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URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE4
4Th
e M
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co.in Sadagopan Seshadri
Chief - Content Development,
CE - Infrastructure - Environment
vertising, marketing and e-commerce in
improving lifestyles, livelihoods and grow-
ing our economies. An amazing achieve-
ment!
Then came the smart grid: A little later,
the concept of smart grid was born mak-
ing way for adding intelligent devices and
communications capabilities within the
electric grid to actually improve its reli-
ability and resiliency. Huge investments
were made globally by businesses and
technology companies on development of
the smart grid. Since, Innovation was key,
even smaller companies pitched in for dif-
ferent segments of this emerging space.
Smart grids are already changing the way
we live life. Amazing Again!
And its smart cities now!: The smart
grid evolution made one realize that inte-
gration could revolutionize this and on
doing so, it led us to the concept of smart
cities; the first decade of the 21st century
has seen, city information- highway enter
a new stage of smart city development,
Amazing - All in a lifetime
Yes! From Internet, smart grid to smart
cities it has not been an 'eons' long journey.
The Information superhighway in early
1990s took to paving a revolutionary way
for people to communicate, access infor-
mation and enter into commercial trans-
actions locally & globally with great ease.
The advent of Internet was changing the
world at a feverish pace every passing day
by leveraging to continuously expand the
breadth of the platform in research, ad-
"The cities of the 21st century are the largest sites of
human settlement today, and are increasingly acting as
critical nexus points of social, economic, ecological and
technological change."
- United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
High-Tech
'SMART CITY'Core to Urban Landscape
-
communicationmoderntechnologiespeople
informationcontrol
socialenvironment
mobility
urban living production
intelligent
governance economy
capital digitalsmartgrid
activecitizen
inclusive &sustainable
ENERGY
CITY
SMART
ICTs
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Popula
tion (
millions)
World Rural
Population
World Urban
Population
wherein 'Digitization', 'Networking' and
'Intellectualization' have gained a brand
new 'form, mode and trend' for city devel-
opment; Interconnection, data banking &
sharing', intelligence, instrumentation and
creativity, has brought all transactions &
interactions for citizens and state to be in
real time & highly efficient with cost effec-
tiveness.
The idea is of 'value addition' by trans-
forming communities from traditional,
silo-type management with operational
approaches, to ones that proactively and
holistically exploit today's cutting-edge
technologies to real time response deliv-
ery of all services by prudent intercon-
nectivity. And this is what optimizes cost of
all services, be it Energy, water, transport
and just everything. The welcome result is
minimum resources, maximum benefits
and huge savings that can be utilized in
bettering lives of all by social spending to
elevate quality of life.
With the progress already seen in
many developed world nationalities it is
imperative that others leap frog to grasp
this yet another amazing achievement!
The need to change is 'Now'
And It's not for Power or Pelf! There is
a more pressing compulsion - Do not for-
get that , now we live in a world of seven bil-
lion and growing; this means that vital nat-
ural resources are depleting and those
that we call 'renewable' may not renew to
match the rate of consumption; this ma-
kes every resource precious. Fresh water
is just one such example that you need for
survival itself! ; Fresh air is yet another -
You no doubt can think quite a few others,
that none of us can do without. (see Figure
1 The burgeoning Global Urban popula-
tion)
The planet is under threat of resource
crunch affecting 'each one of us wher-
ever we are'. With the entry of the smart
grid and smart cities, efficiency takes over
reducing resource consumption.
Globally, we all are, forced to support
this 'Smart' drive because we need to beat
such resource crunch, as it affects 'each
one of us wherever we are'.
This catch has led to the paradigm
shift from a what's in it for me? attitude,
to thinking that we truly are in it together in
a global sense! Even if we flock together
only to avoid annihilation, yet it's a feel
good factor to rejoice that good sense has
prevailed on us. This in itself is an amazing
achievement!
So here we are embracing the smart
grid & graduating into smart cities to
effectively and efficiently manage the world
to ensure improved liveability, workability
and sustainability to the growing urban
populace.
A smart city applies information and
communications technology (ICT) to solve
problems. (See Figure 2)
Broadly speaking, ICT enables cities
to do three key things( see Figure 3):
1. Collect data
2. Communicate data
3. Analyze (or crunch) data
So the short answer is: A smart city is
an ICT enabled city.
Let's now take a look at one such prev-
alent guide for Smart Cities Readiness and
try to understand how this ICT enabled
'smart city' model can be actually applied.
First in light of the functions to be per-
formed 'The Smart Cities Framework' is
generated, which is the key to under-
standing the big picture and how the dif-
ferent pieces relate (See Figure 4 - The
Smart Cities Framework).
The framework shows:
- The blue columns are the city respon-
sibilities.
- Universal aspects common to all
responsibilities are in orange.
- The green rows are the enabling
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Figure 1 The burgeoning Global Urban population
Figure 2 The Smart City ICT driven
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
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THE THREE CORE FUNCTIONS OF A SMART CITY
Collect Information about
current conditions across all
responsibility areas (power,
water, transit, buildings, etc.).
Communicate Information,
sometimes to other devices,
sometimes to a control center
and sometimes to servers
running powerful software.
Crush data, analyzing it to
provide information, to
optimize operations and to
predict what might happen
next.
technologies that can make those
responsibility areas smart and sus-
tainable.
Look at both enablers and responsibi-
lities in more detail to understand how their
intersections can bring benefits to cities.
Where energy intersects instrumen-
tation, for instance, you have devices such
as smart meters; Where it intersects data
management you have meter data man-
agement systems (MDMS); Where it in-
tersects computing, you have outage man-
agement systems and dozens of other cut-
ting edge applications
These correlations help in decision
making enabling one easily understand
why and how to share Infrastructure, share
policies, share costs and share data bet-
ween departments. Well, smart cities use
technology smartly, and there are seven
such technologies that take control of
sets of functions. Figure 5 'Seven tech-
nology categories that enable smart cit-
ies' tables the technology (called 'enabler')
and functions it performs (called technol-
ogy functions) that fall under the 'informa-
tion and communications technology (ICT)
umbrella.
One enabler, for example, is instru-
mentation, which refers to smart meters,
for instance, or roadway sensors. Another
enabler is a high performance data man-
agement system.
These enablers can apply to any area
of city responsibility. For instance, an
enabling technology can make buildings
more efficient, water more affordable,
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Figure 3 Smart City - Core functions
Figure 4 - The Smart Cities Framework
The Smart City
Framework
Univ
ers
al A
spects
Built Environm
ent
Energ
y
Tele
com
munic
ations
Tra
nsport
ation
Wate
r and W
aste
wate
r
Health a
nd H
um
an S
erv
ice
Public S
afe
ty
Paym
ents
CITY RESPONSIBILITIES
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
EN
AB
LER
S
Instrumentation and Control
Connectivity
Interoperability
Security and Privacy
Data Management
Computing Resources
Analytics
Figure 5 'Seven technology categories that enable smart cities'
Enabler
Instrumentation &
Control
Connectivity
Interoperability
Security & Privacy
Data Management
Computing
Resources
Analytics
Technology Function
Examples include smart meters for electricity, water and gas; air quality sensors; closed circuit TV and video monitors, and
roadway sensors. Switches and control systems operate equipment remotely.
Enables a smart city's devices to communicate with each other and with a control center. Connectivity ensures that data
gets from where it is collected to where it is analyzed and used. Examples include citywide WiFi networks, RF mesh
networks and cellular networks.
Ensures that products and services from disparate providers can exchange information and work together seamlessly. It
prevents the city from being locked in to just one proprietary supplier and allows cities to buy from any company that
supports the city's chosed standards.
Includes technologies, policies and practices that safeguard data, privacy and physical assets. Examples include the
publishing of clear privacy rules and the implementation of a cybersecurity system.
Includes storing, protecting and processing data while guaranteeing its accuracy, accessibility, reliability and timeliness.
Data is king in a smart city. Proper management is essential to maintain data integrity and value.
Refers to 1) Computer processing power, 2) Storate of data and 3) Special capabilities needed for smart cities. A geo-
graphic information system (GIS) is one essential capability, since it allows the smart city to know where everything is located.
Creates value from the data that instrumentation provides. Analytics can identify new insights and unique solutions to
delivering services. It can even predict problems while there is still time to prevent them.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
-
built to solve a single problem in a single
department, creating islands of automa-
tion that duplicate expenses while mak-
ing it difficult to share systems or data.
The need to look at the problem in a
holistic manner and apply an integrated
'systems approach' to get optimal solu-
tions, is the Smart City strategy (See Fig-
ure 6 'Traditional City Silo Approach v/s
Smart City Integrated Systems Approach'
'Smart' is about more than technology:
Cities leverage ICT to go beyond main-
tenance of their systems. They continu-
ously enhance the city's overall liveability,
workability and sustainability. This is what
sustains them in a competitive global envi-
ronment:
- Liveability - Smart cities improve
liveability in numerous ways. For one,
they revolutionize people's relation-
ship with city government. By provid-
ing instant, electronic access to the
information people need, the services
they require, and the interaction they
want, cities build citizen trust and sat-
isfaction.
- Workability- Smart cities accelerate
economic development by creating a
high-performance infrastructure
that attracts businesses and protects
them from cybercrime. Smart cities
that institute data via Open Data or
similar programs unleash their data
sets to be used by clever developers to
transportation quicker, or neighborhoods
safer. Moreover, enablers push cities
toward overarching goals we call targets,
that every smart city should aim for.
There are a whole lot of problems that
smart technology can be put to resolve.
Cities are responsible for a variety of func-
tions that impact the wellbeing of a com-
munity. ICT impacts all of them and takes
each to its logical solution delivering all
services at citizen's doorstep.
How 'smart city' designers should
get started? Well, becoming a smart city
and sustaining the status requires plan-
ning and upgrading on a continuous basis.
It requires
- Leadership
- Financing
- Domain knowledge integration
- Diligent implementation
- Barriers elimination
Siloed city departments to integrated sys-
tems approach
Cities (traditional) often tackle chal-
lenges in a piecemeal fashion, due to short-
term financial constraints and long-term
traditions that divide city functions into
separate, siloed departments with little
interaction. As a result, many projects are
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Figure 6 'Traditional City Silo Approach v/s Smart City Integrated Systems Approach'
Apps
SILOED CITY FUNCTIONS
Apps
Platform
Data
GIS
Communications
Apps
Platform
Data
GIS
Communications
Apps
Platform
Data
GIS
Communications
Apps
Platform
Data
GIS
Communications
Apps Platform Data GIS Communications
INTEGRATED CITY FUNCTIONS
Electric Water Transport Emergency
Planning
Infrastructure
System
operators
ICT
investments
Citizen
engagement
Sharing data
Ad hoc and decentralized Cost savings
aren't realised Limited potential for
scalability of investment
Runs inefficiently Costs more money
and resources to run
Guess at infrastructure conditions React
to problems Can't deploy resources
efficiently to address problems
Piecemeal and siloed Deliver suboptimal
benefit Don't realize economies of scale
Limited, scattered online connection to
citizens Citizens can't make optimal use of
city services (or easily find them)
Departments and functions are siloed
Departments rarely share data and
collaborate on initiatives
Coordinated and holistic Resources are shared Cost savings are fully
realized Investments are scalable Improved city planning and forecasting
Optimized with cutting-edge technology Saves money and resources
Improved service-level agreements
Enjoy real-time reporting on infrastructure conditions Predict and
prevent problems Deploy resources more efficiently Automate
maintenance Save money
Centrally planned Deployed across city departments and projects
Deliver optimal benefit Provide maximum value and savings
Complete and singlular online presence Citizens can easily find and
use services Citizens can participate in smart city initiatives Two-way
communications between government and people Specialized services
focused on the individual citizen Citizens can both contribute to and
access real-time intelligent city data
Departments and functions are integrated and / or shared Data is shared
between departments and better correlated with other data services
Results are improved Costs are cut
The Problem The Smart City Solution
Figure 7- Smart City Approach
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
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The first - 'Smart Infrastructure': In
building smart cities it is of vital impor-
tance to first incorporate in design the
'Wisdom of infrastructure' because it is
this, which is the intelligent conduit that
equips seamless passage of city informa-
tion content unobstructed, readying the
city to 'smartness'. The physical and IT
infrastructure need to unified and com-
plement each other. High degree of urban
IT information infrastructure is the key.
The second-'smart economy': The
drivers of economy including Business,
Industrial, Tourism, Cultural, should be
well identified, conceived, integrated with
physical infrastructure incl. transport, util-
ity, services etc and visible in perception &
transactional convenience , which means
' ease of doing business'. Content produc-
tion and service set ups for a 'smart city'
should be locally and globally hooked on
to well IT enabled information system.
The third - 'Smart Management: The
'wisdom of the city' or Smart Management
lies in building the wisdom of governance,
social governance, the application of mod-
ern technology capabilities and the clarity
of administrative processes, which repre-
sents the level of urban public services.
Equipped with the thriving informa-
tion technology and the growing informa-
tion society, the world is committed to the
development of e-governance policy, which
is now an important part of the smart city.
E-governance is not only the use of
information technology to increase the
efficiency of government services and the
quality of governance. It is associated with
the management of the government, in-
volving the relationship between govern-
ment and society, closely related to the
government's basic management system.
build hundreds of apps for citizens
and city employees.
- Sustainability- Smart cities reduce
resource use through optimization.
The gains from optimization and
improved planning mean that cities,
their businesses and their residents
consume less water, gas and power..
Smart cities also reduce duplication
of effort and reduce costs
Smart cities are 'Game Changers'
Yes, Smart Cities are game changers
by virtue of their quick response and solu-
tion delivery mechanism that makes a
smart city 'Amazingly different' from a
traditional city!
Here is how different they are from
the traditional counterparts in addressing
quickly, efficiently and cost effectively
problems inherent in traditional cities by
addressing each by a smart city approach.
(See Figure 7- - Smart City Approach ).
Smart City, leads to Green growth and
finally 'Smart- All Things'!
The dramatic growth in urbanization
provides impetus for the creation of smart
cities which leverage information and
communications technology (ICT) to
greatly improve the productivity, lifestyle
and the prosperity of smart city's people.
Additionally, green growth strategies can
build environmentally sustainable cities.
Smart city construction, character-
ized by Internet, high-efficiency and con-
venience for the soul of green develop-
ment and digital service for people, is
becoming the new idea and new practice
for a new round of urban sustainable dev-
elopment, driven by innovation and trans-
formation development.
The so-called smart city not only is
impacting the current smart city con-
struction in isolation, but more importantly
is making its imprint on urban develop-
ment planning as a long-term develop-
ment vision; including wisdom innovation
based on IT that envelopes creation of
smart community, smart home, intelli-
gent transportation, smart logistics,
smart medicine, smart banking, smart
grid, smart government, smart schools,
smart agriculture, smart environment
and smart construction.
In a nutshell 'smart' has a direct role in
boosting the national economy and social
development, and sustainable develop-
ment of new industries, new service mod-
els, new formats and innovative technolo-
gies. The 'smart' by definition aims to reflect-
ing the development levels in those areas.
The aim is to focus on the three as-
pects that integrate each of these areas to
provide 'smart' character to inclusively
address developmental goals:
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Competitiveness
Smart Cities
Environment & Social Sustainability
Quality of
LifeEmployment
Investment
Opportunities
Figure 8 - Smart City Attributes'
Figure 9 - Hamburg second largest container port in the world: intelligent
traffic management on smart phones
Figure 10 - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBM & CISCO ensure integrated info on
weather monitoring , traffic forecast, emergency response coordination etc.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
-
Figure 11 - Amsterdam smart city: ICT & Low GHG emissions are some stand
out features; Smart lighting is by Philips
Figure 12- Barcelona A citizen centric Smart city strategy
Making efforts to improve competi-
tiveness and ultimately trying to achieve
e-governance by building e-government
is not only the inevitable result of the dev-
elopment of information technology and
the information society, but also is the inev-
itable trend of government management.
Different Entities Different definitions
Smart is given different definitions by
different providers though the ultimate
meaning converges to 'efficiency &
sustainability'. The attributes Smart City
serves and emerges from are outlined in
Figure 8 - Smart City Attributes' which is
self explanatory.
Some such definitions so provided by
solution providers, governing or stan-
dards bodies are :
- The UK Department of Business, Inno-
vation and Skills considers smart cit-
ies a process rather than as a static
outcome, in which increased citizen
engagement, hard infrastructure, so-
cial capital and digital technologies
make cities more liveable, resilient and
better able to respond to challenges.
- The British Standards Institute de-
fines it as the effective integration of
physical, digital and human systems
in the built environment to deliver sus-
tainable, prosperous and inclusive
future of its citizens.
- IBM defines a smart city as one that
makes optimal use of all the intercon-
nected information available today to
better understand and control its
operations and optimize the use of lim-
ited resources.
- CISCO defines smart cities as those
who adopt scalable solutions that take
advantage of information and com-
munications technology (ICT) it in-
crease efficiencies, reduce costs and
enhance the quality of life.
- Wikipedia defines a city as Smart when
investments in human and social capi-
tal and traditional (Transport) and
modern (ICT) communications infra-
structure fuel sustainable economic
development and a high quality of life,
with a wise management of natural
resources, through participatory
action and engagement (Caragliu et
al, 2009)
- Accenture defines it as A Smart City
delivers public and civic services to citi-
zen and businesses in an integrated
and resource efficient may while ena-
bling innovative collaborations to im-
prove quality of life and grow the local
and national economy
So what's 'Your Smart'? :
What citizens think are their needs,
have to get shaped into the city develop-
ment plan for making it smart. So, no two
cities by default are expected to be identi-
cal; the corollary being: a Designer or Plan-
ner just cannot do a cut & paste job. De-
signers & Planners need to customize each
citys design & development plan to its peo-
ples need, if the city is to become smart.
Therefore, finally what needs to be
kept in mind by planners, designers, pro-
viders and implementers is that:
- Each city has its own citizen priorities
and aspirations and hence needs to
customize 'smartness' to its specific
wants to cater to its specific needs.
- Smartness measure for one may be
frivolous for the other!
Therefore each city needs to aggres-
sively focus on making smart its service
needs in terms of both physical and IT
enabling infrastructure. A few examples
showcased here make this vital element
clear. See Figures 9, 10, 11 & 12 of global
smart cities who have customized 'smart'
to suit their prioritized needs.
- In terms of public services, London,
Seoul, Sydney, Chicago has features in
the cultural sports, these cities have a
special focus on sports facilities, mu-
seums, cultural venues and other ser-
vices to the public;
- The public services provided by Bue-
nos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and other
public places obviously embodies the
characteristics of the Latin nation, which
offer dance, rallies, public entertain-
ment, information and services.
- London, New York, Hong Kong pay
more attention to the real estate man-50
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URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
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Smart Cities
What are
smart cities
These cities are
technology-driven and
use planned
infrastructure to
improve the standard
of living
Investments
$41 trillion
investments in
smart cities are
likely in
20 years
Why
smart cities
By 2030, 60% of
world's population is
expected to live in cities
and towns. Governments
worldwide are working
to build them
The Plan
100 smart cities in
India that Narendra Modi
led government plants
Old cities are also
planned to be
converted into
smart cities
Why India
needs smart cities
340 million -
expected Indian
population
by 2030
creasing efficiency, effectiveness and in-
clusiveness of public services, promoting
transparency and reducing corruption in
the public sector, helping governments
go green, facilitating effective disaster
management, favouring an enabling envi-
ronment for economic growth, as well as
promoting social inclusion through equi-
table access to services.
Whole-of-government approaches,
which are enhanced through ICTs, can
promote Integrated and inclusive service
delivery. The application of ICT in govern-
ment provides opportunities for multi-
stakeholder engagement by strengthen-
ing collaboration mechanisms, both within
the public sector and with relevant actors
outside, such as business, civil society,
communities and individual citizens. It
allows for broader participation in na-
tional and local policymaking and service
delivery through new channels and mo-
dalities of communication.
This 2014 Survey shows that progress
in e-government development has been
attained through increased e-participa-
tion, growth of the mobile channel and
social media, expanded usage and the bur-
geoning of open government data.
To truly become globally competitive,
our cities will need to work hard to develop
softer aspects beyond just growth: their
institutional effectiveness, social charac-
ter, financial maturity and global appeal.
In other words, emerging market cities
should be able to make the leap from
attracting just capital to attracting talent
as well. The two fold need is of building/
retrofitting for basic infrastructure and
putting integrating ICT to it so that a city
transforms to a smart city.
These cities will be competing not only
amongst themselves, but also against cit-
ies in the developed world, which have leg-
acy advantages, such as strong educa-
tional and infrastructure foundations,
built up over decades.
Emerging market cities will have to
leapfrog over their peers. Time will tell
how many will succeed and which of the
developed world cities will be able to main-
tain their primacy?
Smartening the Nation - The India Chapter
Urbanization in India has significant
implications for the future development of
the country.
By 2030, India's urban population will
trend to little less than twice that of the
agement, this may be related to the
density of city population.
- Due to national attention, Shanghai
and Beijing behave comprehensively
in terms of online service.
- Chicago, London, Sydney and other
western cities put more emphasis on
children's services in the family life
services.
- Due to the embodied religious senti-
ments factors, Cairo has particular
management in the religious envi-
ronment.
But what these cities do not lose out is
in terms of business & citizen services, as
these cities to be 'smart', know that they
need to be responsive to citizen wants &
equally be concerned to facilitate busi-
ness opportunities.
However, though individually each is
sustainable, the difference shows up when
ranking each one in a group;
Like in financial status the cities, Paris,
London, New York and Singapore belong
to the best cities in financial services.
Meanwhile, Moscow and Sydney are better
at setting up business.
Between comparables, London,
Berlin, New York and Toronto are better at
labor service while the production of Tokyo
is the best.
Each smart city is concerned about
the fields of environment, safety, educa-
tion, health, transportation in public man-
agement, but the focus of each city varies.
Thus, ICT & smart technologies are thus
focused more in each case commensu-
rate with its own priority rating.
Transportation is a common problem
faced by large cities, many cities open up
the related applications and services, and
for example, Buenos Aires has developed
a mobile application that is related to
transportation.
London, Sydney, New York and Hong
Kong put more emphasis on environ-
mental protection, not only is there the
administration of the estate, but also
there are the appropriate managements
on the forests, islands and other public
natural resources.
E-politics is an area that is used by
many capitals of countries, such as, Seoul,
Beijing, Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin
etc, paying more attention to E-politics
features.
From the perspectives of the applica-
tions of the medium and the levels of ac-
tivity in public management, no doubt that
New York, Seoul and Tokyo are better.
Talking beyond today
A post-2015 development agenda
that is both unified in focus and universal
in form is emerging, tackling poverty erad-
ication and sustainable development.
Such an agenda would have major
implications for the expected role of e-
government in supporting its implemen-
tation. It is shown by a 2014 Survey, that e-
government can contribute towards the
post-2015 development agenda by
strengthening national capabilities, en-
hancing governments' performance, in-
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Figure 13 - Smart Cities' Quality of Life: The Need, Merit, Means & Money
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
-
Urban share of GDP in India
1970-71 1980-81 1993-94 1999-2000 2009-10 2030-31
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
37.7
42
47
52
63
75
United States. And Indian cities will gen-
erate close to 70% of the GDP. This will
exert tremendous pressure on urban in-
frastructure and services. It is, therefore,
imperative that we find innovative solu-
tions for the urban challenges of growth
and sustainability. (See Figures 13 & 14)
Though the concept of smart cities is
relatively new in India, we seem to be on
the path to creating them. During UPAII
Kamal Nath, Union Minister for Urban
Development said, Under JNNURM
Phase II, every state will have at least one
smart city. And with P.M Modi on driving
seat this has transformed to 100 new
smart cities on plan.
The transformation on ground with
big budgets , investment, plan, and kick off
is yet to be seen. The 2015-2016 Union
Budget stayed away from using the term
smart cities, unlike the one in 2014-2015
which made a special mention, but that
doesn't imply that this P.M 's government
is swaying away from smartening the
nation.
Last year's budget allocated $1.27 bil-
lion for the development of 100 smart cit-
ies. (Note all amounts in this article are in
U.S. dollars.) In this year's budget, fa-
mously touted as the country's first fed-
eral budget, the government has made
provisions for "smart practices and smart
living." For urban development, $1 billion
has been allocated to the Urban Rejuve-
nation Mission, while $84 million is mar-
ked as the spend on habitation and devel-
opment of 100 smart cities.
Despite not finding any mention in the
new budget, the government is creating
the building blocks which are paving the
way for 100 smart cities. The provisions
mentioned in the Budget 2015-16, if truly
practiced, will provide a roadmap to the
state governments to help create and gov-
ern smart cities more effectively. Improv-
ing India's infrastructure is definitely the
first step towards building it as a smart
nation.
Some important features of the bud-
get that confirm Modi government's con-
tinuing interest in smart cities include:
Infrastructure: Infrastructure has been
given much more emphasis this year with
the setting up of a National Investment
and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) with an
annual flow of $3.4 billion.
An increased private players partici-
pation is expected with the government's
decision to take into it's ambit some of the
risks in order to make PPP more attractive.
The Overall investment in infrastruc-
ture will climb up to be just under $12 bil-
lion in the year 2015-16, over the year
2014-15 from the Centre's Funds and
resources of Central public sector enter-
prises (CPSEs).
Roads and railways also have been
provided an additional allotment of $4 bil-
lion while the DMIC corridor which too is
to have some greenfield smart cities has
seen an allotment of $200 million for
basic infrastructure. This means a direct
and indirect infusion of around $40 billion
will be towards infrastructure.
Tourism: To kick start the tourism sec-
tor in a radical manner, the government
has envisaged landscape restoration,
signage and interpretation centres, park-
ing, access for the differently abled, visi-
tors' amenities, including securities and
toilets, illumination and plans for benefit-
ing communities around them at various
heritage sites. Swachh Bharat Fund has
been created to facilitate channeling of
money from individuals and companies
for one of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's
pet schemes. The contributions will be
given tax exemption. The programme en-
tails an investment of nearly $34 billion
over the next five years to construct 120
million toilets in India by 2019.
Renewable energy: Tapping the
power of sun, renewable energy capacity
has been revised to 175,000 MW till 2022,
comprising 100,000 MW solar, 60,000 MW
wind, 10,000 MW biomass and 5,000 MW
small hydropower. Five Ultra Mega Power
Projects of MW 4000 each have been
planned with all clearances in advance (
i.e. in 'Plug & Play' mode) for private sec-
tor participation which are expected to
unlock investments up to $17billion.
Digital India: This is a $19 billion gov-
ernment initiative that seeks to transform
the country into a connected economy,
attract investment in electronics manu-
facturing and create millions of jobs. The
National Optical Fibre Network Programme
is rolling out an optic fibre network of 0.75
million kms, networking 0.25 million vil-
lages. A sum of $42 million has been allo-
cated for the Digital India Programme and
telecommunication and electronic indus-
tries manufacturing under a Make in India
plan. An e-biz portal has been launched
which integrates 14 regulatory permis-
sions at one point in order to facilitate
ease of doing business in India.
Money to states: Opting for coopera-
tive federalism, thus giving more power to
the state governments of the country, Bud-
get 2015-16 has accepted 14th Finance
Commission's recommendation of sub-
stantially higher devolution of Union taxes
to States. At 42% devolution, it is expected
that the states' share will increase from
$55.6 billion in year 2014-15 to about $87
billion in 2015-16, a quantum jump, which
would enable them to address their spe-
cific needs through flexibility in design,
implementation and financing of pro-
grammes and schemes. This would allow
the states to have better financial ability in
fulfilling the needs of their cities.
Direct benefits transfers: According
to the Economic Survey of 2014, there are
about 125.5 million Jan Dhan bank ac-
counts,17,757 million Aadhaar ( social
security) numbers and 904 million mobile
phones in the country. To prevent leak-
Figure 14 Increasing Urban Share of GDP in India
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Key Features
Wi-Fi hubs to
provide 100%
internet coverage
at 100Mbps
Mobility through
surface-level &
elevated roads
Buildings
based on
green
technology
Top-notch
water and
solid waste
management
100%
metered
power
connection
High-frequency
mass transport
and dedicated
bicycle mlanes
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ages of social benefits from reaching the
under-privileged, direct transfer of bene-
fits has been initiated. A sum of $1 billion
has so far been transferred directly, as
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) subsidy to
115 million LPG consumers. This is to be
extended further with a view to increase
the number of beneficiaries from 10 mil-
lion to 100.3 million.
Social security: A functional social se-
curity system for all Indians will be created,
especially the poor and the under-privi-
leged. A Senior Secondary School is to be
built within 5 km reach of every child and a
provision to be made for medical services
in each village and city. An allocation of $17
million has been made for Nirbhaya Fund
formed for women's security and safety.
Innovation: An Atal Innovation Mission
(AIM) will be established to involve aca-
demics, entrepreneurs and resear-chers
and draw upon national and international
experiences to foster a culture of innova-
tion, R&D and scientific research in India.
Liveability: There's also a provision
for Swachh Bharat Cess, which will be
used to improve the quality of life and pub-
lic health.
India - The Larger Agenda
India's Smart City plan is part of a
larger agenda of creating Industrial Cor-
ridors between India's big metropolitan
cities. These include the Delhi-Mumbai
Industrial Corridor, the Chennai-Bangalore
Industrial Corridor and the Bangalore-
Mumbai Economic Corridor. It is hoped
that many industrial and commercial cen-
ters will be recreated as Smart Cities
along these corridors. Similarly the idea
is to shore up 'Smart Cities' on major
ports for a seamless business process.
In India Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka
and Kerala are few of the states where
maximum number of smart cities would
be developed in coming years.
The idea is to splurge the country with
infrastructure & make it ICT enabled. Both
are priority for growth. And this calls for
huge investment and very diligent appli-
cation of plans for success.
Technology drives Smart Business
Several industry experts have given
various definitions for India's smart city
and in all of them; technology has been
mentioned as the major enabler .It is
believed across the world that a city can
only grow on a sustainable basis if there
are opportunities for economic develop-
ment, entertainment, education, health-
care and many such services.
Instrumental in the development of
Smart Cities are partnerships with tech-
nology firms like IBM and Cisco. IBM pre-
pared the Integrated Communication
Technology (ICT) Master Plan for Dighi
Port Industrial Area in the DMIC that also
provides for the establishment of an Intel-
ligent Operations Center which uses IBM's
Smarter Cities software to integrate data
from various agencies at one command
center.
Cisco prepared the ICT Master plan of
four smart cities under the DMIC project-
Dholera in Gujarat, Shendra in Maha-
rashtra, Manesar in Haryana and Khush-
kera in Rajasthan.
And in Bangalore, Cisco is converting
a 5 sq. km area around Electronics City,
the IT-Hub in the city's peripheries, into a
Smart City. Cisco entered into a partner-
ship with the Electronic City Industrial
Association (ELCIA) to establish an Internet
of Things (IoT) innovation hub that would
help companies develop software appli-
cations that can be deployed in the 100
smart cities.
With the first phase of the project at
Electronics City underway in 2015, Cisco
now has set aims to leverage the experi-
ments it carries out in the Living Lab
there for its projects in other Smart Cities.
Existing cities such as Hyderabad,
Surat, Coimbatore, Bengaluru, Manga-
lore, Jamshedpur, Kanpur, Delhi, Mumbai
and Chennai have launched initiatives
related to the deployment of advanced
communications systems, metro rail sys-
tems, traffic management systems,
smart meters, GPRS for solid waste man-
agement, GIS to manage property tax, on-
line water quality monitoring, online buil-
ding plan approval schemes to name a few.
(See Figure 15 'Delhi goes the GIFT way'.)
Foreign Governments & Agencies pitch in
They show their presence wherever
they see business and India is no excep-
tion. india too can strike deals for develop-
ment & trade translating into growth. The
government has already realized the need
of International bodies and private sector
for building smart infrastructure.
Asian Development Bank declared its Figure 15 Delhi goes the GIFT Way
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commitment in supporting India's 100
smart city projects. While speaking in
Delhi's Sustainable Development Sum-
mit 2015, Takehiko Nakao, president,
Asian Development Bank says, ADB is
also firmly committed to supporting
India's 100 smart cities initiative. The
use of technology and intelligent systems
will improve urban services for the poor,
including sanitation and affordable trans-
portation, Nakao added.
U.K & Singapore
The United Kingdom (UK) is collabo-
rating with India for developing the
Bangalore-Mumbai Economic Corridor
project with the help of private companies
from Britain. India has also got into an
agreement with Singapore to use its ex-
pertise in smart cities and urban planning
for developing the 100 Smart Cities.
MoU with Spain
Earlier this month, Spain has also
shown interest in transforming Delhi into
a Smart city. Jaime Garcia-Legaz Ponce,
Minister of State for Trade of Spain in a
meeting with M Venkaiah Naidu has
shown interest in transforming Delhi into
a Smart city. A memorandum of under-
standing (MoU) between the two coun-
tries in this regard will focus in evolving
master plan for transforming Delhi into a
Smart city
MoU with USA
India has already signed three MoUs
with the USA to develop three smart cities
in the cities of Allahabad, Ajmer, and
Visakhapatnam. As per the agreement,
the U.S will help the cities in project plan-
ning, infrastructure development, feasi-
bility studies and capacity building. This
opportunity, has been seized by the US-
based communications systems company
Avaya. It implement its new Fabric Net-
work Connect technology in India's Smart
city project. The technology includes com-
ponents such as surveillance, communi-
cations and sensors to enable Internet of
Things (IoT), which has already been
used in Bangalore International Airport.
The solution allows airport network to
carry out simultaneous applications such
as universal flight information system, air-
port operations software and SAP ERP
system, critical voice service and Com-
mon User Self-Service (CUSS).
Tie-up with Germany
Germany too has shown willingness
to enter into partnership with India for
developing three Smart cities across the
country. A six-member joint committee
has also been formed to design a plan and
identify the cities within a time frame. These
decisions came at a meeting between
Urban Development Minister M Venkaiah
Naidu and the German Minister of Envi-
ronment, Nature Conservation, Building
and Nuclear Safety, Barbara Hendricks,
who said that the Government of Federal
Republic of Germany was keen to be asso-
ciated with India's smart city project.
Some New Smart Cities in India
Many a New Smart City has been
planned by States of Maharashtra, Kerala,
Chatisgarh, A.P, to usher in growth. Some
are in private sector too, like Palava near
Mumbai by Lodha group (Figure 16).
Naya Raipur (Chattisgarh)
The newly created state of Chhattisgarh
in November 2000, led to Raipur being con-
sidered for the capital of the state. Naya
Raipur a new city 20 kms from existing city
of Raipur, is being developed as the state
capital of Chhattisgarh and the city will
emerge as the country's first smart city
with modern facilities. The government
has planned to build new city as 'Green
City', designed as citizen and visitor frien-
dly city. The authority is to adopt best prac-
tices for water harvesting, waste water
recycling and use of nonconventional
sources of energy.
The development plan includes an
area of 80.13 kms, which will house
500,000 inhabitants by 2031. It has well
defined zones for institutions, housing,
commerce, light industry, recreation and
extensive parks, including a green belt.
Figure 16 - Palava Smart City, Mumbai: A
view of Palava city: The Lodha Group's city,
near Mumbai, is based on the 'walk to
everything' principle, where every home is
five minutes from utility services. Energy,
transport, water and waste management,
are controlled by a command centre.
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The development plan 2031 consists of 3
layers Core Zone, Peripheral region and
Airport Zone. In order to reduce the car-
bon emission and use of personal modes,
the authority has planned an integrated
network of Bus Rapid Transit and Light
Rail Transit.
Kochi Smart City
Kochi Smart City, covering over 246
acre, is an IT township project, promoted
by UAE based Dubai Holdings and Gov-
ernment of Kerala. The expected project
completion is by 2020 and has potential
for around 90,000 jobs. (See Figure 17).
The first phase of the project was
scheduled for March 2015 completion.
With 8.8 million sq. ft. of built up space of
which at least 6.21 million sq. ft. this pro-
ject will be specifically dedicated for IT/
ITES/allied services.
Smart City Kochi's master plan include
IT offices, retail and F&B, hotels, residen-
tial apartments, schools, colleges, hospi-
tals, parks and open green spaces, and will
be self contained compact urban habitat.
Gujarat International Financial Tec (GIFT)
Spread over 886 acres and at a dis-
tance of 18 kms from Ahmedabad airport,
GIFT city is conceptualized as a global
financial and Information Technology ser-
vices hub. GIFT city is the first of its kind in
India and is supposed to create 5 lakh
each direct and indirect jobs respectively
(See Figure 18).
An example of modernization is its
solid waste management system wherein
solid waste will be removed by suction
from homes and offices through pipelines
conveying directly to a waste processing
plant (See Figure 19).
With 1,000 MW electric supply, piped
natural gas, centralized AC system, inter-
national fibre landing system and many
more, it will develop world class inte-
grated multimodal transportation system
(MRTS/ LRT/ BRT), aiming for 90% popu-
lation movement by public transport.
New Cities (Delhi- Mumbai industrial cor-
ridor)
Seven new smart cities are being dev-
eloped along the proposed Delhi Mumbai
Industrial Corridor (DMIC) by respective
states with help of foreign aid. Work on
two was planned to begin in 2014 with
expected scale up to 24 new cities by 2040.
These 7 new cities are
- Ahmedabed / Dholera (900 sq km /
Gujarat) [See Figure 20]
- Shendra / Bidkin (84 sq km /
Maharasthra)
Figure 17- Smart city 'kochi'promoted by UAE's Dubai Holdings with Kerala Govt.: 2020 Completion Target
Figure 18- 'GIFT' Smart City Unique Global Financial Hub First of it's kind in India
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Author's Bio
The author leads our Delhi bureau. An
Engineer and qualified ADR professional
(NALSAR alumnus), Sadagopan Seshadri
has been a senior Contract Management
Professional in large national & Inter-
national Companies. His domain experi-
ence is in Building Products, Cement plants
and Mega Power project execution. He
has been an expert visiting faculty and
univ. examiner for Contract Management
at the SSAA, IP University, New Delhi.
Being passionate about Environment he
has now turned to Landscape Projects
design teamed with like-minded architects
& engineers for sustainable landscapes
development He is vocal with his views on
these areas through his writings.
He can be reached at:
- Manesar / Bawal (380 Sq km / Haryana)
- Khuskhera / Bhiwadi / Neemrana
(150 Sq km / Rajasthan)
- Dighi Port Area (230 Sqkm /
Maharashtra)
- Dadri / Noida / Ghaziabad (250 Sq km /
Uttar Pradesh)
- Pithampur / Dhar / Mhow (370 Sq km /
Madhya Pradesh)
Port Cities
Indian government is working on an
ambitious plan to build one smart city
each at the country's 12 major ports, at an
estimated total investment of ` 50,000
crore, Union Minister Nitin Gadkari has
said."Each port will construct one smart
city. Each city will be built with an expendi-
ture of about ` 3,000-4,000 crore," said
the Minister for Road Transport, High-
ways and Shipping."
These will be green smart cities.
Aspirations need Arithmetic back up!
Though Mr Modi pledged 70.6 billion
rupees shortly after poll win to kick-start
his goal of developing as many as 100
energy-efficient, technology-driven smart
cities, some have sought to rein in expec-
tations. The concern is of millions of Indi-
ans pouring into cities from poorer rural
areas every year, straining already stret-
ched affordable housing, public transport
and basic services, and for this much
more money is needed.
Diane Farrell, acting president of the
US-India Business Council, said compa-
nies would only become involved in the
city's projects if there was a clear profit to
be made.Right now the cities are in a
phase where they are putting all of their
aspirations on the table, but then you have
to sit back and work out how to pay for it,
Ms Farrell, who visited India as part of
a US fact-finding delegation in January,
this year said.Cities cannot be reliant on
US companies for funding or foreign gov-
ernments, they need to develop success-
ful PPPs [public-private partnerships],
she said.
Thus, though the intent of govern-
ment may be true, the means need to be
found to develop cities and jobs. And the
latter part is what is stemming concern
from many a quarter including prospec-
tive investors.
Caution ! ' Achtung' - Pay Attention Please:
If you thought India was far behind
other countries in terms of smart cities,
think again. There may be many aspects
of 'Smart' attributable to a city that we have
not really understood in a 'wholesome'
fashion and are just looking at 'smart' as a
fancy concept. If that is the case, then we
need to shift focus, perceive the 'reality' of
being 'smart', be 'down to earth' and only
after being clear about ' smart' we should
venture further in this direction. So the
first step is to understand what we want.
We can get only what 'we ask' for and
not what 'we think we are asking for'!
When a leadership expresses itself, the
policy maker, conceptualiser and imple-
menter should all be on the same page.
Terms and concepts expressed by such
proposers (lacking domain knowledge)
should be understood by domain experts
in real context of what was meant and then
reasonably transformed to real goals. Oth-
erwise, what we are heading for is a disaster!
When you look at the challenges fac-
ing India's cities, it's easy to start hyper-
ventilating,said Anil Menon, responsible
for developing smart city strategies in India
at tech giant Cisco. As I already said, all
across the world, growth on a sustainable
basis is possible only if there are opportu-
nities for economic development, enter-
tainment, education, healthcare and
many such services; all put together in a
balanced viable & optimal mix.
Therefore even before concrete
pours for work to begin in a big way on the
government's ambitious smart-city pro-
ject, there does seem to be justified con-
cern over the initiative possibly turning into
an elitist concept that strays away from
what it really means to be 'smart'. And it is
essential to realise that 'smart' is not just
only about 'Technology'.
Well, then it is a vital area of contem-
plation, that should be matter of yet 'an-
other story'! w
Figure 20 - Dholera smart city smart transportation, connectivity, clean energy and more
Figure 19- GIFT: High rises as one shown, with
sparkling glass facades would form a necklace
around the river curve, much like Shanghai
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