Smart Driving Cars:Where Are We Going? Why Are We Going? Where Are We Now?

What Is In It For Whom? How Might We Get There? Where might We End Up?

Alain L. KornhauserProfessor, Operations Research & Financial Engineering

Director, Program in Transportation Faculty Chair, PAVE (Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering

Princeton University

Board Chair, Advanced Transit Association (ATRA)

Presented at

2013 TransAction ConferenceAtlantic City, NJ

April 18, 2013

Where Are We Going?

Why Are We Going?

Save our Cities????

Starting in the 1960s…

Some/I thought that: “The automation & computer technology that took us to the moon could now revolutionize mass transit and save our cities from the onslaught of the automobile”

Westinghouse Skybus 1960’s-

APM

Now exist in essentially every Major Airport

APMAutomated People Movers

Milan

Beijing

Paris

and a growing number of Driverless Metros

1971 TampaJFK

Newark

Starting in the 1960s…

Some thought that: “The automation & computer technology that took us to the moon could now revolutionize mass transit and save our cities from the onslaught of the automobile”

Westinghouse Skybus 1960’s-Donn Fichter “Individualized Automatic Transit and the City” 1964

APMPRT

~1971: U of Minnesota extended Ficter’s vision & became the center of PRT research focused on delivering auto-like ubiquitous mobility throughout urban

areas

PRTPersonal Raid Transit

• Since Demand very diffuse (Spatially and Temporally): – Many stations served by Many small vehicles

• (rather than a few large vehicles).

• Many stations– Each off-line with interconnected mainlines

• To minimize intermediate stops and transfers

• Many small vehicles– Require more sophisticated control systems,

• both longitudinal and lateral.

J. Edward AndersonAlain KornhauserWilliam Garrard

Morgantown 1975Video1 Video2

Early “victory”

– About 40 years ago: Exec. Director of APTA* said to me:

“Alain: PRT is the transportation system of the future…And Always will be!!!”

Well after 40 years..…

…are we finally approaching the promised land???

*American Public Transit Association

Morgantown 1975

Remains a critical mobility system today & planning an expansion

Today…

And Today…• Masdar & Heathrow are operational

Video

– About 40 years ago: Exec. Director of APTA* said to me:

“Alain: PRT is the transportation system of the future…And Always will be!!!”

Well after 40 years..…

…are we finally approaching the promised land???

*American Public Transit Association

But implementation progress has been excruciatingly slow …

What he was saying was…

• Final Region-wide Systems would be really great, but…

• Any great final system MUST evolve from some initial system and be great at EVERY step of the way, otherwise…

• It will always be “a system of the future”.• The dedicated grade-separated guideway infrastructure

requirement of PRT may simply be too onerous and risky for it to ever serve a significant share of the urban mobility market.

Why Are We Going?

Its NOT Save our Cities

…..NOT Yet!

Maybe it is simply the fact that…

We really don’t want to drive…

We aren’t that good…

~92% crashes involve human error

2009 Road Traffic Deaths (World Health Org): US: 42,642; World: 578,543; China: 96,611

And that…

DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research

More on Google: Levandowski Presentation

Where Are We Now?

Intelligent Transportation Systems

• Coined by Fed DoT in early ‘90s to include:– ATMS (Adv. Transp. Management Systems)

• Intelligent Traffic Control Systems and Value Pricing Systems ( EZ Pass mid 80s)

– ATIS (Adv. Transp. Information Systems)• Turn-by-Turn GPS Route Guidance Systems (‘97 CoPilot Live)

– ARTS (Adv. Rural Transp. Systems)

– ATS (Automated Transit Systems)• Automated People Movers and Personal Rapid Transit (Ficter ‘64, W. Alden ’71, WWU ‘75 )

– AHS (Automated Highway Systems) (1939 World’s Fair, RCA-Sarnoff late 50s*, R.Fenton ‘72 OSU)

• Autonomous vehicles– * VK Zworykin & L Flory “Electronic Control of Motor Vehicles on Highways” Proc. 37th Annual Mtg Highway Research Board, 1958

Evolution of AHS Concept

• GM Futurama @ 1939 World’s Fair

• Zworykin & Flory @ RCA-Sarnoff in Princeton, Late 50s** VK Zworykin & L Flory “Electronic Control of Motor Vehicles on Highways” Proc. 37th Annual Mtg Highway Research Board, 1958

• Robert E Fenton @ OSU, Early 70s** “A Headway Safety Policy for Automated Highway Operations” R.E. Fenton 1979

• AHS Studies by FHWA in late 70’s and mid 90’s

2005 20072004

Military: Absolutely NOT interested in building Infrastructure

Must Operate in “Harshest” Environment

~ 2000: Military: Mandate to automate ground logistics

Evolution of AHS Concept(Automated Highway System)

2005 2007

Link to Presentation Not Easy 20072005Old House

Beginning of Serious Vehicle Automation

2. Current State of Driverless Vehicles• Recent advances in automated systems

in exclusive environments:– Milan driverless Metro

– PodCar system at Heathrow• Extension Plans announced

– Driverless Trucks in Australian & Chilean Mines

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ET_DaHJzUbI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0RCSX95QmE

http://www.ultraglobalprt.com/heathrow-announces-plans-additional-personal-rapid-transit-prt-system-heathrow/#

2. Current State of Driverless Cars• Much of the public interest has been

promoted by the car. http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE

– It is not driverless…• Not yet

– But substantial advancements have focused on:• Development of a self-driving vehicle that can operate in the

existing environment.– Motivated by fact: >90% of road traffic accidents involve human

error. So… remove the human from the loop.» FAA Sept 2007 Operator’s Manual “ Majority of ramp

accidents involve Human error”– Also… People often really do not want to drive.

• Driven over 500,000 miles in self-driving mode• http://gawker.com/5825012/how-a-top-google-executive-nearly-killed-a-guy

2. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.• Substantial advances by auto industry:– Automated parking

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=WEh7qIon36s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ3s_cdk_yE&feature=player_embedded

Audi

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0D0ZN2tPihQ&feature=player_embedded

Bosch

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tpI0S6XWvY

Mercedes-BenzBrake-assist

http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/vehicles/build/class-S/model-S400HV%23performance#performance

2. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.• Substantial advances by auto industry:– Automated parking – Jam Assist (lane keeping + collision avoidance)

• Currently available as a $3K option @ Mercedes Dealers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7aTbSf1Lyo

Mercedes-BenzSteering-assist

2. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.• Substantial advances by auto industry:

– Automated parking – Jam Assist (lane keeping + collision avoidance)

• Currently available as a $3K option @ Mercedes Dealers

– Partnership arrangement btwn Parts suppliers and manufacturers (ex: Continental + BMW) suggests that such options will become common place.

– Recent successful completion of a collaborative European research initiatives demonstrating automated driving systems using low-cost sensing components

2. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.• Substantial advances by Federal Regulators:

– NHTSA Administrator David Strickland:• NHTSA extending vehicle crash oversight from Mitigation to

Avoidance– Mitigation: Airbags, Seatbelts, CrumpleZones– Avoidance: AntiLockBrakes, ActiveStabilityControl, V2X,

CollisionAvoidance, LaneKeeping, DriverMonitoring, AutomatedDriving

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ3s_cdk_yE&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0D0ZN2tPihQ&feature=player_embedded

http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/VolvoPlatooningConcept.wmv

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ridS396W2BY&feature=player_detailpage

Assorted Videos of Self-Driving Carshttp://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/1_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4

http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/2_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4

http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/3_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4

http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/4_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3ulKUJtZ3o

Initial Demonstrationof Autonomous Transit

• Autonomous Buses at La Rochelle (CyberCars/Cybus/INRIA) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72-PlSFwP5Y

– Simple virtual non-exclusive roadway • Virtual vehicle-based longitudinal (collision avoidance) and

lateral (lane keeping) systems

2. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.• Technology forecasts by the European Researchers:

– Looks to Full Automation ~ 2030

What is in it for whom?• Players

– Consumers– Automobile Companies– Infrastructure Providers/Managers (DoT, NJTPA, PANYNJ)– Transit Operators – Insurance Companies– Society/The Economy

What is in it for whom?• Consumers

– Main Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.– AAA:

What is in it for whom?• Consumers

– Main Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.

DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research

What is in it for whom?• Consumers

– Main Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.

DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research

What is in it for whom?• Consumer

– Main Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.

DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research

$475 are Pass-through Dollars

$475 are “Pass-through” Dollars

$450 Discount for You

$25 for Flo or the Gecko

Could Discount Finance?:

Assume: Emergence of “Price Leading” Insurer

What is in it for whom?

Probably only 2/3rds the safety of Google Car

$300/yr to Mercedes

$20/yr for Flo or the Gecko

Could “Pass-through” FinanceMercedes Lane Keeping + Jam Assist

to be Available in 2014 Models

$475 Pass-through becomes: $320

You get (for free): • Prob. of your car killing you reduced factor: 2/3*.81= 0.54 (half)• Prob. of your car injuring you reduced factor: 2/3*.65= 0.44• “Save” expected “deductible self-insurance”: $247/yr• Comfort• Convenience• “Anxiety” relief

What is in it for whom?• New Jersey Consumers

What is in if for whom?• Society

Can’t really place value on the

injuries and lives that will be saved

Priceless!Self-driving Technology has a REAL business model!

How Might We Get There?

• Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System!

• It Consists of:• Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ Port Authority Bus Terminal

– 223 Departure Gates– Readily Accommodates 700 Buses/hr

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System!

• It Consists of:• Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal• Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the

Lincoln Tunnel

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System!

• It Consists of:• Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal• Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln

Tunnel• 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by

default, essentially bus-only

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System!

• It Consists of:• Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal• Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln

Tunnel• 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only • Many Strategically Located Park&Ride Lots

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Pieces are Connected by:• “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane

(XBL)– 2.5 miles

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Pieces are Connected by:• “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane

(XBL)– Lane Segregation is by Removable Plastic Peg– Yet exceedingly Safe

» 3 (?) accidents in 41 years, no fatalities.

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Pieces are Connected by:• “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane

(XBL Movie)– Daily (6am->10am): 1,800 Buses; 65,000 pax– Peak Hour: 700 Buses; 35,000 pax– Peak Hour: At Capacity!

» Physical Driver Limit» Av. 5 sec. headway

The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

– Additional Demand Exists for “BRT 2 NYC”– How to increase capacity of XBL?

• “Take a 2nd Lane”?– Political suicide!

• Widen the Viaduct and Helix?– Very expensive/disruptive

• How about Driver Assistance?– Extend Bus 2.0 Technology

Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• add Intelligent Cruise Control with Lane Assist to the 3,000 buses…

• e.g. Daimler Benz Distronic Plus with Traffic Jam Assist• even at an incremental $100,000/bus this is just $200M

• Could achieve sustained 3.0 second headways– Increases practical throughput by 50%

• from 700 -> 1,000 buses/hr; 35,000 -> 50,000 pax/hr

– Increased passenger capacity comparable to what would have been provided by $10B ARC rail tunnel

• Institutionally manageable:– All Express Buses are leased for 1$/yr from PANY&NJ– Facilities (XBL, LT, PABT) are controlled by PANY&NJ DoT

• Ideal test facility available: – Ft. Monmouth

Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

• Concept Not New:

• Concept Makes Even More Sense Now!

Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

Near-term Opportunity for a Substantive Extension of Autonomous Transit

• Specific: General Mobility for Fort Monmouth Redevelopment– Currently: Decommissioned Ft. Monmouth is vacant .

• Ft. Monmouth Economic Revitalization Authority (FMERA) is redeveloping the 3 sq. mile “city”• Focus is on attracting high-tech industry• The “Fort” needs a mobility system.• FMEDA is receptive to incorporating an innovative mobility system• Next generation “La Rochelle” system would be ideal• Because it is being redeveloped as a “new town” it can accommodate itself to be an ideal site for testing

more advanced driverless systems.

How about Saving “The State”???• Each year my students lay out a NJ-wide PRT

network• Objective: to effectively serve essentially all

NJ travel demand (all 30x106 daily non-walk trips)

• Place “every” demand point within “5 minute walk” of a station; all stations interconnected; maintain existing NJ Transit Rail and express bus operations )

• Typically:– ~10,000 stations (> $25B)– ~10,000 miles of guideway (>$100B)– ~750,000 PRT vehicles (>$75B)– Optimistic cost: ~$200B

Far-term Opportunities for Driverless Transit

• Biggest Issues– How to get started– How to evolve– Cost & complexity of guideway

• What if ????– Use existing streets automatedTaxi (aTaxi)– Curb-side aTaxi stands offering on-demand shared-ride services

• Ability to get started and evolve to– ~10,000 aTaxi stands– ~750,000 aTaxis– Offering

• peak hours: stand2stand shared aTaxi service • else: stand2stand shared services and door2door premium service

Where might We End Up?

“Pixelated” New Jersey(“1/2 mile square; 0.25mi2)

aTaxi Concept – (PRT) ModelPersonal Rapid Transit Model

• aTaxis operate between aTaxiStands• Autonomous vehicles wait

for walk-up customers • Located in “center” of each

pixel (max ¼ mile walk)• Departure is Delayed to

facilitate ride-sharing• Vehicles are shared to

Common Pixel destinations

aTaxi Concept – SPT ModelSmart Para Transit Transit Model• aTaxis circulate to pick up riders in

9-Pixel area (1.5 miles on side)• Vehicles are shared to

Common 9-Pixel Destinations

“Pixelated” New Jersey(“1/2 mile square; 0.25mi2)

aTaxi Concept – SPT ModelSmart Para Transit Transit Model

aTaxi Concept – (PRT) ModelPersonal Rapid Transit Model

Ref: http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/Theses/2013/Brownell,%20Chris%20Final%20Thesis.pdf

State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)

• Serves essentially all NJ travel demand (32M trips/day)• Shared ridership potential:

State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)

• Serves essentially all NJ travel demand (32M trips/day)• Shared ridership potential:

State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)

• Fleet size (Instantaneous Repositioning)

State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)

• Abel to serve essentially all NJ travel demand (32M trips/day)• Shared ridership allows – Peak hour; peak direction: Av. vehicle occupancies to can

reach ~ 3 p/v and eliminate much of the congestion– Essentially all congestion disappears with appropriate

implications on the environment– Required fleet-size under 2M aTaxis (about half)

• (3.71 registered automobiles in NJ (2009)

Most every day…

• Almost 9 Million NJ residents • 0.25 Million of out of state commuters• Make 30+ Million trips • Throughout the 8,700 sq miles of NJ• Where/when do they start?• Where do they go? • Does anyone know???– I certainly don’t

• Not to sufficient precision for credible analysis

• I’ve harvested one of the largest troves of GPS tracks – Literally billions of individual trips, – Unfortunately, they are spread throughout the western

world, throughout the last decade. – Consequently, I have only a very small ad hoc sample of

what happens in NJ on a typical day.

I’ve Tried…

ORF 467 Fall 2012 74

• Motivation – Publicly available data do not contain:– Spatial precision• Where are people leaving from?• Where are people going?

– Temporal precision• At what time are they travelling?

Trip Synthesizer

Project Overview

Why do I want to know every trip?

• Academic Curiosity• If offered an alternative, which ones would likely “buy

it” and what are the implications.• More specifically:– If an alternative transport system were available, which

trips would be diverted to it and what operational requirements would those trip impose on the new system?

• In the end… – a transport system serves individual decision makers. It’s

patronage is an ensemble of individuals, – I would prefer analyzing each individual trip patronage

opportunity.

Synthesize from publically available data:

• “every” NJ Traveler on a typical day NJ_Resident file

– Containing appropriate demographic and spatial characteristics that reflect trip making

• “every” trip that each Traveler is likely to make on a typical day. NJ_PersonTrip file

– Containing appropriate spatial and temporal characteristics for each trip

Creating the NJ_Resident file

for “every” NJ Traveler on a typical dayNJ_Resident file

Start with Publically available data:

2010 Population census @Block Level

– 8,791,894 individuals distributed 118,654 Blocks.County Population Census Blocks Median Pop/ Block Average Pop/BlockATL 274,549 5,941 26 46BER 905,116 11,171 58 81BUR 448,734 7,097 41 63CAM 513,657 7,707 47 67CAP 97,265 3,610 15 27CUM 156,898 2,733 34 57ESS 783,969 6,820 77 115GLO 288,288 4,567 40 63HUD 634,266 3,031 176 209HUN 128,349 2,277 31 56MER 366,513 4,611 51 79MID 809,858 9,845 50 82MON 630,380 10,067 39 63MOR 492,276 6,543 45 75OCE 576,567 10,457 31 55PAS 501,226 4,966 65 101SAL 66,083 1,665 26 40SOM 323,444 3,836 51 84SUS 149,265 2,998 28 50UNI 536,499 6,139 61 87WAR 108,692 2,573 23 42Total 8,791,894 118,654 74.1

Publically available data:

• Distributions of Demographic Characteristics– Age– Gender– Household size– Name (Last, First)

Ages (varying linearly over interval): input: output:[0,49] 67.5% 67.5%[50,64] 18.0% 17.9%[65,79] 12.0% 12.1%[80,100] 2.5% 2.5%

Gender: Input: Output:female 51.3% 51.3%

Household: Size: Probability: cdf: Expectation:couple 2 0.30 0.300 0.6couple + 1 3 0.08 0.380 0.24couple + 2 4 0.06 0.440 0.24couple + 3 5 0.04 0.480 0.2couple + 4 6 0.04 0.520 0.24couple + grandparent: 3 0.01 0.525 0.015single woman 1 0.16 0.685 0.16single mom + 1 2 0.07 0.755 0.14single mom + 2 3 0.05 0.805 0.15single mom + 3 4 0.03 0.835 0.12single mom + 4 5 0.03 0.865 0.15single man 1 0.12 0.985 0.12single dad + 1 2 0.01 0.990 0.01single dad + 2 3 0.005 0.995 0.015single dad + 3 4 0.005 1.000 0.02 2.42

Final NJ_Resident fileHome CountyPerson IndexHousehold IndexFull NameAgeGenderWorker Type IndexWorker Type StringHome lat, lonWork or School lat,lonWork CountyWork or School IndexNAICS codeWork or School start/end time

ATL 274,549BER 905,116BUR 448,734

CAM 513,657CAP 97,265

CUM 156,898ESS 783,969

GLO 288,288HUD 634,266HUN 128,349MER 366,513MID 809,858

MON 630,380MOR 492,276OCE 576,567PAS 501,226SAL 66,083

SOM 323,444SUS 149,265UNI 536,499

WAR 108,692NYC 86,418PHL 18,586BUC 99,865SOU 13,772NOR 5,046WES 6,531ROC 32,737

Total: 9,054,849

Assigning a Daily Activity (Trip) Tour to Each Person

NJ_PersonTrip file

• 9,054,849 records– One for each person in

NJ_Resident file• Specifying 32,862,668 Daily

Person Trips– Each characterized by a precise• Origination, Destination and

Departure Time

All TripsHome County

Trips TripMiles AverageTM# Miles Miles

ATL 936,585 27,723,931 29.6BER 3,075,434 40,006,145 13.0BUC 250,006 9,725,080 38.9BUR 1,525,713 37,274,682 24.4CAM 1,746,906 27,523,679 15.8CAP 333,690 11,026,874 33.0CUM 532,897 18,766,986 35.2ESS 2,663,517 29,307,439 11.0GLO 980,302 23,790,798 24.3HUD 2,153,677 18,580,585 8.6HUN 437,598 13,044,440 29.8MER 1,248,183 22,410,297 18.0MID 2,753,142 47,579,551 17.3MON 2,144,477 50,862,651 23.7MOR 1,677,161 33,746,360 20.1NOR 12,534 900,434 71.8NYC 215,915 4,131,764 19.1OCE 1,964,014 63,174,466 32.2PAS 1,704,184 22,641,201 13.3PHL 46,468 1,367,405 29.4ROC 81,740 2,163,311 26.5SAL 225,725 8,239,593 36.5SOM 1,099,927 21,799,647 19.8SOU 34,493 2,468,016 71.6SUS 508,674 16,572,792 32.6UNI 1,824,093 21,860,031 12.0WAR 371,169 13,012,489 35.1WES 16,304 477,950 29.3

Total 32,862,668 590,178,597 19.3

ORF 467 Fall 2012 83

Overview of Data Production

1. Generate population2. Assign work places3. Assign schools4. Assign tours / activity patterns5. Assign other trips6. Assign arrival / departure times

Project Overview

Warren CountyPopulation: 108,692

New Jersey Summary Data

Item Value

Area (mi2) 8,061

# of Pixels Generating at Least One O_Trip 21,643

Area of Pixels (mi2) 5,411

% of Open Space 32.9%

# of Pixels Generating 95% of O_Trips 9,519

# of Pixels Generating 50% of O_Trips 1,310

# of Intra-Pixel Trips 447,102

# of O_Walk Trips 1,943,803

# of All O_Trips 32,862,668

Avg. All O_TripLength (miles) 19.6

# of O_aTaxi Trips 30,471,763

Avg. O_aTaxiTripLength (miles) 20.7

Median O_aTaxiTripLength (miles) 12.5

95% O_aTaxiTripLength (miles) 38.0

NJ Transit Train Station

“Consumer-shed”

“Manhattan Customer-shed” Regions for

NJ Transit Train Stations

Yellow Lines connect 0.25 mi2 areas to nearest NJT

Train Station where Distance is a

“Manhattan Metric” = |Dx|+ |Dy|

Trenton

Princeton

Hamilton

New Brunswick

Princeton Jct.

Metuchen

Edison

Metro Park

“Manhattan Customer-shed”

Regions for

NJ Transit Train Stations

Yellow Lines connect 0.25 mi2 areas to nearest

NJT Train Station where Distance is a

“Manhattan Metric” = |Dx|+ |Dy|

Princeton

Hamilton

New Brunswick

Princeton Jct.

Edison

Discussion!

Thank You