Smart Cities and Internet of Things: User & Designaiellom/pdf/09 User+Design.pdffollows a...
Transcript of Smart Cities and Internet of Things: User & Designaiellom/pdf/09 User+Design.pdffollows a...
Marco Aiello
Master
a.y. 2017/18
Smart Cities and Internet of Things: User & Design
Different from ordinary PC/Server based only software:
• more variety of hardware
• intermittent connectivity
• multimodal UI and UX
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Designing Connected ProductsO’Reilly 2015
• Functionality can be distributed across multiple devices with varying capabilities: interusability
• Focus is not only on the device, but globally on the service
• Higher expectations than with virtual interactions (we accept a 404 page not found, but not a light not turning on)
(“her gun cannot contact the Internet for authentication”)
• Network partitions and long disconnections are common
• Code runs in many places with varying resources and contexts of execution
• Devices are in the “real” world
• Services and interfaces can have many users (a home with multiple people)
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UXUser Experience
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Facets of IoT DesignUI/visual design
screen layout, look and feel
Interusability interactions spanning multiple
devices with different capabilities
Conceptual model how should users think about the
system?
Platform design conceptual architecture and domain models spanning products/services
Interaction design architecture and behaviours
per service, per device
Industrial design physical hardware:
capabilities and form factor
Service design customer lifecycle, customer services, integration with non-digital touchpoints
Productization audience, proposition, objectives, functionality of a specific service
least visible
most visible
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Facet of IoT Design
• UI/Visual design: dependent on visualisation hardware, some not visual
• Interaction design: shaping the possible sequence of actions between user and devices to achieve system’s goals
• Interusability: design interactions that span multiple devices • specify which functionality belongs to which device
• designing cross devices user flows
• designing multiple UIs in parallel
• Industrial design: aesthetic and functional design of the hardware
• Service design: holistic view on user experience • device interactions
• customer support interactions
• instructional guides
• in-store experience
• push notifications
• software updates and rolling out new functionalities
•Conceptual model: understanding and expectations one wants the user to have of the system
•Productization: defining a compelling product proposition: audience, proposition, objectives, and overall functionality (including business model)
•Platform design: hardware, os, middleware, application, API for third party development
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Examples
Philips Hue
Honeywell Evohome
Car2go
GlowCap
FitBit
More examples
Proteus Smart Pill
Disney Magic wristband
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Switching on a light
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Switching on a light
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Architectural solutions
Applications
APIs
Broadband router
edge devices
edge devices
Gateway
edge devices
edge devices
third party services
Dedicated gateway
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Architectural solutions
Applications
APIs
Broadband router
edge devices
edge devices
Gateway
edge devices
edge devices
third party services
Dedicated gateway
variation: direct edge device connection
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Architectural solutions
Applications
APIs
Broadband router
edge devices
edge devices
Gateway
edge devices
edge devices
third party services
Dedicated gateway
variation: direct edge device connection
Advantages:
• Networking and security require resources, better centralized them in a gateway
• Easier setup and maintenance
• Work in islanded mode
• Lower latency
• Help with interoperability
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GatewaysPros and Cons
Disadvantages:
• Custom built for each system
• Cost of development
• Unique point of failure
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Architectural solutions
Applications
APIs
edge devices
e.g., wearable
third party services
Phone as gateway
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Architectural solutions
Applications
APIs
edge devices
edge devices
edge devices
third party services
Direct Internet connection
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Architectural solutions
Applications
APIs
Broadband router
edge devices
edge devices
Gateway
edge devicesedge
devices
third party services
Internet device connectivity
GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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GATEWAY
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PHONE MEDIATED
Examples
DIRECT INTERNET INTERNET 2 INTERNET
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• Solve an actual problem that people have, in a way that appeals to them
• Productization: extent to which the supplier makes the user value of the product explicit and easy to understand
• Pitfall: new products conceived by engineers who value highly configurable functionality. Failure to communicate a clear value for using the product/service.
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Product/Service Definition and Strategy
Value proposition
Conceptual model
Interaction model
What does it do? How does it work? How do I use it?
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Everett Rogers (1962)Diffusion of innovation
• Driving UX with demographics is generally a bad idea (example of truck driver fingertips)
• Design factors:
• body dimension and ergonomics
• availability of user resources (time, money, space)
• physiological capabilities (hearing, sight, agility, memory) • language and localization requirements
• Product definition: what matters is that the product is felt as deeply necessary (real or perceived need)
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Understanding People and Context of UseUsers
• Makers of the product
• Service providers • Customer
• Users (user roles)
• Technicians
• On-line support team
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Individuals and organizationsActors
Role Responsibility Common QuestionCustomer/buyer Makes the decision to purchase Why should I buy this product/service? What
makes it better than competitors? Is it worth the cost?
User Triggers everyday interactions with the product/service
Why do I want this product? What do I want from it? How do I user it? Is it easy for someone like me to use? Will using it change how other people think of me?
Technician Installs, maintains, and repairs the product
How do I diagnose the problem? What resources (e.g., information, skills) do I need to fix it?
• Broad context: • operational conditions (weather, humidity, dust) • spatial arrangements • infrastructure • payment facilities • supply chains
• Behavioral context:
• time-based rhythms • physical and cyber access control • states of being (e.g., remember passcode?)
• Sociocultural context: • expectations from social interactions with product (e.g., Google glasses)
• Ecological context: • product ecosystem, network of economic relationships that position the product • space adjacent to the product: user groups, developer community, content contributors
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Factors outside the product relevant to the interactions with it Context of interaction
• Documenting how the actors deal with a situation the product addresses
• Pitfall: human perception and memory are not objective!
• Better observe than been told
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Determining the context
Participants Information acquisition
Conditions Research techniques
Answer questions Say Think
Explainable (in words) Questionnaire, interviews, focus groups, maps making, timelines, diaries and usage logs
Behave normally Do Use
Observable (events) Field visits: tour, follow, observe, trace, document, seek the unexpected (AEIOU schema)1
Make and play Know Feel Dream
Tacit (implicit in action) Workshops, co-design
1. AEIOU Schema: Activities, Environments, Interactions, Objects, and Users
• Value as tangible benefit
• Value as personal aspiration and satisfaction of moral codes of behavior
• Business model: how to create value for a customer while generating revenues to sustain the existence of the offered system
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More than just moneyValue proposition
• Composition
• Consistency across interfaces
• Continuity of content and data
• Don Norman: “The problem is to design the system so that, first, it follows a consistent, coherent conceptualization—a design model—and second, so that the user can develop a mental model of the system—a user model—consistent with the design model.”
• e.g. turn on a Philips Hue light
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UX across multiple devicesInterusability
• Confidentiality, integrity, availability
• Authentication via shared secrets: • something I know
• something I have
• something I am
• 2014, insecam.cc published live feeds of security cameras and baby monitors (e.g., unauthenticated, default password)
• 300 medical devices with unchanged password (pacemakers, insulin pumps, etc.)
• 2013, Insteon home automation allowing home controls to be indexed by Web search engines
• A smart toilet controlled by an Android app had a fixed Bluetooth pairing code
• See shodan.io
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Security and privacyResponsible IoT design
• Limit the damage that can be caused (functionality scoping)
• Keep devices secure (automatic software updates)
• Make authentication easy
• Keep users in control of permissions
• Make threats and compromission visible
• Consider privacy in context (privacy is neither universally agreed, nor static)
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RequirementsResponsible IoT design
• Should parents be able to monitor their children location?
• Should children be able to monitor ageing parents?
• Can I wear Google glasses freely in public spaces?
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Moral dilemmasPrivacy
• People tend to give up privacy if they see a personal return (e.g. mobile phone/Facebook vs. smart meters)
• Home care experiment (Andrew Monk, 2005): placing sensors in beds and sink faucets in an old age home.
• Motivation (M1): check that tap is turned off and save water
• Motivation (M2): check if they got up at night to use the toilet
Same sensors, same data, different motivations. (M1) accepted, (M2) not.
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AcceptabilityPrivacy
• Most common types of IoT data:
• Information about the physical world
• Information about things
• Biometrics
• Human behavioral data
• Characteristics
• Static versus dynamic
• Direct versus inferred
• Big versus small
• Real-time versus historical
• Time, frequency
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Data Science for IoTData
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Context-action framework
• Actionable insights, explanations, and data
• Visualization is a powerful tool, but unfocused dashboards that summarize all the data can be overwhelming!
• Progressive disclosure pyramid
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Using data
Supporting Data
Explanation
Insight
• 1997 first prototypes
• June 2000 LG launches the first model (20K$)
• A market for it never materialised
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A debacle 20 years long…The smart fridge