantially improve the properties of powder coatings This article provides an overview of the properties of fumed oxides in polyester-based powder coatings making a distinction between a con-ventional (d50 = 310 microm additive concentration 03 wt) and a fi ne (d50 = 215 microm additive concentration 05 wt) powder coating The additives were admixed in an ACM classifi er mill

Corona ApplicationIn conventional and fi ne powder coatings alike AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 exhibited its largest positive infl uence on the angle of repose With respect to this property the newly developed AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 turned out to be the second-best product for both particle sizes When fumed silicas were used AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROSILreg 200 improved fl owability to a much greater extent than all other tested fumed silica

The test of the fl uidization behavior which was performed using a bed expansion test is depicted in Figures 1 and 2 The diagrams show the air fl ow velocity needed to produce a 20 fl uidization The air fl ow velocity of the control sample without fumed silicas and aluminum oxides was constant above 1 cm s In the fl uidization test all fumed silicas and aluminum oxides tested led to substantial improvement in the fl owability of the powder coating

For the fi ne powder coating the aluminum oxides proved to be more eff ective in comparison to the silicas AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C being the two best The hydrophobic AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results among the silicas

In fi ne powder coatings the additives made of fumed silicas helped to suppress the Faraday cage eff ect and achieve a much more uniform coverage of the coated surface The results show that AEROSILreg R 812 improves this performance characteristic quite signifi cantly

In conventional powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 resulted in an improved coverage All other silicas and aluminum oxides studied did not produce any signifi -cant improvement in the Faraday cage eff ect

The test results show that additives made of fumed silicas generally reduce the gloss value (20 deg and 60 deg) more easily than aluminum additives AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 which even increased the gloss value of the powder coating produced excellent results

Tribo ApplicationFumed aluminum oxide is frequently used for tribo applications in order to improve the fl ow properties and also to stabilize the chargeability of powder coatings

All of the aluminum oxides studied improved the transfer rate of polyester-based powder coatings Whereas the results in the corona application depended strongly on the particle size of the powder coating the use of AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 led to substantial improvements in the transfer rate in the tribo application regardless of the particle size of the powder coating

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

AluC

Alu130

Com-petition

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Fine Powder Coating

Figure 1

For conventional powder coating the fumed silicas proved to be slightly better fl u-idization additives Nevertheless AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 exhibited nearly identical performance

The study of the transfer rate by means of a Corona application was performed using a GEMA manual spray gun The better the powder coverage of the plates a er the spraying the greater the amount of powder coating that was transferred It is clear that the results of the transfer rate depend very strongly on the particle size of the powder coating system Additives that were able to improve the transfer rate of fi ne powder coatings tend to reduce the transfer rate in conventional powder coatings AEROSILreg 200 and AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results for fi ne powders while AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C proved better in conventional powders

To test for the Faraday cage eff ect we used a GEMA spray gun to spray the powder coat-ings onto an aluminum sheet that had a channel down its center A maximum Faraday cage eff ect results in very poor homogeneous coverage producing a low ldquoR valuerdquo A value of R = 1 on the other hand means that the Faraday cage eff ect is not present and that the powder coating produced uniform coverage both inside and outside the channel

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

Alu130

AluC

Com-petition

Figure 2

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Conventional Powder Coating

Influence of the Fumed Silica AEROSILreg on the Faraday Cage Effect in a Fine Powder Coating

Transfer Rates of Aluminum Oxides in Polyester-Based Fine Powder Coatings

06064068072076

08

Faraday effect R

worse

better

AEROSILregR 812

AEROSILreg200

AEROSILregR 972 Control

Figure 3

5055606570758085

Transfer rate

better

Alu C805

Alu130

Alu C Control worse

Figure 4

gtgt

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

Smart Formulating Journal 3

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Crosslinkers Resins

New Production Plants Go on Stream in ChinaMATCH (Methacrylates to China) is the project name under which Evonik Industries is currently installing an integrated methacrylates production facility in Shanghai

Seven interlinked plants will work together to pro-duce methyl methacrylate (MMA) further methacrylic monomers (trademarked VISIOMERreg) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

The main focus is on the rapidly growing Chinese mar-ket but the plants are also included in the worldwide logistics chain via global sales planning Shanghai with its very good infrastructure is an excellent base for such operations

The fi rst plant successfully started up in the third quar-ter of 2008

In December 2008 the multipurpose unit for producing high-quality methacrylate specialty esters (trademarked VISIOMERreg) went on stream These monomers are pre-dominantly used in the plastics and adhesives industries but also in the coatings industry With this unit Evonik Industries is considerably boosting its production cap a-city for this product group and supplies customers all over the world with high-quality monomers from Shanghai

Further plants belonging to the integrated network are set to go into operation in the course of 2009 like the MMA facility with an annual capacity of 100 kt

At ECS 2009 the Acrylic Monomers Business Line will for the fi rst time present all the products in its sales range under the new trademark VISIOMERreg

The methacrylic monomers sold so far under diff e-rent regional names and brands will from now on be marketed worldwide under the umbrella trademark VISIOMERreg

ldquoWith this step we are responding to our globalized production and businessrdquo comments Senior Vice President amp General Manager Acrylic Monomers Thomas Muumlller The sales range of the Performance Polymers Business Unit comprises over 60 monomers derived from methyl methacrylate (MMA) which are mainly used in the coatings plastics and adhesives industries but also play a major role as raw materials for cosmetics and contact lenses

VISIOMERreg stands for the reliable provision of our customers with high-quality standard and perfor-mance monomers manufactured at production sites in Europe the USA and China including the competent and creative development of specifi c solutions together with our customers

New powder coating crosslinker VESTAGONreg EP-HA 376In late 2008 the Business Line Crosslinkers expanded its product portfolio of hydroxyalkylamide crosslinkers for powder coatings

VESTAGON EP-HA 376 is designed to help formulators make HAA powder coatings with

Less yellowing when cured in direct fi red gas ovens Excellent color stability

Like VESTAGON HA 320 the new hydroxyalkylamide crosslinker is non-hazardous

Physical properties are similar to the excellent coatings formulated with the standard grade VESTAGON HA 320 The scale-up of production went very successfully Commercial quantities are available

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcom

Evonik Industries Builds New Polymerization Plant for Methacrylate Resins in China

At Evonik Industries global production capacity for thermoplastic methacrylate resins is expanding accord-ing to plan At the Shanghai Chemical Industry Park in China the company is building a new production plant which will form part of one of the largest integrated production sites for methacrylates

Thanks to the use of a novel polymerization technol-ogy it is possible to produce solid-form acrylic resins that meet the highest quality requirements

The new production process off ers our customers sig-nifi cant advantages in handling and coating produc-tion It also markedly improves the application proper-ties of the coatings produced

The granular product has good fl owability thus sig-nifi cantly reducing dust generation during handling of the material This is also due in part to the very nar-row particle size distribution of the product

The continuous production process leads to improved batch consistency In contrast to the suspension poly-merization process no dispersing agent or other

auxi liary is used during production so the customer obtains an extremely ldquopurerdquo product Clear coating fi lms using this product are signifi cantly more transparent than those obtained from products manufactured by the suspension process In addition fi lms in pigmented form show noticeable improvement in gloss faster hardness development pigment uptake compatibility with other binders and adhesion to a very wide range of substrates These are clear advantages to our customers using these products

The products manufactured in the new plant are used particularly for industrial coatings for example in coat-ings for ships containers and plastics and also as bind-ers in printing inks and ceramic transfer coatings

The plant is scheduled to begin operating in the second half of this year

Part of the production facility in Shanghai

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

Contactstefaniescholzevonikcom

The New Brand for Methacrylic Monomers

4 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

Silicone Hybrids in a Maritime EnvironmentRediscovering Product Characteristics

Around 71 of the earths surface is covered with water Most of it is in the three great oceans the Atlan-tic Pacifi c and Indian Over the centuries humans have tried to cross them using ever more sophisticated means to exploit this international highway The culmination of this development includes our modern deep sea freigh t -ers Economic operation of ships depends partly on the state of their outer skin which can be negatively aff ected by plant and animal growth (fouling) but also by the quality and ageing of the paint Colonization of the ships outer walls by barnacles (Balanidae) results in increasing roughness below the waterline thus increasing frictional resistance and energy consumption Besides reducing speed fouling attacks the coating and thus impairs corrosion protection Regular removal of this growth and the necessary repainting if damage has occurred involve high costs for shipping companies Nowadays the use of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints poses a challenge as the use of biocidal underwater paints based on tin has been banned since 2008 for eco-logical reasons (EU Order 782 2003 of 1442003) In Germany the use of biocides based on organotin com-pounds hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH or Lindane) arsenic or mercury is no longer permitted (GefStoff V of 23122004) A ban on the use of copper-based paints will also be enacted by 2010 In the latest developments in biocide-free antifouling systems the focus is on silicone-based technologies silicone FRC (silicone fouling release coatings) These are shown schematically in fi g 1 and table 1

Silicone Fouling Release Coatings (Si-FRC)The technology of silicone-based fouling-release coatings was developed and patented in the early 1970s although commercial use was delayed because of the high cost of materials It was only in the 80s with the advent of fast passenger ships that interest was generated in smooth high performance coatings and silicone-based fouling release technology was adopted

One class is the silicone-hybrid-based coatings which generate very low surface tension and an extremely smooth surface These surfaces render colonization by marine organisms more diffi cult because of the limited adhesion of typical macro growths such as algae bar-nacles or mussels on them

Typical properties of silicone coatings are extremely smooth surface very low glass transition temperature and thus a high

degree of fl exibility and largely unaff ected by low temperatures

non-eroding resistant to sea water long life

Mechanical Properties of the CoatingCoatings such as SILIKOPONreg EF based on silicone-epoxy-hybrid technology are highly resistant to mecha-nical damage The service life of classical silicone-based Fouling-Release coatings as far as mechanical damage is concerned varies particularly in the areas of the side-walls bow and waterline

Figure 1

Schematic Overview of Various Antifouling Systems and their Designations

CDP Controlled Depletion Polymer (hydrating fouling) High surface stability and high volume solids

SPC Self Polishing Copolymer (hydrolyzing antifouling)Permanent polishing rate with constant liberation of biocide and low leaching layer thickness

Hybrid-SPC Combines the properties of CPD and SPC

FRC Fouling-Release-CoatingsSilicone-Antifouling Teflon-Antifouling

Table 1

eroding non-eroding

ablative self-polishing release coatings electrical systemsfi ber-coatings

biocide-free antifouling Systems

gtgt

Additives

TEGOreg Dispers 670Ultimate Wetting and Dispersing

In a coatings formulation a certain amount of pigment must be used to obtain the required color strength Since pigments are one of the most expensive raw materials in the formulation they must be dispersed as eff ectively as possible to minimize pigment loading and thus costs

With TEGOreg Dispers 670 Evonik off ers a new high performance wetting and dispersing additive for high quality solventborne applications The product is dis-tinguished by its extremely good wetting characteristics with inorganic pigments permitting higher than usual pigment loadings in the pigment grind At the same time excellent pigment stabilization is achieved

In addition to the formulation of inorganic pigment con-centrates TEGOreg Dispers 670 also permits formulation of organic and carbon black dispersions for high-end applications such as automotive fi nishes 2-pack PUR systems for industrial fi nishes or baking enamels which require outstanding transparency combined with high gloss and high color strength

Example of a Binder-Free Pigment Concentrate with Extremely High Pigment Loading

Raw material Kronos 2310 (PW 6)

MPA 77

Bentone 38 02

Ethanol 01

TEGOreg Dispers 670 120

Pigment 800

Total 1000

Viscosity at start (D = 100 sndash1) 1350 mPas

Viscosity after 2 weeksat 50 degC (D = 100 sndash1)

1460 mPas

Technical Contactsandrabauerevonikcom

Overview of Biocide-Free Anti-Fouling Systems

Resins

Smart Formulating Journal 5

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Erosion eff ects due to cavitation by the ships propeller should also be mentioned (Cavitation is the formation of small bubbles of gas in a liquid) In the boiling water test the coated samples are placed in boiling water to simulate stress caused by cavitation

The destructive eff ect of the cavitation bubbles is com-parable to an implosion In the boiling water test the coatings are subjected to enormous stresses particularly at the liquid gas interface Where unsuitable materials are used signs of breakdown of the coating include loss of gloss and chalking SILIKOPONreg EF coatings show sur-prisingly good results in this test (fi g 2)

Macrofouling ndash Easy-to-Clean The masses of white chalky shells of barnacles are a familiar sight on harbor walls wooden and stone landing stages and even on hulls Barnacles of which only a few types are indigenous to Germany occur in many coastal waters They are crustaceans which have completely adapted their way of life to fi xed colonization

From a certain age the plankton-like larvae which swim freely in the sea search for a suitable solid sub-strate on which they can settle Since the adult species are unable to change location the larvae have a great responsibility in choosing a suitable place for their later life They attach themselves fi rmly using an endocrine cement which adheres to practically all plant animal and mineral substances under water Its adhesive strength is retained even in dry environments at icy temperatures and in warm sunshine

Because of their roughness the barnacle colonies as well as general marine fouling on hulls propeller blades and rudders slow down ships considerably Up to now there have been no eff ective commercial alternatives to biocides Further development will be of major impor-tance in combating fouling on hulls to prevent increased fuel consumption and costly cleaning and thus protect the environment

Various biocide-free silicone-based coatings were exposed to natural North Sea conditions in our test facil-ities A er the test phase was completed the overgrown test panels were easily cleaned (fi g3) Silicone-based coatings have also been used successfully in the fi eld of corrosion protection

The weak adhesion of barnacles on a coating based on SILIKOPONreg EF is demonstrated in fi g 4 Without SILIKOPONreg EF the barnacle encrustation grows into the substrate

Coating of propellers is a particularly difficult area because of rotation and its associated cavitation In test programs brass propellers from motorboats were partial-ly coated with SILIKOPONreg EF clearcoat (fi g 5) and sub-jected to typical use in North Sea water between April and October A er this test phase the coated propeller parts were compared to the uncoated propeller nose The lat-ter which served as a ldquoloss anoderdquo was overgrown with barnacles In comparison the propeller blades treated

Figure 2 Boiling water test to simulate cavitation characteristics of coatings based on SILIKOPONreg EF in the guiding formulation RR 4005 No changes in the gloss or the surface of the coat-ing appear at the edge where boiling occurs

with SILIKOPONreg EF were almost free of growth The few barnacles present and the remaining cement resi-due could be removed from the surface with little eff ort

It is worth mentioning the positive eff ect of coating with SILIKOPONreg EF on the edges subjected to cavitation stress These exhibited neither fouling nor wear

Therefore SILIKOPONreg EF will be able to protect ships in the future without recourse to biocides thus protect-ing the marine environment

ldquoSilicone and Epoxyrdquo is the secret of suc-cess With the SILIKOPONreg EF binder the combination of diff erent properties off ers the prerequisite for long-lasting exterior coatings

This project was carried out in close cooperation with MaRenate Oldenburg

Figure 4 Test panels in a typical two-coat structure The left hand photo shows the coating before ageing The right hand photo shows the test panel coated with SILIKOPONreg EF after about 8 months of ageing in the North Sea The barnacles can be easily removed with tweezers without leaving a residue Figure 5 A partly coated motorboat propeller before and after ageing

in the North Sea in 2008

Tecnical Contactudoschiemannevonikcom

MaRenate Wolfgang SchusterClausewitzstraszlige 105D-26125 Oldenburg

Figure 3 Test panels with various silicone-based coatings after 8 months ageing in the North Sea Right hand side upper photo coated SILIKOPONreg EF test panels after ageing Lower photo the same panels after simple cleaning in laboratory

cleaned

after 6 months

gtgt

6 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

Whereas the fumed silica and fumed aluminum oxide such as AEROSILreg 200 AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C are known to be exceptionally suitable for improving the desired properties of powder coatings the present study shows that the newest developments ndash AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 ndash off er even more advantages for the studied systems such as in their fl ow behavior transfer rate or Faraday cage eff ect

New Studies of AEROSILreg and AEROXIDEreg in Powder CoatingsAlthough the powder coating industry has already made extensive use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (AEROSILreg) and hydrophilic aluminum oxides (AEROXIDEreg) Evonik Degussa GmbH has developed new fumed oxides that can substantially improve the properties of powder coatings This article provides an overview of the properties of fumed oxides in polyester-based powder coatings making a distinction between a con-ventional (d50 = 310 microm additive concentration 03 wt) and a fi ne (d50 = 215 microm additive concentration 05 wt) powder coating The additives were admixed in an ACM classifi er mill

Corona ApplicationIn conventional and fi ne powder coatings alike AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 exhibited its largest positive infl uence on the angle of repose With respect to this property the newly developed AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 turned out to be the second-best product for both particle sizes When fumed silicas were used AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROSILreg 200 improved fl owability to a much greater extent than all other tested fumed silica

The test of the fl uidization behavior which was performed using a bed expansion test is depicted in Figures 1 and 2 The diagrams show the air fl ow velocity needed to produce a 20 fl uidization The air fl ow velocity of the control sample without fumed silicas and aluminum oxides was constant above 1 cm s In the fl uidization test all fumed silicas and aluminum oxides tested led to substantial improvement in the fl owability of the powder coating

For the fi ne powder coating the aluminum oxides proved to be more eff ective in comparison to the silicas AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C being the two best The hydrophobic AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results among the silicas

In fi ne powder coatings the additives made of fumed silicas helped to suppress the Faraday cage eff ect and achieve a much more uniform coverage of the coated surface The results show that AEROSILreg R 812 improves this performance characteristic quite signifi cantly

In conventional powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 resulted in an improved coverage All other silicas and aluminum oxides studied did not produce any signifi -cant improvement in the Faraday cage eff ect

The test results show that additives made of fumed silicas generally reduce the gloss value (20 deg and 60 deg) more easily than aluminum additives AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 which even increased the gloss value of the powder coating produced excellent results

Tribo ApplicationFumed aluminum oxide is frequently used for tribo applications in order to improve the fl ow properties and also to stabilize the chargeability of powder coatings

All of the aluminum oxides studied improved the transfer rate of polyester-based powder coatings Whereas the results in the corona application depended strongly on the particle size of the powder coating the use of AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 led to substantial improvements in the transfer rate in the tribo application regardless of the particle size of the powder coating

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

AluC

Alu130

Com-petition

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Fine Powder Coating

Figure 1

For conventional powder coating the fumed silicas proved to be slightly better fl u-idization additives Nevertheless AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 exhibited nearly identical performance

The study of the transfer rate by means of a Corona application was performed using a GEMA manual spray gun The better the powder coverage of the plates a er the spraying the greater the amount of powder coating that was transferred It is clear that the results of the transfer rate depend very strongly on the particle size of the powder coating system Additives that were able to improve the transfer rate of fi ne powder coatings tend to reduce the transfer rate in conventional powder coatings AEROSILreg 200 and AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results for fi ne powders while AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C proved better in conventional powders

To test for the Faraday cage eff ect we used a GEMA spray gun to spray the powder coat-ings onto an aluminum sheet that had a channel down its center A maximum Faraday cage eff ect results in very poor homogeneous coverage producing a low ldquoR valuerdquo A value of R = 1 on the other hand means that the Faraday cage eff ect is not present and that the powder coating produced uniform coverage both inside and outside the channel

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

Alu130

AluC

Com-petition

Figure 2

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Conventional Powder Coating

Influence of the Fumed Silica AEROSILreg on the Faraday Cage Effect in a Fine Powder Coating

Transfer Rates of Aluminum Oxides in Polyester-Based Fine Powder Coatings

06064068072076

08

Faraday effect R

worse

better

AEROSILregR 812

AEROSILreg200

AEROSILregR 972 Control

Figure 3

5055606570758085

Transfer rate

better

Alu C805

Alu130

Alu C Control worse

Figure 4

gtgt

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

4 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

Silicone Hybrids in a Maritime EnvironmentRediscovering Product Characteristics

Around 71 of the earths surface is covered with water Most of it is in the three great oceans the Atlan-tic Pacifi c and Indian Over the centuries humans have tried to cross them using ever more sophisticated means to exploit this international highway The culmination of this development includes our modern deep sea freigh t -ers Economic operation of ships depends partly on the state of their outer skin which can be negatively aff ected by plant and animal growth (fouling) but also by the quality and ageing of the paint Colonization of the ships outer walls by barnacles (Balanidae) results in increasing roughness below the waterline thus increasing frictional resistance and energy consumption Besides reducing speed fouling attacks the coating and thus impairs corrosion protection Regular removal of this growth and the necessary repainting if damage has occurred involve high costs for shipping companies Nowadays the use of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints poses a challenge as the use of biocidal underwater paints based on tin has been banned since 2008 for eco-logical reasons (EU Order 782 2003 of 1442003) In Germany the use of biocides based on organotin com-pounds hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH or Lindane) arsenic or mercury is no longer permitted (GefStoff V of 23122004) A ban on the use of copper-based paints will also be enacted by 2010 In the latest developments in biocide-free antifouling systems the focus is on silicone-based technologies silicone FRC (silicone fouling release coatings) These are shown schematically in fi g 1 and table 1

Silicone Fouling Release Coatings (Si-FRC)The technology of silicone-based fouling-release coatings was developed and patented in the early 1970s although commercial use was delayed because of the high cost of materials It was only in the 80s with the advent of fast passenger ships that interest was generated in smooth high performance coatings and silicone-based fouling release technology was adopted

One class is the silicone-hybrid-based coatings which generate very low surface tension and an extremely smooth surface These surfaces render colonization by marine organisms more diffi cult because of the limited adhesion of typical macro growths such as algae bar-nacles or mussels on them

Typical properties of silicone coatings are extremely smooth surface very low glass transition temperature and thus a high

degree of fl exibility and largely unaff ected by low temperatures

non-eroding resistant to sea water long life

Mechanical Properties of the CoatingCoatings such as SILIKOPONreg EF based on silicone-epoxy-hybrid technology are highly resistant to mecha-nical damage The service life of classical silicone-based Fouling-Release coatings as far as mechanical damage is concerned varies particularly in the areas of the side-walls bow and waterline

Figure 1

Schematic Overview of Various Antifouling Systems and their Designations

CDP Controlled Depletion Polymer (hydrating fouling) High surface stability and high volume solids

SPC Self Polishing Copolymer (hydrolyzing antifouling)Permanent polishing rate with constant liberation of biocide and low leaching layer thickness

Hybrid-SPC Combines the properties of CPD and SPC

FRC Fouling-Release-CoatingsSilicone-Antifouling Teflon-Antifouling

Table 1

eroding non-eroding

ablative self-polishing release coatings electrical systemsfi ber-coatings

biocide-free antifouling Systems

gtgt

Additives

TEGOreg Dispers 670Ultimate Wetting and Dispersing

In a coatings formulation a certain amount of pigment must be used to obtain the required color strength Since pigments are one of the most expensive raw materials in the formulation they must be dispersed as eff ectively as possible to minimize pigment loading and thus costs

With TEGOreg Dispers 670 Evonik off ers a new high performance wetting and dispersing additive for high quality solventborne applications The product is dis-tinguished by its extremely good wetting characteristics with inorganic pigments permitting higher than usual pigment loadings in the pigment grind At the same time excellent pigment stabilization is achieved

In addition to the formulation of inorganic pigment con-centrates TEGOreg Dispers 670 also permits formulation of organic and carbon black dispersions for high-end applications such as automotive fi nishes 2-pack PUR systems for industrial fi nishes or baking enamels which require outstanding transparency combined with high gloss and high color strength

Example of a Binder-Free Pigment Concentrate with Extremely High Pigment Loading

Raw material Kronos 2310 (PW 6)

MPA 77

Bentone 38 02

Ethanol 01

TEGOreg Dispers 670 120

Pigment 800

Total 1000

Viscosity at start (D = 100 sndash1) 1350 mPas

Viscosity after 2 weeksat 50 degC (D = 100 sndash1)

1460 mPas

Technical Contactsandrabauerevonikcom

Overview of Biocide-Free Anti-Fouling Systems

Resins

Smart Formulating Journal 5

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Erosion eff ects due to cavitation by the ships propeller should also be mentioned (Cavitation is the formation of small bubbles of gas in a liquid) In the boiling water test the coated samples are placed in boiling water to simulate stress caused by cavitation

The destructive eff ect of the cavitation bubbles is com-parable to an implosion In the boiling water test the coatings are subjected to enormous stresses particularly at the liquid gas interface Where unsuitable materials are used signs of breakdown of the coating include loss of gloss and chalking SILIKOPONreg EF coatings show sur-prisingly good results in this test (fi g 2)

Macrofouling ndash Easy-to-Clean The masses of white chalky shells of barnacles are a familiar sight on harbor walls wooden and stone landing stages and even on hulls Barnacles of which only a few types are indigenous to Germany occur in many coastal waters They are crustaceans which have completely adapted their way of life to fi xed colonization

From a certain age the plankton-like larvae which swim freely in the sea search for a suitable solid sub-strate on which they can settle Since the adult species are unable to change location the larvae have a great responsibility in choosing a suitable place for their later life They attach themselves fi rmly using an endocrine cement which adheres to practically all plant animal and mineral substances under water Its adhesive strength is retained even in dry environments at icy temperatures and in warm sunshine

Because of their roughness the barnacle colonies as well as general marine fouling on hulls propeller blades and rudders slow down ships considerably Up to now there have been no eff ective commercial alternatives to biocides Further development will be of major impor-tance in combating fouling on hulls to prevent increased fuel consumption and costly cleaning and thus protect the environment

Various biocide-free silicone-based coatings were exposed to natural North Sea conditions in our test facil-ities A er the test phase was completed the overgrown test panels were easily cleaned (fi g3) Silicone-based coatings have also been used successfully in the fi eld of corrosion protection

The weak adhesion of barnacles on a coating based on SILIKOPONreg EF is demonstrated in fi g 4 Without SILIKOPONreg EF the barnacle encrustation grows into the substrate

Coating of propellers is a particularly difficult area because of rotation and its associated cavitation In test programs brass propellers from motorboats were partial-ly coated with SILIKOPONreg EF clearcoat (fi g 5) and sub-jected to typical use in North Sea water between April and October A er this test phase the coated propeller parts were compared to the uncoated propeller nose The lat-ter which served as a ldquoloss anoderdquo was overgrown with barnacles In comparison the propeller blades treated

Figure 2 Boiling water test to simulate cavitation characteristics of coatings based on SILIKOPONreg EF in the guiding formulation RR 4005 No changes in the gloss or the surface of the coat-ing appear at the edge where boiling occurs

with SILIKOPONreg EF were almost free of growth The few barnacles present and the remaining cement resi-due could be removed from the surface with little eff ort

It is worth mentioning the positive eff ect of coating with SILIKOPONreg EF on the edges subjected to cavitation stress These exhibited neither fouling nor wear

Therefore SILIKOPONreg EF will be able to protect ships in the future without recourse to biocides thus protect-ing the marine environment

ldquoSilicone and Epoxyrdquo is the secret of suc-cess With the SILIKOPONreg EF binder the combination of diff erent properties off ers the prerequisite for long-lasting exterior coatings

This project was carried out in close cooperation with MaRenate Oldenburg

Figure 4 Test panels in a typical two-coat structure The left hand photo shows the coating before ageing The right hand photo shows the test panel coated with SILIKOPONreg EF after about 8 months of ageing in the North Sea The barnacles can be easily removed with tweezers without leaving a residue Figure 5 A partly coated motorboat propeller before and after ageing

in the North Sea in 2008

Tecnical Contactudoschiemannevonikcom

MaRenate Wolfgang SchusterClausewitzstraszlige 105D-26125 Oldenburg

Figure 3 Test panels with various silicone-based coatings after 8 months ageing in the North Sea Right hand side upper photo coated SILIKOPONreg EF test panels after ageing Lower photo the same panels after simple cleaning in laboratory

cleaned

after 6 months

gtgt

6 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

Whereas the fumed silica and fumed aluminum oxide such as AEROSILreg 200 AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C are known to be exceptionally suitable for improving the desired properties of powder coatings the present study shows that the newest developments ndash AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 ndash off er even more advantages for the studied systems such as in their fl ow behavior transfer rate or Faraday cage eff ect

New Studies of AEROSILreg and AEROXIDEreg in Powder CoatingsAlthough the powder coating industry has already made extensive use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (AEROSILreg) and hydrophilic aluminum oxides (AEROXIDEreg) Evonik Degussa GmbH has developed new fumed oxides that can substantially improve the properties of powder coatings This article provides an overview of the properties of fumed oxides in polyester-based powder coatings making a distinction between a con-ventional (d50 = 310 microm additive concentration 03 wt) and a fi ne (d50 = 215 microm additive concentration 05 wt) powder coating The additives were admixed in an ACM classifi er mill

Corona ApplicationIn conventional and fi ne powder coatings alike AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 exhibited its largest positive infl uence on the angle of repose With respect to this property the newly developed AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 turned out to be the second-best product for both particle sizes When fumed silicas were used AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROSILreg 200 improved fl owability to a much greater extent than all other tested fumed silica

The test of the fl uidization behavior which was performed using a bed expansion test is depicted in Figures 1 and 2 The diagrams show the air fl ow velocity needed to produce a 20 fl uidization The air fl ow velocity of the control sample without fumed silicas and aluminum oxides was constant above 1 cm s In the fl uidization test all fumed silicas and aluminum oxides tested led to substantial improvement in the fl owability of the powder coating

For the fi ne powder coating the aluminum oxides proved to be more eff ective in comparison to the silicas AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C being the two best The hydrophobic AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results among the silicas

In fi ne powder coatings the additives made of fumed silicas helped to suppress the Faraday cage eff ect and achieve a much more uniform coverage of the coated surface The results show that AEROSILreg R 812 improves this performance characteristic quite signifi cantly

In conventional powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 resulted in an improved coverage All other silicas and aluminum oxides studied did not produce any signifi -cant improvement in the Faraday cage eff ect

The test results show that additives made of fumed silicas generally reduce the gloss value (20 deg and 60 deg) more easily than aluminum additives AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 which even increased the gloss value of the powder coating produced excellent results

Tribo ApplicationFumed aluminum oxide is frequently used for tribo applications in order to improve the fl ow properties and also to stabilize the chargeability of powder coatings

All of the aluminum oxides studied improved the transfer rate of polyester-based powder coatings Whereas the results in the corona application depended strongly on the particle size of the powder coating the use of AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 led to substantial improvements in the transfer rate in the tribo application regardless of the particle size of the powder coating

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

AluC

Alu130

Com-petition

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Fine Powder Coating

Figure 1

For conventional powder coating the fumed silicas proved to be slightly better fl u-idization additives Nevertheless AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 exhibited nearly identical performance

The study of the transfer rate by means of a Corona application was performed using a GEMA manual spray gun The better the powder coverage of the plates a er the spraying the greater the amount of powder coating that was transferred It is clear that the results of the transfer rate depend very strongly on the particle size of the powder coating system Additives that were able to improve the transfer rate of fi ne powder coatings tend to reduce the transfer rate in conventional powder coatings AEROSILreg 200 and AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results for fi ne powders while AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C proved better in conventional powders

To test for the Faraday cage eff ect we used a GEMA spray gun to spray the powder coat-ings onto an aluminum sheet that had a channel down its center A maximum Faraday cage eff ect results in very poor homogeneous coverage producing a low ldquoR valuerdquo A value of R = 1 on the other hand means that the Faraday cage eff ect is not present and that the powder coating produced uniform coverage both inside and outside the channel

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

Alu130

AluC

Com-petition

Figure 2

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Conventional Powder Coating

Influence of the Fumed Silica AEROSILreg on the Faraday Cage Effect in a Fine Powder Coating

Transfer Rates of Aluminum Oxides in Polyester-Based Fine Powder Coatings

06064068072076

08

Faraday effect R

worse

better

AEROSILregR 812

AEROSILreg200

AEROSILregR 972 Control

Figure 3

5055606570758085

Transfer rate

better

Alu C805

Alu130

Alu C Control worse

Figure 4

gtgt

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

Resins

Smart Formulating Journal 5

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Erosion eff ects due to cavitation by the ships propeller should also be mentioned (Cavitation is the formation of small bubbles of gas in a liquid) In the boiling water test the coated samples are placed in boiling water to simulate stress caused by cavitation

The destructive eff ect of the cavitation bubbles is com-parable to an implosion In the boiling water test the coatings are subjected to enormous stresses particularly at the liquid gas interface Where unsuitable materials are used signs of breakdown of the coating include loss of gloss and chalking SILIKOPONreg EF coatings show sur-prisingly good results in this test (fi g 2)

Macrofouling ndash Easy-to-Clean The masses of white chalky shells of barnacles are a familiar sight on harbor walls wooden and stone landing stages and even on hulls Barnacles of which only a few types are indigenous to Germany occur in many coastal waters They are crustaceans which have completely adapted their way of life to fi xed colonization

From a certain age the plankton-like larvae which swim freely in the sea search for a suitable solid sub-strate on which they can settle Since the adult species are unable to change location the larvae have a great responsibility in choosing a suitable place for their later life They attach themselves fi rmly using an endocrine cement which adheres to practically all plant animal and mineral substances under water Its adhesive strength is retained even in dry environments at icy temperatures and in warm sunshine

Because of their roughness the barnacle colonies as well as general marine fouling on hulls propeller blades and rudders slow down ships considerably Up to now there have been no eff ective commercial alternatives to biocides Further development will be of major impor-tance in combating fouling on hulls to prevent increased fuel consumption and costly cleaning and thus protect the environment

Various biocide-free silicone-based coatings were exposed to natural North Sea conditions in our test facil-ities A er the test phase was completed the overgrown test panels were easily cleaned (fi g3) Silicone-based coatings have also been used successfully in the fi eld of corrosion protection

The weak adhesion of barnacles on a coating based on SILIKOPONreg EF is demonstrated in fi g 4 Without SILIKOPONreg EF the barnacle encrustation grows into the substrate

Coating of propellers is a particularly difficult area because of rotation and its associated cavitation In test programs brass propellers from motorboats were partial-ly coated with SILIKOPONreg EF clearcoat (fi g 5) and sub-jected to typical use in North Sea water between April and October A er this test phase the coated propeller parts were compared to the uncoated propeller nose The lat-ter which served as a ldquoloss anoderdquo was overgrown with barnacles In comparison the propeller blades treated

Figure 2 Boiling water test to simulate cavitation characteristics of coatings based on SILIKOPONreg EF in the guiding formulation RR 4005 No changes in the gloss or the surface of the coat-ing appear at the edge where boiling occurs

with SILIKOPONreg EF were almost free of growth The few barnacles present and the remaining cement resi-due could be removed from the surface with little eff ort

It is worth mentioning the positive eff ect of coating with SILIKOPONreg EF on the edges subjected to cavitation stress These exhibited neither fouling nor wear

Therefore SILIKOPONreg EF will be able to protect ships in the future without recourse to biocides thus protect-ing the marine environment

ldquoSilicone and Epoxyrdquo is the secret of suc-cess With the SILIKOPONreg EF binder the combination of diff erent properties off ers the prerequisite for long-lasting exterior coatings

This project was carried out in close cooperation with MaRenate Oldenburg

Figure 4 Test panels in a typical two-coat structure The left hand photo shows the coating before ageing The right hand photo shows the test panel coated with SILIKOPONreg EF after about 8 months of ageing in the North Sea The barnacles can be easily removed with tweezers without leaving a residue Figure 5 A partly coated motorboat propeller before and after ageing

in the North Sea in 2008

Tecnical Contactudoschiemannevonikcom

MaRenate Wolfgang SchusterClausewitzstraszlige 105D-26125 Oldenburg

Figure 3 Test panels with various silicone-based coatings after 8 months ageing in the North Sea Right hand side upper photo coated SILIKOPONreg EF test panels after ageing Lower photo the same panels after simple cleaning in laboratory

cleaned

after 6 months

gtgt

6 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

Whereas the fumed silica and fumed aluminum oxide such as AEROSILreg 200 AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C are known to be exceptionally suitable for improving the desired properties of powder coatings the present study shows that the newest developments ndash AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 ndash off er even more advantages for the studied systems such as in their fl ow behavior transfer rate or Faraday cage eff ect

New Studies of AEROSILreg and AEROXIDEreg in Powder CoatingsAlthough the powder coating industry has already made extensive use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (AEROSILreg) and hydrophilic aluminum oxides (AEROXIDEreg) Evonik Degussa GmbH has developed new fumed oxides that can substantially improve the properties of powder coatings This article provides an overview of the properties of fumed oxides in polyester-based powder coatings making a distinction between a con-ventional (d50 = 310 microm additive concentration 03 wt) and a fi ne (d50 = 215 microm additive concentration 05 wt) powder coating The additives were admixed in an ACM classifi er mill

Corona ApplicationIn conventional and fi ne powder coatings alike AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 exhibited its largest positive infl uence on the angle of repose With respect to this property the newly developed AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 turned out to be the second-best product for both particle sizes When fumed silicas were used AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROSILreg 200 improved fl owability to a much greater extent than all other tested fumed silica

The test of the fl uidization behavior which was performed using a bed expansion test is depicted in Figures 1 and 2 The diagrams show the air fl ow velocity needed to produce a 20 fl uidization The air fl ow velocity of the control sample without fumed silicas and aluminum oxides was constant above 1 cm s In the fl uidization test all fumed silicas and aluminum oxides tested led to substantial improvement in the fl owability of the powder coating

For the fi ne powder coating the aluminum oxides proved to be more eff ective in comparison to the silicas AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C being the two best The hydrophobic AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results among the silicas

In fi ne powder coatings the additives made of fumed silicas helped to suppress the Faraday cage eff ect and achieve a much more uniform coverage of the coated surface The results show that AEROSILreg R 812 improves this performance characteristic quite signifi cantly

In conventional powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 resulted in an improved coverage All other silicas and aluminum oxides studied did not produce any signifi -cant improvement in the Faraday cage eff ect

The test results show that additives made of fumed silicas generally reduce the gloss value (20 deg and 60 deg) more easily than aluminum additives AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 which even increased the gloss value of the powder coating produced excellent results

Tribo ApplicationFumed aluminum oxide is frequently used for tribo applications in order to improve the fl ow properties and also to stabilize the chargeability of powder coatings

All of the aluminum oxides studied improved the transfer rate of polyester-based powder coatings Whereas the results in the corona application depended strongly on the particle size of the powder coating the use of AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 led to substantial improvements in the transfer rate in the tribo application regardless of the particle size of the powder coating

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

AluC

Alu130

Com-petition

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Fine Powder Coating

Figure 1

For conventional powder coating the fumed silicas proved to be slightly better fl u-idization additives Nevertheless AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 exhibited nearly identical performance

The study of the transfer rate by means of a Corona application was performed using a GEMA manual spray gun The better the powder coverage of the plates a er the spraying the greater the amount of powder coating that was transferred It is clear that the results of the transfer rate depend very strongly on the particle size of the powder coating system Additives that were able to improve the transfer rate of fi ne powder coatings tend to reduce the transfer rate in conventional powder coatings AEROSILreg 200 and AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results for fi ne powders while AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C proved better in conventional powders

To test for the Faraday cage eff ect we used a GEMA spray gun to spray the powder coat-ings onto an aluminum sheet that had a channel down its center A maximum Faraday cage eff ect results in very poor homogeneous coverage producing a low ldquoR valuerdquo A value of R = 1 on the other hand means that the Faraday cage eff ect is not present and that the powder coating produced uniform coverage both inside and outside the channel

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

Alu130

AluC

Com-petition

Figure 2

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Conventional Powder Coating

Influence of the Fumed Silica AEROSILreg on the Faraday Cage Effect in a Fine Powder Coating

Transfer Rates of Aluminum Oxides in Polyester-Based Fine Powder Coatings

06064068072076

08

Faraday effect R

worse

better

AEROSILregR 812

AEROSILreg200

AEROSILregR 972 Control

Figure 3

5055606570758085

Transfer rate

better

Alu C805

Alu130

Alu C Control worse

Figure 4

gtgt

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

6 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

Whereas the fumed silica and fumed aluminum oxide such as AEROSILreg 200 AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C are known to be exceptionally suitable for improving the desired properties of powder coatings the present study shows that the newest developments ndash AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 ndash off er even more advantages for the studied systems such as in their fl ow behavior transfer rate or Faraday cage eff ect

New Studies of AEROSILreg and AEROXIDEreg in Powder CoatingsAlthough the powder coating industry has already made extensive use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (AEROSILreg) and hydrophilic aluminum oxides (AEROXIDEreg) Evonik Degussa GmbH has developed new fumed oxides that can substantially improve the properties of powder coatings This article provides an overview of the properties of fumed oxides in polyester-based powder coatings making a distinction between a con-ventional (d50 = 310 microm additive concentration 03 wt) and a fi ne (d50 = 215 microm additive concentration 05 wt) powder coating The additives were admixed in an ACM classifi er mill

Corona ApplicationIn conventional and fi ne powder coatings alike AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 exhibited its largest positive infl uence on the angle of repose With respect to this property the newly developed AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 turned out to be the second-best product for both particle sizes When fumed silicas were used AEROSILreg R 812 and AEROSILreg 200 improved fl owability to a much greater extent than all other tested fumed silica

The test of the fl uidization behavior which was performed using a bed expansion test is depicted in Figures 1 and 2 The diagrams show the air fl ow velocity needed to produce a 20 fl uidization The air fl ow velocity of the control sample without fumed silicas and aluminum oxides was constant above 1 cm s In the fl uidization test all fumed silicas and aluminum oxides tested led to substantial improvement in the fl owability of the powder coating

For the fi ne powder coating the aluminum oxides proved to be more eff ective in comparison to the silicas AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C being the two best The hydrophobic AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results among the silicas

In fi ne powder coatings the additives made of fumed silicas helped to suppress the Faraday cage eff ect and achieve a much more uniform coverage of the coated surface The results show that AEROSILreg R 812 improves this performance characteristic quite signifi cantly

In conventional powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 resulted in an improved coverage All other silicas and aluminum oxides studied did not produce any signifi -cant improvement in the Faraday cage eff ect

The test results show that additives made of fumed silicas generally reduce the gloss value (20 deg and 60 deg) more easily than aluminum additives AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 which even increased the gloss value of the powder coating produced excellent results

Tribo ApplicationFumed aluminum oxide is frequently used for tribo applications in order to improve the fl ow properties and also to stabilize the chargeability of powder coatings

All of the aluminum oxides studied improved the transfer rate of polyester-based powder coatings Whereas the results in the corona application depended strongly on the particle size of the powder coating the use of AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 led to substantial improvements in the transfer rate in the tribo application regardless of the particle size of the powder coating

Aerosil and Aeroxide in Powder Coatings

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

AluC

Alu130

Com-petition

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Fine Powder Coating

Figure 1

For conventional powder coating the fumed silicas proved to be slightly better fl u-idization additives Nevertheless AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 exhibited nearly identical performance

The study of the transfer rate by means of a Corona application was performed using a GEMA manual spray gun The better the powder coverage of the plates a er the spraying the greater the amount of powder coating that was transferred It is clear that the results of the transfer rate depend very strongly on the particle size of the powder coating system Additives that were able to improve the transfer rate of fi ne powder coatings tend to reduce the transfer rate in conventional powder coatings AEROSILreg 200 and AEROSILreg R 812 achieved the best results for fi ne powders while AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 and AEROXIDEreg Alu C proved better in conventional powders

To test for the Faraday cage eff ect we used a GEMA spray gun to spray the powder coat-ings onto an aluminum sheet that had a channel down its center A maximum Faraday cage eff ect results in very poor homogeneous coverage producing a low ldquoR valuerdquo A value of R = 1 on the other hand means that the Faraday cage eff ect is not present and that the powder coating produced uniform coverage both inside and outside the channel

Fumed silica

00102030405

Air velocity [cms] to obtain 20 bed expansion

Aluminium oxide

better

worse

AER 812

AE200

AER 972

Alu C805

Alu130

AluC

Com-petition

Figure 2

Test of Fluidization Using Silicas and Aluminum Oxides in Conventional Powder Coating

Influence of the Fumed Silica AEROSILreg on the Faraday Cage Effect in a Fine Powder Coating

Transfer Rates of Aluminum Oxides in Polyester-Based Fine Powder Coatings

06064068072076

08

Faraday effect R

worse

better

AEROSILregR 812

AEROSILreg200

AEROSILregR 972 Control

Figure 3

5055606570758085

Transfer rate

better

Alu C805

Alu130

Alu C Control worse

Figure 4

gtgt

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

7Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Additives

For conventional powder coatings it was possible to establish an improvement in coverage on the three-dimensional aluminum plate for all aluminum oxides examined AEROXIDEreg Alu C 805 and AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 showed a substantial improvement in the coverage of the powder coating

For fi ne powder coatings only AEROXIDEreg Alu 130 was able to help prevent the Faraday cage eff ect and to also increase the coverage of the powder coating on the poorly accessible locations on the aluminum plate

Resin Components Resins

Glide Additives and Food Contact ndash a ContradictionNo longer thanks to TEGOreg Glide 485 High slip is diffi cult to achieve in water-borne printing inks and varnishes If they need to be suitable for food contact the choice of raw materials is usually limited to waxes which frequently do not provide the desired reduction of slip on their own The new TEGOreg Glide 485 is liquid highly eff ective and can be used in compliance with FDA Guideline 21 CFR 175300 Even low dosages greatly reduce slip and release values and blocking in formulations without compromising gloss or defoaming TEGOreg Glide 485 achieves outstanding results whether used as the sole slip and glide additive or in combina-tion with waxes (VESTOWAXreg)

Crosslinking at Ambient TemperatureNew aqueous crosslinking systems can make a signifi cant contribution to complying with the increasingly stringent VOC directives

Methacrylate systems that enable crosslinking of aqueous binder systems at room tem-perature allow the user to adjust the fi nal properties of the coating a er application by post-crosslinking At the same time the user can exploit the advantages of a non-crosslinked readily fi lm-forming emulsion system for the application Crosslinking is initiated by light oxidation or reaction with a condensation partner depending on the chosen monomer The light-reactive methacrylate VISIOMERreg BPMA based on a ben-zophenone methacrylate is crosslinked by means of a small dose of UV radiation i e the UV proportion of daylight is suffi cient to enable crosslinking Acrylic resins manu-factured with oxidatively crosslinking VISIOMERreg MUMA monomers show compar-able fi lm properties and off er the added benefi t of good compatibility with alkyd resins i e a combination of acrylic and alkyd resins unites the advantages of both systems VISIOMERreg ALMA a methacrylate system that crosslinks by condensation makes it pos-sible to obtain durable high-gloss coatings even when incorporated in small quantities

The advantage of polymers containing the described reactive methacrylates is there-fore the ability to adjust a low minimum fi lm-forming temperature while still obtain-ing very hard fi lms with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to com-monly used chemicals

VISIOMERreg BPMA will be commercially available from the fi rst quarter of 2009 VISIOMERreg MUMA from the third quarter of 2009

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F for Alcohol-Resistant Plastics CoatingsEvonik launches a new product on the market ndash DEGALANreg VP 1034 F

There are many reasons for coating plastic parts ranging from functional to deco-rative Along with a higher quality coating one can count on enhanced product properties of consumer goods which always supports the sales success of the manu-facturer

Plastic surfaces of many everyday items such as kitchen appliances mobile phones TV sets DVD players or toys are exposed to a variety of infl uences including aggressive cleaning agents hand perspiration and mechanical stress

Another point worth mentioning is the decorative appearance of the fi nished items Plastic components are usually made from very dark molding compounds o en using recycled material The fl ow lines produced during extrusion can be easily covered by such coatings

Conventional cleaning agents contain a high proportion of alcohol and may cause stress cracking in uncoated plastics This is where the special property of DEGALANreg VP 1034 F comes in

Coating fi lms containing this binder show outstanding resistance to conventional household cleaning agents and provide the alcohol resistance required for plastic coatings Further benefi ts are the binders good pigment wetting properties which make it possible to formulate high gloss coatings As can be expected from products based on acrylic resins DEGALANreg VP 1034 F ensures that the applied coatings have outstanding resistance to weathering and UV resistance

DEGALANreg VP 1034 F can be employed in metallised coatings as well for gravure printing inks applied to plastic substrates

0

200400600800

100012001400

0

2

4

6

8

10

MEK-Absorbtion [wt]tensile strength [MPa]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

MEK BPMA vs tensile strength

Visomer BPMA [wt]

Solvent Absorption and Tensile Strength Values as a Function of VISIOMERreg BPMA Content

Technical Contactandreasolschewskievonikcom

gtgt

Technical ContactEurope gabrielelederevonikcomUSA marinanargielloevonikcomChina lanshenevonikcom

Technical Contactgeroldschmittevonikcom

Technical Contactkaisteenwegevonikcom

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

8 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Crosslinkers

Low Gloss Hybrid Powder Coatings with Even Lower Cures

The leading technology for over three decades to produce matte hybrid powder coat-ings is the incorporation of cyclic amidine-polycarboxylic acid salts (the former VES-TAGONreg B 68 or off sets) into epoxy ndash polyester hybrid powder coating formulations In this way they produce matte hybrid coatings through a complex reaction pattern with several reactions occurring simultaneously These salts have relatively high melting temperatures over 200 degC and their ability to produce matte hybrid coatings was previously limited to cure temperatures of 180 ndash 200 degC Insuffi cient cure sched-ules cause reduced matting eff ects

The business line Crosslinkers of Evonik Industries has recently discovered a class of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate (TAAC) salts that can be used to catalyze the cur-ing of these hybrid reactions in such a way that enables cyclic amidine salts to cure at signifi cantly lower temperatures while maintaining the gloss obtained at higher curing temperatures The new catalyst VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 which is the TAAC adsorbed at 50 onto silica thus allowing it to be added in solid form to a formula-tion Another advantage of this delivery form is a reduced moisture uptake normally inherent in this class of catalysts

The eff ect of using VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 in black hybrid formulations was inves-tigated using two diff erent polyesters and varying polyester epoxy ratios cure sched-ules and catalyst levels

Table 1 lists the results using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 combined with an epoxy resin (Epicotereg 1055) at a 33 67 polyester epoxy ratio The Crylcoatreg 1716-0 normally pro-duces a dead matte eff ect in typical hybrid systems The results clearly show the excellent properties of the coatings cured at 160 degC catalyzed with Vestagon EP-SC 5050 vs the uncatalyzed control Also a signifi cantly lower gloss shi of 1 ndash 2 units at 60 deg compared to a shi of 3 ndash 4 units for the unmodifi ed formulation suggests a higher robustness by using the new VESTAGONreg catalyst At 85 deg gloss this shi is more noticeable with a reduction of 11 ndash 13 units down to 3 ndash 4 units

An additional advantage is that the gloss reduction is as reproducible as normally observed with pure matting agents but now within this much wider baking range of 160 ndash200 degC

The eff ect of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 when using the polyester resin Pulverolreg 6010 which normally produces matte to half-gloss hybrid coatings with polyester epoxy ratios of 27 73 and 40 60 was a reduction of the 60 deg gloss shi of 8 ndash 22 units with-out the catalyst to a shi of 1 ndash 4 units with each polyester ratio As with Crylcoatreg 1716-0 the 85 deg gloss shift is reduced even further with the use of VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 This eff ect is confi rmed by formulating matte respectively half-gloss hybrid systems based on Pulverolreg 6010 in diff erent ratios (Tab 2)

Aside from the tests shown above studies are ongoing at Evonik`s VESTAGONreg labora-tories to test the response of this catalyst with other polyester and epoxy resins for this application It should be noted that not all polyester epoxy blends show this behavior i e maintaining the gloss values when curing matte hybrid coatings at lower temperatures

VESTAGON EP-SC 5050 shows several advantages in matt hybrid systems Co-application and cure of parts with diff erent thicknesses Elimination of patchwork appearances due to uneven powder application Reduction in oven cure temperature to lower overall fuel consumption Pastel colors possible at curing temperatures below 180 degC

(overbake stability is not improved compared to the pure B 68 system)

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050 thus can grant powder coating applicators more fl exibility in coating parts to achieve the same fi nishes while providing the option of reducing their overall fuel consumption in their curing processes by using very small amounts of this new catalyst

Flat Matte Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Crylcoatreg 1716-0 Variation of Catalyst Concentration

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 33 67

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 036 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 3920 3890 3870

Crylcoatreg 1716-0 1930 1920 1900

VESTAGONreg EP-SC 5050

ndash 040 080

Pigments amp Additives 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC 8rsquo 200 degC 30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 75 40 68 63 53 60

Dir impact (in-lb) 80 60 80 40 60 40

Gloss 60 deg 6 10 6 7 7 9

Gloss 85 deg 15 26 17 20 23 27

Matte to Half-Gloss Black Hybrid Powder Coatings Using Pulverolreg 6010 Variation of Polyester Epoxy-Ratio

Polyester Epoxy Ratio 27 73 40 60

Catalyst Level 0 wt 018 wt 0 wt 018 wt

VESTAGONreg B 68 500 500 500 500

Epikotereg 1055 4270 4241 3510 3486

Pulverolreg 6010 1580 1569 2340 2324

VESTAGONregEP-SC 5050

ndash 040 ndash 040

Pigments and Addi-tives

3650 3650 3650 3650

Cure Schedule 8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

8rsquo 200 degC

30rsquo 160 degC

Cupping (mm) 83 78 85 75 90 95 90 85

Dir impact (in-lb) 160 160 120 140 150 gt160 90 100

Gloss 60 deg 21 29 18 19 52 74 50 55

Gloss 85 deg 57 75 49 57 83 95 81 92

Table 1

Table 2

Technical Contactwernergrendaevonikcomwwwvestagoncom

reg = registered trademark ofVESTAGONreg = Evonik Degussa GmbHCrylcoatreg = Cytec Surface Specialties IncEPIKOTEreg = Resolution Performance ProductsPULVEROLreg = NEOCHIMIKI LV s a

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

Smart Formulating Journal 9

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Coloring

New Developments Considering Total Costs of Ownership of Tinting Systems

The process of coloring coatings is subject to a wide spectrum of sought a er values i e fl exibility in color off ering costs of tinting VOC compliance Eco-label certifi cation reliability of ship tinting solutions performance of colored paints (wet and fi lm) and many more These combined factors lead to a need for an integral tinting solution Evonik off ers customizable solutions Its features and benefi ts (for performance and cost) will be explained in this article

ColorantsColorants are pigment dispersions with well-defi ned coloristic and rheological properties essential for suc-cessful use in dispensing machines Universal colo-rants combine above mentioned properties with a high degree of compatibility in a variety of water and solvent based paints Today low VOC substitutes for the classic organic co-solvents are used in colorant formulations to maintain open time The fi rst colorants based on such formulations were marketed in the early 90s under the trade names Covonreg 800 Colortrendreg 802 followed by Colortrendreg 803 Colortrend reg 807 and Colortrendreg 808 All these series are APE-free

Value for Paint ManufacturersTwo major factors need to be considered with regard to costs vs value of tinting systems breadth and level of performances

The Breadth of Performance

Spectrum of Paint ChemistriesThe advantage of universal colorants is that they off er one tinting solution for a wide spectrum of paints and coatings Universal colorants contain carefully chosen combinations of non-ionic and ionic dispersants in their colorant formulation This results in pigment dispersions that resist fl occulation in a variety of paint systems

VOC ComplianceEuropean standards for VOC values stipulate content levels from 30 gramsliter and higher by 2010 VOC values of Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colorants are all below 10 grams liter

Voluntary compliance to paint eco-label standards in clude VOC and many other criteria Colortrendreg 807 colorants are formulated with careful consideration of eco-label criteria such as APE-free formaldehyde-free etc Apart from ISO 11890-2 VOC is also determined

according to ISO 17895 (German eco-label ldquoRAL Blue Angel 102 UZrdquo) Colortrendreg 807 colorants show a typi-cal VOC content of 1 gram liter

The Level of Performances

Color Space in Relation to Number of BasesA tinting system consists of a dedicated set of colorants and a set of paint bases per paint product The bases form a constellation with descending white pigment concentrations from high to zero The constellation is designed in such a way that the achievable color spaces of all paint bases leave no gaps when tinted with colo-rants amounts ranging from 0077 ml to a common used maximum of 9 volume Traditionally four bases are used per paint product Each base paint is a stock keep-ing unit (SKU) with associated costs Generally each reduction in number of paint bases will reduce SKUs but causes an increase in colorant additions to preserve the original color space

This dilemma has now been solved due to the avail-ability of high concentrated Colortrendreg 807 colorants there no longer is a need to preserve a four base system Test work and calculations proved that by eliminating one of the white intermediate bases the tinting costs dropped by an average of 12 for all colorshades made from the original base In addition a 25 reduction in SKUs is another achieved cost benefi t (see graph 2)

Physical Properties of ColorantsDue to tight coloristic specifi cations of Colortrendreg colo-rants and a good rheology profi le dispensing by high resolution dispensing machines yields high color repro-duction accuracy and repeatability Reproducibility and repeatability studies show typical coloristic variations within the dispensed set to be equal to or lower than ∆ E 01 (CIE-Lab) Colortrendreg 802 803 807 and 808 colo-rants are formulated to resist micro-biological spoilage coloristic dri and drying to brittle residues The colo-rant formulation reduces costly downtime of dispensing equipment apart from routine maintenance procedures

Physical Properties of Tinted PaintsPaints contain thickeners of various chemical types to create favorable fl ow behavior under diff erent stress

Graph 1

VOC content Open timeFlow

behaviourShelf life

Water sensitivity

Viscosity Gloss

Blocking

Hardness

Universal Compatibility

Color

OpacityColorant APE-free

Surfactant packageOrganic Solvent free

HumectantsAdditivesPigments

86889092949698

100

86889092949698100

Normalized tinting costs []

Normalized tinting costs []Opacity as contrast ratio

Opacity as contrast ratio

992986

Intermedium Base 1 Intermedium Base 2

Tinting Costs and Opacity Impact Based on Reducing from Four Paint Bases to Three

Graph 2

loadings and shear rates Associative thickeners are a well-known group of thickeners of which the HEUR thickeners are widely used in the paint industry Below are some examples of the infl uence of Colortrendreg 807 colorants on a water-based clear lacquer based on Acrylic and PUR resins and a HEUR thickener Colorants were added at 9 vol relative to the clear lacquer volume These additions are in reality exceptional for achiev-ing adequate opacity by tinting systems based on Colortrendreg 807

Viscosity was measured by using a Brookfi eldreg KU vis-cometer

Evonik off ers tinting modules with special colorants that meet the cost and special performance requirements of particular surfaces For example a tinting module for paints for use on exterior mineral surfaces contains only colorants based on inorganic pigments and additives that are low in hydrophilic content Another example coat-ings with high surface gloss maintain that function a er being tinted with Colortrendreg colorants

Color durability (lightfastness) is a property that is infl u-enced directly by the choice of pigments This is a topic unto itself on which Evonik can guide to the right choice for particular tinting needs

ConclusionSystematic mapping of customer needs and Evoniks global technical expertise have lead to the creation of tinting systems that satisfy the combinatorial needs for environmental compliance color space coverage and minimal impact on tinted paint properties In addition reduced costs optimal logistics technical performance and the ability for customizing to new market conditions by modular systems have been achieved using the Col-ortrendreg Systems

Please visit the presentation of paper 222 on the sub-ject during European Coatings Congress on Wednesday 1 April 2009 at 0930 ndash 1000 a m

Technical Contactlucdriessenevonikcomwwwcolortrendcom +31 43 3527714

80859095

100 98 98101 103105

110

Viscosity in Krebs Units

No colorantadded

9 vol Phthalo Blue

9 vol Organic Red

9 vol Yellow Oxide

Influence of Colorant on the Viscosity in KU of Water Based Clear Lacquer Based on Acrylic and PUR Resins and HEUR Thickener

Viscosity of a w b clear lacquer based on HEURColorant additions 9 vol related to lacquer Graph 3

General Colorant Composition and the Related Properties

Quantifiable on colorantQuantifiable on paint colorant blend

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

10 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resins

New Sol-Gel Based Silane Systems for Metal Treatment FormulationsEstablished surface pretreatment processes ndash chiefl y chro matization and phosphatization ndash are of utmost eco-nomical signifi cance The drawback of these otherwise very eff ective methods however is the poor environ-mental compatibility since they work with aggressive media Processing techniques involving substances con-taining chromium(VI) are especially problematic Due to new legal provisions the use of chromatization processes with chromium(VI) is no longer approved in many indus-tries Silane based systems off er an attractive alternative to these processes Silanes are not the only alternative metal pre-treatment system but they provide the benefi t being particularly environmentally benign

to passivate the surface by reaction of the silane with the metal surface

to form a hydrophobic protection layer

to adhere to the next layer via reaction with a subsequent coating

Further functionality is added to a metal pre-treatment system by various additives and other ingredients chosen by the formulator In addition they can o en be added to existing formulations to improve performance

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade Provide the Basis for Many FormulationsIt is for the variability of the diff erent applications in the metal treatment area that Evonik has developed the range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade These silane systems combine a variety of functions in a single prod-uct One of the most successful examples is the Dynasy-lanreg HYDROSIL product family Products of this series are water-based silanes that although highly reactive are storage stable This product range is now being supplemented by the latest generation of Multifunc-tional Silane Systemstrade the Dynasylanreg SIVO products Accordingly this new product line is being launched with the release of the first water-based modularly structured sol-gel system under the Dynasylanreg SIVO brand name Each of these products has a diff erent area of application

Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade are designed for most metal surfaces Preferred substrates include alumi-num steel zinc phosphatized and other treated metal surfaces For the customer the new technology means much easier processing and easier waste disposal Heavy metal waste is commonly very restricted and costly to dispose of and local regulations o en make waste man-agement costly and complex A reduction in the com-plexity of the treatment process also reduces costs as for example a rinsing step a er silane application can o en be avoided

Evonik has designed a range of Multifunctional Silane Systemstrade for a multitude of applications and uses For use as adhesion promotion primer and additive in many corrosion protection formulations there are the products from the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL range The SIVOreg SOL Technology is an inorganic binder sys-tem with specifically designed additives that can be used to formulate a large range of diff erent corrosion and coating systems The most advanced new system Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is for use in conversion coatings on aluminum

Adhesion promoter for a subsequent coating

Hydrophobic inner layer

Barrier layer for chloride and water

Passivation of metal surface due to reaction with the metal substrate

Metal substrate

Test substrates with and without primer on aluminum and steel were placed into the salt spray chamber and regularly observed for corrosion

Substrate Pretreatment with Dynasylanreg

Coating Curing Temperature (degC) Advantage

Sand blasted steel SIVO 110 + SIVO 111 Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and corrosion resistance

Hot dip galvanized steel SIVO 110 + Acrylic Dispersion

Polyester powder coating 200 Improved durability and better adhesion

Aluminum 6061 HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Electro galvanized steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Cold rolled Steel HYDROSIL 2909 5 in DI water

2K PUR (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protection

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

2K Epoxy primer (solvent based)

60 Excellent corrosion protec-tion equal to chromate

Aluminum SIVO 1601 in DI water

Reactive PUR powder coating

140 Excellent corrosion protec-tion similar to chromate

gtgt

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

Smart Formulating Journal 11

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Resin Components

Technical ContactNAFTA ramonsanchez-morilloevonikcomAsia frankgaoevonikcomEuropa ROW phillippalbertevonikcom

Under the name AVENEER Evonik Industries has deve-loped a new pioneering manufacturing process for methyl methacrylate (MMA) The creative industrial company thus provides an answer to the question of how future methyl methacrylate monomers and poly-mers can remain competitive

In addition to the site currently under construction in Shanghai with signifi cantly further developed C4 MMA technology a signifi cant technology advance could also be achieved now in the classic ACH sulfur process Thanks to signifi cantly improved effi ciency in the use of ldquoraw materials and energyrdquo with regard to all established MMA processes Evonik views itself as a future cost leader with the new process in this fi eld

Like the traditional ACH sulfur process AVENEER is based on the starting materials ammonia methane acetone and methanol ndash without the additional use of sulfuric acid The omission of the reprocessing of sul-furic acid which has now become unnecessary both saves costs and conserves resources In addition the new technology is distinguished by its regional and technological fl exibility on the one hand it can be conducted in general at typical chemical plants around the world on the other it allows existing Evonik plants to be retrofi tted Evonik has already proven the feasibility of the new process in test production

In addition to further optimizations the planning of the fi rst large-scale technical plant will begin in the next few months It could be commissioned in 2012 according to the current state of planning

A Quantum Leap in MMA TechnologyEvonik Industries Develops a New Manufacturing Process for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) with AVENEER

Gregor Hetzke President of Business Unit Performance Polymers and Thomas Muumlller Senior Vice President of Business Unit Acrylic Monomers during the press conference about AVENEER in September 2008 Contact

wwwvisiomercom

Resins

Dynasylanreg for Corrosion ProtectionThe corrosion protection properties are equal to or bet-ter than with traditional pre-treatment systems e g iron or zinc phosphate and chromate Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL can be applied directly on cleaned bare metal surfaces The application of Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL doesnt require as many steps as traditional pre-treatments which improves the effi ciency of the process and leads to signifi cant cost savings The thickness of a Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL layer (o en much less than 1 micro) is consider-ably thinner than with traditional pre-treatment systems

SIVOreg SOL Technology consists of four components resulting in formulating fl exibility for the user The base component is a nearly VOC-free inorganic resin with a long shelf life This base component called Dynasy-lanreg SIVO 110 is an inorganic particle containing con-densed organofunctional siloxane oligomer It allows for the formulation of a large number of pre-treatment and

coating systems from transparent oleophobic inorganic top-coats to corrosion protection systems A range of additives has been designed specifi cally for use with the Dynasylanreg SIVO 110 binder The additives can be used to formulate diff erent types of metal pre-treatment or coating systems The additive Dynasylanreg SIVO 111 is a neutralizing agent for formulations to be applied on steel Dynasylanreg SIVO 112 is a hydro and oleophoba-tion additive that allows for the formulation of oleopho-bic topcoats Dynasylanreg SIVO 113 is a hydrophobizing additive that can be used to signifi cantly increase weath-erability of the coating

Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new water-based silane system which is especially eff ective for the pre-treatment of alu-minum It is nearly VOC free and was designed to be highly reactive and to cure at a relatively low temperature This enables the use of this new sol-gel system in many fi elds

where high temperatures are prohibitive Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 reacts with the metal surface and forms a very tight inorganic-organic network which forms an excel-lent corrosion protection system in combination with an organic topcoat The product can be applied by indus-try standard methods such as spraying or immersion

Furthermore Dynasylanreg SIVO 160 is a new versatile component for formulation and thus can be formulated with components of the SIVOreg SOL Technology and the Dynasylanreg HYDROSIL products It allows high formula-tion fl exibility for special applications

gtgt

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany

12 Smart Formulating Journal

Additives

Coloring

Crosslinkers

Matting

Resin Components

Resins

Evonik for Coatings

Many Roads Lead to the CustomerSmart Formulating CommunicationInnovative products effi cient processing and individual solutions Once again in this issue of the Smart Formulating Journal well be providing you with interesting information about paints and coatings This marks the sixth issue of the journal for our customers in the paints and coatings world Time to take a look behind the scenes of Smart Formulating

Several years ago Evonik developed the Smart Formu-lating concept with the aim of taking advantage of the Groups pooled expertise so that it could develop indi-vidual innovative and effi cient solutions in cooperation with paints and coatings customers Right from the out-set it was clear that we wanted to speak the customers language in other words the language of paint formu-lation Hence since 2005 Smart Formulating has been split into six components

We communicate in many diff erent ways to keep you abreast of the latest developments The Smart Formulating Journal is primarily concerned with innovation and technical service Its published in German English Chinese Russian and Japanese and provides our customers with information in the form of technical articles

The Means of CommunicationIn addition you can obtain more in-depth information from our brochures about various technical subjects ndash whether wood coatings printing inks or other areas of the paints and coatings industry Our experts have aggregated their expertise in various fields and of course would be happy to answer any other questions you may have

Our web site wwwevonikcom smart-formulating gives you an overview of our products and applications The communication concept is supplemented with banner

ads on the Internet and ads in print media so that people can become more aware of Smart Formulating

Trade fairs represent another key facet of our communi-cations Here our experts are on hand to provide indi-vidually tailored advice Youll fi nd a list of the trade fairs that well be attending in 2009 in the box below

Teams Working Across Units to Fulfi ll Customer RequirementsBut how is Evonik able to pool expertise and gear it to its customers The answer is that cross-unit teams consist-ing of researchers and experts from technical service marketing and communications meet regularly in the ldquoCoating amp Bonding Technologiesrdquo area of competence They plan and carry out all Evoniks cross-business unit activities for the coatings market such as trade fairs brochures open days for customers joint development projects and a lot more besides

By exchanging experience regularly we can quickly identify discuss and work on areas that are relevant for our customers so that theyre always kept up to date in the world of paints and coatings

Additives

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 The New High Performance Alternative to Mineral Oil Defoamers

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 from Evonik Tego Chemie is a new defoamer based on sustainable raw materials for use in modern solvent-free and emission-free architectural paints This high-performance defoamer constitutes a superior alternative to the mineral oil defoamers fre-quently used in architectural paints

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be used over a wide PVC range in gloss to matte formulations It is compatible and highly eff ective with all the usual binders such as styrene-acrylic pure acrylic and vinyl acetate copoly-mer dispersions Furthermore TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is an excellent choice for defoaming waterborne alkyd paints Its high eff ectiveness permits cost-eff ective dosing

Compared to mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 exhibits improved stability in the paint This manifests itself by stable dispersion of the defoamer in the paint and very good long-term eff ectiveness Unlike many mineral oil defoamers TEGOreg Foamex K 8 does not fl ood or fl oat during storage of the paint

TEGOreg Foamex K 8 can be added to the millbase or letdown If added to the former TEGOreg Foamex K 8 is highly eff ective in reducing foam during manufacture of the paint Additional defoaming can be achieved by adding to the letdown As a defoamer concentrate with 100 active matter TEGOreg Foamex K 8 has a long shelf life It does not contain added solvents or other volatile organic compounds

Technical Contactjuergenkirchnerevonikcom

Smart Formulating Trade Fair Appearances 2009

Date Trade Fair Country City

1003 ndash 130309 Interlakokraska Russia Moscow

1703 ndash 190309 MECS ndash Middle East Coatings Show

Egypt Cairo Int Convention Center

3103 ndash 020409 ECS 2009 (Show) (congress 303 ndash 14)

Germany Nuumlrnberg

1805 ndash 200509 Coat Expo China Canton

1507 ndash 160709 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico Mexico-City

2309 ndash 250909 ABRAFATI Brazil Sao Paulo

2909 ndash 011009 Eurocoat Spain Barcelona

1310 ndash 151009 RadTech Europe France Nice

1811 ndash 201109 ChinaCoat China Shanghai

2511 ndash 271109 China Adhesives China Canton

Contactwwwsmart-formulatingcom

Imprint Smart Formulating Journal

Editor Evonik Degussa GmbH Rellinghauser Straszlige 1ndash11 45128 Essen Germany Editorial team Rainer Lomoumllder (V is dP)

Wernfried Heilen bull Wilfried Robers bull Torsten Stojanik Contact coatingsevonikcom

LayoutDesign Liebchen+Liebchen GmbH wwwLplusLde Frankfurt am Main Germany Print mt druck Walter Thiele GmbH amp Co Printed in Germany