Small wind power for rural locations - part 1
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Transcript of Small wind power for rural locations - part 1
![Page 1: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Wind energy harvesting basics, resource assessment and
application for off grid systems.Hanan Einav-Levy M.Sc.
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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A bit about meHanan Einav-Levy M.Sc
• Aeronautical engineer• Wind turbine technology advocate• Experience in installing and building small
wind turbines in Israel and abroad for rural electrification• Consultant to several wind energy NGO’s • Conducting PhD research in wind turbine
resource assessment
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Aim of lecture
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Aim of lecture• Wind turbine systems are complicated systems
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Aim of lecture• Wind turbine systems are complicated systems
• We have 4 hours...
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Aim of lecture• Wind turbine systems are complicated systems
• We have 4 hours...
• You will gain a basic and comprehensive understanding
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 7: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Aim of lecture• Wind turbine systems are complicated systems
• We have 4 hours...
• You will gain a basic and comprehensive understanding
• Many valuable references will be mentioned for your future use
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 8: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Aim of lecture• Wind turbine systems are complicated systems
• We have 4 hours...
• You will gain a basic and comprehensive understanding
• Many valuable references will be mentioned for your future use
• You will receive a starting point for developing wind in rural communities in your countries
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 16: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 24: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 25: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 26: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)
• WindAid - Peru (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 27: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Outline• Part 1 (2 hours)
• Global wind resource (10)
• Modern wind turbine history (10)
• Wind energy theory (10)
• Technology - HAWT, VAWT, Lift, Drag, BIG, small (15)
• Environmental considerations (5)
• Wind speed variability (15)
• Estimating the resource (15)
• Off grid wind system components (5)
• Economic considerations(10)
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project (50)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)
• WindAid - Peru (10)
• CometME - Israel/PAU (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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American Economic Review 101 (August 2011): 1649–1675http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.5.1649
1649
An important and enduring issue in environmental economics has been to develop both appropriate accounting systems and reliable estimates of environmental dam-ages (Wassily Leontief 1970; Yusuf J. Ahmad, Salah El Serafay, and Ernst Lutz 1989; Nordhaus and Edward Charles Kokkelenberg 1999; Kimio Uno and Peter Bartelmus 1998).
Some of this literature has focused on valuing natural resources such as water resources, forests, and minerals (Henry M. Peskin 1989; World Bank 1997; Robert D. Cairns 2000; Haripriya Gundimeda et al. 2007; Michael Vardon et al. 2007). Other studies have focused on including pollution. For example, the earliest papers that focused on pollution relied on material !ows analysis to calculate the tons of emissions per unit of production by industry (Robert U. Ayres and Allen V. Kneese 1969). This has been formalized in the Netherlands (Steven J. Keuning 1993) and in Sweden (Viveka Palm and Maja Larsson 2007). The materials-!ow approach is use-ful for tracking physical !ows, but it is inappropriate for national economic accounts because it does not contain values and because the damages associated with differ-ent source locations and toxicity are not included.
This paper contributes to this literature in two ways. First, we present a frame-work to integrate external damages into national economic accounts. The gross
Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the United States Economy †
By N"#$%&'( Z. M)&&*+, R%,*+- M*./*&(%$., './ W"&&"'0 N%+/$')(*
This study presents a framework to include environmental externali-ties into a system of national accounts. The paper estimates the air pollution damages for each industry in the United States. An inte-grated-assessment model quanti!es the marginal damages of air pol-lution emissions for the US which are multiplied times the quantity of emissions by industry to compute gross damages. Solid waste com-bustion, sewage treatment, stone quarrying, marinas, and oil and coal-!red power plants have air pollution damages larger than their value added. The largest industrial contributor to external costs is coal-!red electric generation, whose damages range from 0.8 to 5.6 times value added. (JEL E01, L94, Q53, Q56)
* Muller: Department of Economics, Environmental Studies Program, Middlebury College, 303 College Street, Middlebury, VT 05753 (e-mail: [email protected]); Mendelsohn: School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (e-mail: [email protected]); Nordhaus: Department of Economics, Yale University, 28 Hillhouse, New Haven, CT, 06511 (e-mail: [email protected]) The authors wish to thank the Glaser Progress Foundation for their generous support of this research. Muller acknowledges the support of the USEPA: EPA-OPEI-NCEE-08-02. We also would like to thank seminar participants at Yale University, Harvard University, USEPA, NBER, and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments.
† To view additional materials, visit the article page at http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.5.1649.
Before we start - a bit of extra motivation
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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American Economic Review 101 (August 2011): 1649–1675http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.5.1649
1649
An important and enduring issue in environmental economics has been to develop both appropriate accounting systems and reliable estimates of environmental dam-ages (Wassily Leontief 1970; Yusuf J. Ahmad, Salah El Serafay, and Ernst Lutz 1989; Nordhaus and Edward Charles Kokkelenberg 1999; Kimio Uno and Peter Bartelmus 1998).
Some of this literature has focused on valuing natural resources such as water resources, forests, and minerals (Henry M. Peskin 1989; World Bank 1997; Robert D. Cairns 2000; Haripriya Gundimeda et al. 2007; Michael Vardon et al. 2007). Other studies have focused on including pollution. For example, the earliest papers that focused on pollution relied on material !ows analysis to calculate the tons of emissions per unit of production by industry (Robert U. Ayres and Allen V. Kneese 1969). This has been formalized in the Netherlands (Steven J. Keuning 1993) and in Sweden (Viveka Palm and Maja Larsson 2007). The materials-!ow approach is use-ful for tracking physical !ows, but it is inappropriate for national economic accounts because it does not contain values and because the damages associated with differ-ent source locations and toxicity are not included.
This paper contributes to this literature in two ways. First, we present a frame-work to integrate external damages into national economic accounts. The gross
Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the United States Economy †
By N"#$%&'( Z. M)&&*+, R%,*+- M*./*&(%$., './ W"&&"'0 N%+/$')(*
This study presents a framework to include environmental externali-ties into a system of national accounts. The paper estimates the air pollution damages for each industry in the United States. An inte-grated-assessment model quanti!es the marginal damages of air pol-lution emissions for the US which are multiplied times the quantity of emissions by industry to compute gross damages. Solid waste com-bustion, sewage treatment, stone quarrying, marinas, and oil and coal-!red power plants have air pollution damages larger than their value added. The largest industrial contributor to external costs is coal-!red electric generation, whose damages range from 0.8 to 5.6 times value added. (JEL E01, L94, Q53, Q56)
* Muller: Department of Economics, Environmental Studies Program, Middlebury College, 303 College Street, Middlebury, VT 05753 (e-mail: [email protected]); Mendelsohn: School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (e-mail: [email protected]); Nordhaus: Department of Economics, Yale University, 28 Hillhouse, New Haven, CT, 06511 (e-mail: [email protected]) The authors wish to thank the Glaser Progress Foundation for their generous support of this research. Muller acknowledges the support of the USEPA: EPA-OPEI-NCEE-08-02. We also would like to thank seminar participants at Yale University, Harvard University, USEPA, NBER, and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments.
† To view additional materials, visit the article page at http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.5.1649.
coal-fired power plants have air pollution damages larger than theirvalue added. The largest industrial contributor to external costs iscoal-fired electric generation, whose damages range from 0.8 to 5.6times value added
Before we start - a bit of extra motivation
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Global wind resource
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Jacobson et al. 2009
Wind Resource
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind ResourceWind energy potential at 100 m
Jacobson et al. 2010Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind ResourceThursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind ResourceThursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind ResourceThursday, November 10, 2011
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Modern wind turbine history
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Modern wind harvesting history1888, USA Cleveland Ohio, 17 m diameter,
12 Kw rated power, 20 year life time, charged lead acid batteries (stand alone system)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Modern wind harvesting history
1980 - Bonus 30 Kw
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Modern wind 2 Mw machines and more
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Modern wind Source: Garrad Hassan
2 Mw machines and more
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Modern wind 2 Mw machines and more
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind energy theory
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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How much can we get out of the wind?
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind energy exploitation
• How much energy can we get out of the wind?
• Wind turbine production profile
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Energy vs. wind speed
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Energy vs. wind speed
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Energy vs. wind speed
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Energy vs. wind speed
12mv2 = 1
2·ρAvt·v2 = 1
2ρAtv3
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Energy vs. wind speed
12mv2 = 1
2·ρAvt·v2 = 1
2ρAtv3
12mv2
t= 12ρAv3
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Swept areaThursday, November 10, 2011
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Swept areaThursday, November 10, 2011
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S = Swept AreaThursday, November 10, 2011
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P = 12ρSV 3Cp[Watt]
ρ = wind density [Kg /m3]S = swept area [m2 ]V = wind speed [m / s]Cp = power coefficient < 0.593
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Energy density
P = 12ρV 3 Watt
m2⎡⎣⎢
⎤⎦⎥
P = 121.225·63 = 132 Watt
m2⎡⎣⎢
⎤⎦⎥
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Power curve
1 2 3 4
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Power curve
1 2 3 4
P = 12ρSV 3Cp[Watt]
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Power vs. energy
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
Power vs. energy
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
• To calculate the energy the turbine will produce in a given time - say 1 hour, we need the average wind speed during this hour
Power vs. energy
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
• To calculate the energy the turbine will produce in a given time - say 1 hour, we need the average wind speed during this hour
• The energy is measured in kWh - kilo-Watt-hour
Power vs. energy
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
• To calculate the energy the turbine will produce in a given time - say 1 hour, we need the average wind speed during this hour
• The energy is measured in kWh - kilo-Watt-hour
• this is equal to
Power vs. energy
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
• To calculate the energy the turbine will produce in a given time - say 1 hour, we need the average wind speed during this hour
• The energy is measured in kWh - kilo-Watt-hour
• this is equal to
• one thousand watt operating for a hour
Power vs. energy
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
• To calculate the energy the turbine will produce in a given time - say 1 hour, we need the average wind speed during this hour
• The energy is measured in kWh - kilo-Watt-hour
• this is equal to
• one thousand watt operating for a hour
• a 100 watt operating for 10 hours
Power vs. energy
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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• The power curve of the turbine is measured in watts vs. m/s
• To calculate the energy the turbine will produce in a given time - say 1 hour, we need the average wind speed during this hour
• The energy is measured in kWh - kilo-Watt-hour
• this is equal to
• one thousand watt operating for a hour
• a 100 watt operating for 10 hours
• kWh = Watt X hour / 1000
Power vs. energy
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TechnologyVAWT - HAWT, Lift - Drag, Big - Small
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What a good WT does
• Follows the wind
• Extracts wind energy with high efficiency
• Low cost of energy
• Low maintenance costs
• Long life
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWT
7I7T 7hT
6-10. Horizontal-axis configurations. Upwind, downwind, one blade or two-it's all been tried at one time or another.led from j. W. Twidell and A. D. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources.
7I7T 7hT
6-10. Horizontal-axis configurations. Upwind, downwind, one blade or two-it's all been tried at one time or another.led from j. W. Twidell and A. D. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources.
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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HAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWT
~///}////////
Figure 6-4. Darrieus configurations. There are several other Darrieus configurations besides the common eggbeaterdesil!n.
~///}////////
Figure 6-4. Darrieus configurations. There are several other Darrieus configurations besides the common eggbeaterdesil!n.
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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VAWTThursday, November 10, 2011
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BIG - small
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BIG - small
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BIG - small
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Tilt up tower
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Aerodynamic control in high winds
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Aerodynamic control in high winds
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Aerodynamic control in high winds
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Aerodynamic control in high winds
Systems furls its HR3 "'vu~, -running position. This design includes a winch and cable for manually furling the turbine,rip I'ohlriin np Ins Recursos Energeticos in Punta Arenas, Chile.
Systems furls its HR3 "'vu~, -running position. This design includes a winch and cable for manually furling the turbine,rip I'ohlriin np Ins Recursos Energeticos in Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Aerodynamic control in high winds
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Aerodynamic control in high winds
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Technology summary
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Technology summary
-Marlec910F
_A;,.", - RWr.on-Marlec910F
_A;,.", - RWr.on
P = 12ρSV 3Cp[Watt]
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Technology summary
Figure 1-1. Small wind turbine nomenclature. (1) Spinner or nose cone.(2) Rotor blades. (3) Direct-drive alternator. (4) Mainframe. (5) Yawassembly. (6) Slip rings and brushes. (7) Tail vane. (8) Nacelle cover. (9)Winch for furling the rotor out of the wind. (Bergey Windpower)
Figure 1-1. Small wind turbine nomenclature. (1) Spinner or nose cone.(2) Rotor blades. (3) Direct-drive alternator. (4) Mainframe. (5) Yawassembly. (6) Slip rings and brushes. (7) Tail vane. (8) Nacelle cover. (9)Winch for furling the rotor out of the wind. (Bergey Windpower)
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• Rural areas - Small and medium wind turbines
• Main concern - noise
• Non issues -
• Birds
• EM radiation
• Shadow flickr
• View obstruction
Environmental considerations
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Noise
Figure 13-22. Calculated and meas-ured noise emissions. This chart
1989 on the relationship between
that diameter could substitute for tipspeed and hence determine soundpower. The top line was derived fromdata on experimental large turbinesdeveloped in the late 1970s and early1980s. The bottom line was derivedfrom data on commercial wind tur-
bines being installed in the late 1980s.Published data for commercial tur-bines in use from the 1990s through2000 has been added. Noise emis-sions from small turbines at the WulfTest Field and other test sites are alsoincluded.
Sound Power level dBA120
-19805 -19905. 1999 . Small
. Micro
L=22 log D + 72110
100
~
..90
L=22 log 0 + 6580
70
6010010
Diameter (meters)
Figure 13-22. Calculated and meas-ured noise emissions. This chart
1989 on the relationship between
that diameter could substitute for tipspeed and hence determine soundpower. The top line was derived fromdata on experimental large turbinesdeveloped in the late 1970s and early1980s. The bottom line was derivedfrom data on commercial wind tur-
bines being installed in the late 1980s.Published data for commercial tur-bines in use from the 1990s through2000 has been added. Noise emis-sions from small turbines at the WulfTest Field and other test sites are alsoincluded.
Sound Power level dBA120
-19805 -19905. 1999 . Small
. Micro
L=22 log D + 72110
100
~
..90
L=22 log 0 + 6580
70
6010010
Diameter (meters)
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NoiseThursday, November 10, 2011
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NoiseThursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind speed Variability
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Short term speed fluctuations
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Long term speed distribution
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Yearly fluctuations
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Wind production vs. consumption in Denmark
Source: www.energinet.dk
hours
Mw
Dealing with variability in a grid connected system
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Wind production vs. consumption in Denmark
Source: www.energinet.dkStorm fronthours
Mw
Dealing with variability in a grid connected system
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T+1 hour T+12 hour
Source: Garrad Hassan
Dealing with variability in a grid connected system
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Dealing with variability for off grid systems
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Dealing with variability for off grid systems
Diverts the electricity according to battery status
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Dealing with variability for off grid systems
Stores the excess energy (wind is blowing but nobody is using the electricity)
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Dealing with variability for off grid systems
when the battery is full (and the wind is blowing)
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Dealing with variability for off grid systems
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A word about loads
• The “Dump load” is a load used when the battery is full
• A “load” is any electrical appliance connected to the battery
• Such as
• light bulbs
• TV/radio
• computer
• cell phone charger
• Sewing machines ...
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Estimating the resource
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Looking at the long term distribution again
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Wind atlas
• Several resources:
• SWERA
• NREL
• RISOE
• Include average yearly wind speed at several heights, and energy density
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Wind atlas
• Several resources:
• SWERA
• NREL
• RISOE
• Include average yearly wind speed at several heights, and energy density
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Wind atlas
• Several resources:
• SWERA
• NREL
• RISOE
• Include average yearly wind speed at several heights, and energy density
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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How to Estimate average yearly/monthly/daily production
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How to Estimate average yearly/monthly/daily production
Using the wind speed distribution
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How to Estimate average yearly/monthly/daily production
Using the wind speed distribution
multiplying by the power curve
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How to Estimate average yearly/monthly/daily production
Using the wind speed distribution
multiplying by the power curve
summing up to receive the AEP
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E = 12ρV 3·1.91[W /m2 ]
f (u) = uV 2 e
−12
uV
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟2
• For k = 2, we get the Rayleigh distribution:• Starting from the Weibull distribution.
• For the Rayleigh distribution the energy density can be calculated in a simpler way:
• where 1.91 comes from the form of the Rayleigh distribution.
A more simplistic way to estimate the AEP
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Simple AEP estimates
AEP = 87601000
E·πD2
4Cp[Kwh / year]
E: power density from wind atlas, or measurementCp: power coefficient 0.2-0.25 for small windD: diameter
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Simple AEP estimates
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Capacity Factor (CF)• Alternative way to describe the wind resource
at a site
• Used wildly in the energy sector - not just in wind energy
•
• The capacity factor is a function of the wind distribution and the power curve
• But can be estimated for a generic power curve
AEP = 8760 × P ×CF[kwh / year]
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On land wind capacity factor
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Measurement campaign
• Minimal equipment
• 10 meter tilt up tower
• Single Anemometer
• Best practice
• 15 meter tilt up tower
• 2 Anemometers
• 1 wind vane
• 1 temperature probe
• Alternatives
• Install small wind turbine immediately
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Measurement campaign
• Minimal equipment
• 10 meter tilt up tower
• Single Anemometer
• Best practice
• 15 meter tilt up tower
• 2 Anemometers
• 1 wind vane
• 1 temperature probe
• Alternatives
• Install small wind turbine immediately
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 133: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Measurement campaign
• Minimal equipment
• 10 meter tilt up tower
• Single Anemometer
• Best practice
• 15 meter tilt up tower
• 2 Anemometers
• 1 wind vane
• 1 temperature probe
• Alternatives
• Install small wind turbine immediately
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 134: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Wind shear
• Wind speed increases with height
• Putting a small turbine on a tall tower is aways a good economic move
• Insures steady winds - longer life for the blades
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Economic considerations
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Wind development costs
• Pre-feasibility study
• Big wind - major effort, 200,000$ / Mw
• Off grid small wind - basic measurement campaign, trial and error. 200-1000$ for measurement system.
• Wind turbine system
• Battery bank, Inverter
• BOS (cables, breakers ...)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Example costs - Battery-less wind turbine system (Installed cost)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Diameter [m]
Swept area [m^2]
cost [$]Avg. wind speed
Energy production
Simplistic cost of energy (15 year life time)
2 3.142000 $/m^2 X
3.14 m^2 = 6280$
4 m/s
120 kwh/m^2/year X 3.14 m^2 = 376.8
kwh/year
1.1 $/kwh
2 3.14 $6280 5 m/s
260 kwh/m^2/year X 3.14 m^2 = 816.4
kwh/year
0.51 $/kwh
Example costs - Battery-less wind turbine system (Installed cost)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Balance of system
• Charge controller
• Dump load
• Battery
• System meter
• Inverter
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Balance of system
• Charge controller
• Dump load
• Battery
• System meter
• Inverter
Included in previous assessment
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
• Many different models
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
• Many different models
• A car battery is cheap - and lasts 1-3 years
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
• Many different models
• A car battery is cheap - and lasts 1-3 years
• A deep-discharge battery is more expansive, but lasts longer
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
• Many different models
• A car battery is cheap - and lasts 1-3 years
• A deep-discharge battery is more expansive, but lasts longer
• Typical voltage is 12 volts
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 149: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
• Many different models
• A car battery is cheap - and lasts 1-3 years
• A deep-discharge battery is more expansive, but lasts longer
• Typical voltage is 12 volts
• Capacity measured in Ah
Thursday, November 10, 2011
![Page 150: Small wind power for rural locations - part 1](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012918/555c985ad8b42a6f778b4f00/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Crash course on Batteries
• The heart of an off-grid electric system
• Typically Lead-acid
• 150 year old technology
• Many different models
• A car battery is cheap - and lasts 1-3 years
• A deep-discharge battery is more expansive, but lasts longer
• Typical voltage is 12 volts
• Capacity measured in Ah
• Energy is AhXVolt/1000 in kWh
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Example battery costs
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Example battery costs
• Israel battery costs (Lead Acid): (source: Comet-ME)
• Gel type - 1000 shekel/90Ah 12V (Israel manufacturer) ~ 250$/kWh, ~50$/kWh/year
• 3000Ah 48V OPZF (2V units) OPK (15 year life) 85,000 euro (German manufacturer) ~820$/kWh, ~55$/kwH/year
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Example inverter costs
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Dealing with battery costs• Batteries are used frequently in rural areas
• Charged occasionally by transporting to the closest grid connected town for a considerable cost
• If batteries are bought specifically for the wind project they can become a major cost of the system
• If the batteries exist already, they can be charged more cheaply by the wind turbine
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Example meter costs• Using a meter to measure the electricity
used is crucial to success of wind-project
• simple meter 100$-150$
• Pay by use meter - costs are the same, but software is expensive - one time licensing fee 10,000Euro
• There is a standard in the world for these type of systems (the encoding method)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
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Next up -Examples and case studies
part 2
Thursday, November 10, 2011