November 2015

Dr Rupert Booth, FIET FRICS FCMA PMP CEngChief Economist

Smart Cities

Agenda

• What is a Smart City?

• Urbanization: Trends & Risks

• Smart Utopia?

• Links to Sustainability

• Smart City standards

• Data, Sensors and Internet of Things

• Making the Transition

• Performance Measures

• What it all means for RICS Members

What is a Smart City? Many very different definitions

Integration (from British Standards Institute, PAS180, 2014):

The effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built

environment to deliver sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its

citizens

Qualifying criteria (Dept. Bus Innovation & Skills, 2013):

1. Modern digital infrastructure, providing access to re-usable data

2. Citizen-centric services

3. Intelligent physical infrastructure, i.e. Internet of Things

4. Openness to learn from others

5. Transparency of outcomes

6. Clear and consistent vision

Wiki definition gives a broad full view

A smart city uses ICT to enhance quality and performance of urban services,

to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively

and actively with its citizens.

Sectors that have been developing smart city technology include:

• government services

• transport and traffic management

• energy

• health care

• water and waste.

Smart city applications are developed with the goal of improving the

management of urban flows and allowing for real time responses to

challenges.

A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than

one with a simple 'transactional' relationship with its citizens.

More for less

Engage-ment

Typical scope

Dynamic view

Risk avoidance

What to Add?Measures, Transition Path

Trends in Urbanization

The world’s cities occupy just 2% of the Earth’s land, but account for up to 80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon dioxide emissions (UN, 2014).

Associated Risks

Risk Mitigation

Utopian view

Privacy?

Unifying vision

Dystopian view

Reality of Songdo:• Popular with residents• Green spaces• Slow rise in commercial occupation

But can ‘Smart City’ be a distraction?

Ajmer in northern India has been selected by the Indian government to be one of 100 smart cities.

Link to Sustainability

Smart, Sustainable, Resilient and Healthy City concepts overlap but are not identical…

Role of Standards

Standards Gap Analysis by BSI

How will city authorities set their objectives for

smart cities and measure progress?

How can cities create the shared

understanding to deliver the vision?

How will information be captured and shared

between infrastructure and services?

What risks are there in moving to smart city

services and how can these be managed?

Standards Produced

PAS 180 Smart cities. Vocabulary

PAS 181 Smart city framework

PAS 182 Smart city concept model

PD 8100 Smart city overview

PD 8100 Smart city planning guidelines

The standard view: from old to new…

British Standards Institute (BSI) view of traditional city:

BSI PAS 181 vision of new operating model

Smart City Framework in BSI PAS 181

Role of Big Data

Data parameters:

• 3 Vs: Volume, Variety, Velocity

• Open / Shared / Closed:

Sector examples:

• Smart grid technologies, to

improve energy efficiency.

• Mobile applications

Open Data for Economic Growth (World Bank, 2014)

defines five archetypes of open Data Businesses:

Suppliers – organisations publishing their data as

open data to allow others to use and re-use it.

Aggregators – organisations collecting and

aggregating open data as well as, sometimes, other

proprietary data.

Developers – organisations and individual

developers designing, building and selling web or

smartphone applications using open data.

Enrichers – organisations using open data to gain

new or better insights that they can deliver in

services or products to their customers.

Enablers – organisations providing platform and

technologies for use by other businesses and

individuals.

Ubiquitous sensors in Chicago

Sensors measure: temperature, barometric pressure, light, vibration, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, ambient sound intensity, pedestrian and vehicle traffic, and surface temperature.Data will be public

Building Blocks of the Internet of Things

• Objects, for example

sensors, smartphones, cars

• Communication networks for

interconnection, e.g.

broadband, 4G, Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth

• Computing systems that

process the data, including

storage, analytics and

applications.

Mobile Things: Intelligent Mobility

Barriers: Royal Academy of Engineering

Smart government – the need to create the right environment for investment in smart

infrastructure, particularly procurement that recognises the need to invest now to save

in the long term.

Data quality and management – the quality of data has to be known before it can be

used to optimise a system.

Privacy – an abundance of data already exists but a lack of availability or use derives

from security and privacy concerns as well as commercial considerations.

Investment – traditional methods of proving return on investment fail to take into

account the full complexity of a ‘system of systems’.

Vulnerability – interconnected systems introduce more vulnerabilities, particularly in

ICT systems, which could lead to a cascade of system failures.

Lifetime – infrastructure can be designed to last up to 100 years. If sensors are

embedded into this infrastructure, will their lifetime match that of the infrastructure

itself?Anything missing?

Multiple Stakeholder perspectives

Top down planning process (Future Proofing Cities report)

Grass-roots led innovation

Stages of the Citizen-Driven Innovation guidebook for establishing a living lab (adapted from ENoLL,

World Bank, 2015

Uber shows innovation not always

welcome

Program Management: Swedish e-Government Approach

An integrated service-device-technology roadmap for smart city development (1)

Phase 1. Planning

Step 1. Smart city mid- to long-term vision

and goals identified

Step 2. Definition of roadmap

Activity 1. Individual objectives of the

roadmap

Activity 2. Setting roadmap boundaries and

scopes

Activity 3. Defining an individual time table

Step 3. Critical success factors for the

roadmap considered

Step 4. Organization of the project team

Activity 1. Identify the party responsible for

the development of the roadmap

Activity 2. Form a working group

Phase 2. Demand identification

• Step 1. Identify urban problems

• Step 2. Infer demands and solutions

Phase3. Service identification

• Step 1. Smart city services classification

• Activity 1. Set classification standards

• Activity 2. List services (‘list-up’)

• Activity 3. Develop and verify service

classification system

• Step 2. Analysis of service trends (Delphi)

Source: Lee, Phaal & Lee (2013), An integrated service-device-technology roadmap for smart city development

Phase 4. Device identification

• Step 1. Smart city device classification

• Activity 1. Set classification standards

• Activity 2. List devices (‘List-up’)

• Activity 3. Develop and verify device

classification system

• Step 2. Analysis of device trends (Delphi)

Phase 5. Technology identification

• Step 1. Smart city technologies

identification

• Activity 1. Set classification standards

• Activity 2. List technologies (‘List-up’)

• Activity 3. Establishment and verification of

classification system

• Step 2. Analysis of technical trends (Delphi)

Phase 6. Roadmap drafting

• Step 1. Develop roadmap formats

• Step 2. Analyze interdependencies between

service/device/technology

• Step 3. Develop integrated roadmap

Phase 7. Roadmap adjustment

• Step 1. Roadmap adjustment

• Step 2. Roadmap verification

Phase 8. Follow-up stage

• Step 1. Development of execution plan

• Step 2. Execution of plan

An integrated service-device-technology roadmap for smart city development (2)

Source: Lee, Phaal & Lee (2013), An integrated service-device-technology roadmap for smart city development

Key Performance Indicators for Smart & Sustainable Cities

ISO 37120 Sustainable Development of

Communities – Indicators for City Services and

Quality of Life:

Public data available on http://open.dataforcities.org/

Funded by the European Union HORIZON 2020

programme, CITYkeys will:

1)Develop and validate a transparent performance

evaluation framework: including KPIs definition,

guidelines for data collections, performance system

prototype and testing in case-cities

2) Develop recommendations for the implementation

of the performance system into the cities decision-

making process and recommendations for the

development of new business

3) Engage stakeholders in identifying and exploiting

opportunities for synergy and replicability; and

establish a collaboration platform for European cities

Measuring Progress (1): Abu Dhabi Economic Measures

Measuring Progress (2): Abu Dhabi Environmental Measures

CITIE Diagnostic

http://citie.org/cities/Doha/?city=%2Fcities%2FDoha&filter=region&tab=tab1

London Dashboard

Impact on RICS Professional Areas

Building Control

Building Surveying

Commercial Property

Dispute Resolution

Environment

Facilities Management

Geomatics

Machinery & Business Assets

Management Consultancy

Minerals & Waste Management

Personal Property/Arts & Antiques

Planning & Development

Project Management

Quantity Surveying & Construction

Residential Property

Rural

Valuation

Citizen-Centric

Key data source – open, closed, shared?

Connectivity

Contracts & Procurement

Sustainability assessment

Building Automation Systems

Big Data

Condition monitoring

Breadth of advice

Waste collection and recycling

Monitoring

Future Proofing

Multi-disciplinary implementation

Wider use of BIM data

Internet of Things

Inclusion

Changes in Demand & Whole-life Cost

Key:HighMediumLow