Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthworms on the Island ... · talletettiin. Kotiloita kerättiin...
Transcript of Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthworms on the Island ... · talletettiin. Kotiloita kerättiin...
P O S I V A O Y
O l k i l u o t o
F I -27160 EURAJOKI , F INLAND
Te l +358-2-8372 31
Fax +358-2-8372 3709
Marko N ieminen
Har r i I konen
Anne Ko ivunen
December 2009
Work ing Repor t 2009 -112
Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthwormson the Island of Olkiluoto in 2009
December 2009
Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/09
Working Reports contain information on work in progress
or pending completion.
The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report
are those of author(s) and do not necessarily
coincide with those of Posiva.
Marko N ieminen
Fauna t i ca Oy
Harr i I konen
Un ive rs i t y o f He l s ink i
Anne Ko ivunen
Work ing Repor t 2009 -112
Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthwormson the Island of Olkiluoto in 2009
ABSTRACT
Small mammals were trapped on nine sites with 108 traps (72 mouse traps and 36 rat traps)
in the monitoring in both spring and autumn. Totally 16 Bank Voles and six Field Voles
were captured.
Samples of ants, terrestrial snails and earthworms were collected from eleven transects (ca.
150 m2). Twenty ants were sampled from every nest, and all snails found from each transect
were collected. Snails were also sampled by sifting. Furthermore, slugs were preserved
from transects, as well as all other macroscopic invertebrates from sifting samples.
Earthworms were sampled from four plots on each transect. Other macroscopic
invertebrates were preserved from these samples, too.
Totally 104 ant nests of nine species were located. The most abundant species were
Myrmica ruginodis and M. rubra. The numbers of species varied between 0-5 per transect.
There was a striking difference between sampling methods of snails, as 35 individuals of
five species were found with hand-picking and 788 individuals of 14 species with sifting
(totally 15 species). The most abundant species were Nesovitrea hammonis, Vitrina
pellucida, Euconulus fulvus ja Punctum pygmaeum. The numbers of species varied between
0-12 per transect.
Totally 117 earthworms of seven species were found. Their abundances varied between 6-
231 individuals/m2, besides two transects with no earthworms. The highest abundance and
the second highest biomass were recorded from a fallow field site, whereas the highest
biomass was from a mixed forest site.
The results were as expected, as the species numbers were quite low and no rare species
were encountered. This is due to ordinary habitats in the area. The study worked out very
well from the methodological point of view. However, it would be worth using sifting only
for mapping terrestrial snails in the future. We recommend that a comprehensive plan will
be compiled for the faunal monitoring of Olkiluoto, which will ensure that sampling is
appropriate and sufficient in relation to questions under consideration.
Keywords: Ants, earthworms, monitoring, Olkiluoto, small mammals, snails.
OLKILUODON PIKKUNISÄKKÄÄT, MUURAHAISET, KOTILOT JA LIEROT
VUONNA 2009
TIIVISTELMÄ
Pikkunisäkässeurannassa loukutettiin yhdeksällä koealalla yhteensä 108 pyydyksellä (72
hiirenloukkua ja 36 rotanloukkua) sekä keväällä että syksyllä. Pyydyksiin tuli yhteensä 16
metsämyyrää ja kuusi peltomyyrää.
Muurahaisia, maakotiloita ja lieroja kerättiin 11 linjalta (n. 150 m2). Jokaisesta löydetystä
muurahaispesästä otettiin enintään 20 yksilön näyte ja kaikki linjalta löytyneet maakotilot
talletettiin. Kotiloita kerättiin lisäksi seulomalla kariketta. Linjoilta talletettiin myös etanat
ja seulontanäytteistä muutkin makroskooppiset selkärangattomat. Lieronäytteenotto perus-
tui kullekin linjalle kaivettuihin neljään näytekuoppaan. Myös näistä näytteistä talletettiin
muut makroskooppiset selkärangattomat.
Muurahaispesiä löytyi 104 ja lajeja yhteensä yhdeksän. Runsaimmat lajit olivat Myrmica
ruginodis ja M. rubra. Eri linjoilta havaittiin 0-5 lajia.
Maakotiloiden näytteenotossa oli selkeä ero menetelmien tehokkuudessa, sillä käsin-
poiminnassa löytyi 35 yksilöä viidestä lajista ja seulonnassa 788 yksilöä 14 lajista (yhteensä
15 lajia). Runsaimmat lajit olivat Nesovitrea hammonis, Vitrina pellucida, Euconulus
fulvus ja Punctum pygmaeum. Eri linjoilta havaittiin 0-12 lajia.
Lieroja löytyi yhteensä 117 yksilöä seitsemästä lajista. Lierojen runsaudet vaihtelivat välillä
6-231 yksilöä/m2, lisäksi kahdelta linjalta ei tavattu lieroja. Suurin yksilömäärä ja toiseksi
korkein biomassa oli toisella tutkituista pakettipelloista, ja korkein biomassa toisessa
tutkituista sekametsistä.
Kaiken kaikkiaan tulokset olivat odotetunlaisia: lajimäärät olivat melko alhaisia ja harvi-
naista lajistoa ei löytynyt. Syynä on tutkittujen elinympäristöjen tavanomaisuus.
Menetelmällisesti työt onnistuivat hyvin, mutta maakotilokartoituksissa kannattaa
tulevaisuudessa käyttää pelkkää seulontaa. Suosittelemme kattavan suunnitelman laatimista
Olkiluodon eläimistöseurannoille, jotta jatkossakin varmistetaan asianmukainen ja riittävä
näytteenotto suhteessa tarkasteltaviin kysymyksiin.
Avainsanat: Kotilot, lierot, muurahaiset, Olkiluoto, pikkunisäkkäät, seuranta.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ 1 INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA ...................................................................... 3 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................. 5
2.1 Sampling sites .................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Small mammals.................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Ants .................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Snails.................................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Earthworms ........................................................................................................ 9
3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Small mammals................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Ants .................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Snails................................................................................................................ 14 3.4 Earthworms ...................................................................................................... 15
4 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Small mammals................................................................................................ 19 4.2 Ants .................................................................................................................. 19 4.3 Snails................................................................................................................ 22 4.4 Earthworms ...................................................................................................... 24 4.5 General conclusions ........................................................................................ 25
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 27 APPENDIX 1: SPECIES NAMES APPENDIX 2: SMALL MAMMAL OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 3: ANT OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 4: DESCRIPTIONS OF ANT SPECIES OBSERVED APPENDIX 5: SNAIL OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 6: DESCRIPTIONS OF SNAIL SPECIES OBSERVED APPENDIX 7: EARTHWORM OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 8: DESCRIPTIONS OF EARTHWORM SPECIES OBSERVED APPENDIX 9: PICTURES OF STUDY SITES
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1 INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA
The island of Olkiluoto (ca. 12 km²) is situated off the Finnish coast in the Bothnian Sea.
The coast is characterised by shallow bays surrounded by small islands and skerries. The
soil of this relatively flat island consists mainly of gravel, sand and fine-textured till. There
are also some sedge and sphagnum peat soils, and exposed bedrock. The landscape at
Olkiluoto is characterised by forests: pine, spruce, mixed coniferous, mixed
deciduous/coniferous forests and deciduous forests. There are some small mires and near
shore also meadows and shore scrubs. Two man-made water reservoirs are situated at the
centre of the island, and transmission lines run through the northern part of the island.
There is also a nature reserve (Liiklankari) at the southern coast of the island. The whole
local hydrogeochemical and biological system is affected by the postglacial land up-lift (6
mm/y) typical to the Finnish western coast.
There are two nuclear power plant units situated in Olkiluoto and a third one is under
construction. Olkiluoto has also been selected as a location for final repository of spent
nuclear fuel, and currently a test repository cave is under construction. These projects have
taken over a large land area and traffic has increased a lot on the island.
This study includes the following parts:
Trapping of small mammals (especially rodents) in various habitat types
Line transect sampling of ants
Line transect sampling of snails
Line transect sampling of earthworms.
The aims of each part are presented in sections 2.2-2.5. A literature review on habitats, food
sources, food amounts, weights and biomasses of ants, snails and earthworms is also
included. The study was ordered by Posiva Oy and commissioned to Faunatica Oy, where it
was coordinated by Marko Nieminen.
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2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
A list of scientific names of species included in the report is presented in Appendix 1 with
common names in English and Finnish. Scientific names of ants, earthworms and snails are
used throughout this report, but English names for small mammals.
2.1 Sampling sites
Sampling was conducted on nine (small mammals) or eleven (ants, snails and earthworms)
sites in 2009 (Figure 1, Table 1). The original idea was to include also one hay-field site in
the study, but none were available in 2009. Therefore, the number of fallow field sites was
two in all sampling.
One of the mixed forests (FAT27; classed as birch-dominated forest in previous year’s
study [Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008]) was strongly thinned in the summer 2009. Also, the
other mixed forest site (FAT28) was thinned, but only deciduous trees and some pines had
been cut there. Logging probably had not yet affected the ant and snail species composition
at the time of sampling. However, it was not possible to conduct the sampling on logged
sites as thoroughly as on other sites because of the abundant logging residues.
Figure 1. Locations of sampling sites. Layout Posiva 2009. © Maanmittauslaitos
41/MYY/09.
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Table 1. Sampling site information. Ant, snail and earthworm sampling was conducted on
all sites, whereas small mammals were not sampled on sites FAT21 & FAT26.
Code of
transect Site code
Habitat type
Coordinates of transect’s (FET
site) fixed point
FAT28 FET921265 Mixed forest 6792100 1526500
FAT22 FET916263 Spruce-dominated forest 6791599 1526300
FAT20 FET918269 Fallow field 6791800 1526900
FAT25 FET917269 Pine-dominated forest 6791701 1526900
FAT18 FET909272 Shore meadow 6790900 1527200
FAT19 FET911275 Black alder-dominated forest 6791100 1527500
FAT23 FET916275 Clear-cut 6791600 1527500
FAT24 FET916276 Fallow field 6791600 1527600
FAT21 FET912277 Black alder-dominated forest 6791167* 1527699*
FAT27 FET920282 Mixed forest 6792000 1528200
FAT26 FET918278 Birch-dominated forest 6791801 1527800
Notes. Coordinates are in KKJ1. * = Coordinates of the northernmost point of transect (transect location was shifted from FET site
to fit the habitat type better).
2.2 Small mammals
The aim of the small mammal study (Mammalia: Rodentia & Soricomorpha) was to repeat
the previous year’s inventory of species composition and abundances of small mammals in
various habitat types in Olkiluoto, but only half of the sites sampled in 2008 were included
in 2009. The methods used followed those in earlier inventories (Ranta et al. 2005,
Roivainen 2006, Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008).
We placed traps on nine sites (see Table 1 & Figure 1). All trapping sites were included in
the previous year’s sampling (Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008). There were four groups of traps
(FT1-4) on each trapping site, each group consisted of three individual traps (two mouse
traps [codes: a & b] and one rat trap [code: c]). Totally 108 traps (72 mouse traps and 36 rat
traps) were used. For trapping design and trap coding see Figure 2.
Site coding was derived from the forest monitoring grid of Olkiluoto (FET = Forest
Extensive Monitoring plot). That grid consists of a permanent research frame which was
established as a grid network in the autumn of 2003 by selecting 560 plots around the main
island from a regular 100x100-metre grid that covered the whole Olkiluoto and its
surroundings. Results from e.g. fauna studies can be compared with various descriptions
made on the plots by using the existing network and coding. The easting and northing
coordinates of the Finnish KKJ1 system in 100 m act as the identification code of a
sampling plot. They are abbreviated to three numbers and rounded, if necessary (e.g. plot at
6 790 898 m N, 1 526 500 m E is marked as FET909265).
Individual traps were positioned in places as good (sheltered) as available, i.e. not with
fixed distances and directions from each other. With close-up photographs from 2008 we
tried to place the traps in the same exact locations as in 2008. Trap locations were
somewhat changed on logged sites. New trap locations were photographed in 2009. The
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traps were baited as follows: in group FT1 mouse traps a & b with bread (Reilu vehnäleipä)
and rat trap c with cat food (Rainbow Lihamureke [sis. kanaa]), in groups FT2-4 mouse trap
a & rat trap c with bread and mouse trap b with cat food.
Trapping took place for four days both in spring (May 25-29) and in fall (August 31-
September 4), totalling 864 trap days. Kirsi Reponen and Marko Nieminen placed the traps
to the field in spring. All traps were kept unloaded in the field between study periods except
on fallow fields, shore meadow and pine-dominated forest sites. Reponen checked, and
reloaded if necessary the traps daily. All baits were changed after two days of trapping.
Reponen also identified, photographed and weighed the sampled individuals. Individuals
were handed over to Posiva Oy for storing. Photographs and other data are archived by
Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.
Figure 2. Study design (FT1-4 = trap groups; x = individual small mammal trap; a & b =
mouse traps; c = rat trap). Other codes on the figure come from the Finnish Forest
Research Institute’s sampling on the same plots. © Posiva Oy
2.3 Ants
We conducted line transect sampling of ants (Arthropoda: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in
early fall 2009 (August 31-September 2). The aim was to survey the species composition
and amount of ants in various habitat types (see Cover picture). Samples were taken by
Harri Ikonen, Mari Kekkonen, Henna Makkonen, Marko Nieminen and Kirsi Reponen.
Coding of individual small
mammal traps
a X X b N
X c
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Methods were mainly adopted from the work done in Forsmark and Oskarshamn, Sweden
(Persson et al. 2007) to allow comparisons between those sites and Olkiluoto. In addition, a
literature survey was conducted to collect information on habitat use, main food sources,
amounts of food used, individual weights, total biomasses and densities, and other valid
information of ant, snail and earthworm species encountered in the field work. Litreature
survey focused on studies conducted in North Europe.
In the field work all stones and dead wood material were turned, when possible, and tufts of
grass opened with a knife, as well as all other potential nest sites were checked. Maximally
20 individuals were sampled from each nest found (according to the plan they would also
have been sampled from ant paths if they did not originate from a nest on transect and from
nest mounds close to the transect, but no such situations were encountered). Individuals
from one nest form one sample (coded FS## [= Fauna Sample]), and in one case each
species from a nest forms a subsample. Samples were stored in 70% ethanol. The
aboveground sizes of anthills were measured (diameter in two directions, height).
Altogether 11 transects were sampled (Figure 1 & Table 1). Each transect (coded FAT18-
28 [= FAuna Transect]) was ca. 50 m long and 3 m wide (ca. 150 m2). The midpoint of
each transect was the fixed point of a site (= FET site, see Table 1), if the whole transect
fitted in the same habitat type. If not, then transect was moved a distance necessary to place
it within the focal habitat type. The direction of transects was chosen in the field based on
the habitat occurrence. If unavoidable, transect was not a straight line. Transect locations
were photographed, and the coordinates of end and corner points determined with GPS.
Detail photos were taken from both sides of transects with appropriate distances.
Ant samples were identified to species by Harri Ikonen. The fresh weights of conserved
ants (wet weight, 1 mg accuracy) were measured with all individuals from the same nest
combined, and the total number of individuals per sample counted. Individuals were dried
from extra liquid on a tissue before weighing.
Ant samples are stored (in 70% ethanol) by Posiva Oy. Photographs and other data are
archived by Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.
2.4 Snails
All terrestrial snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) encountered from the same line transects as
ants were also sampled (hand-pick samples). The aim was to survey the species
composition and amount of snails in various habitat types. Methods were planned to be the
same as in ant sampling (see above) to allow comparisons between Swedish sites and
Olkiluoto. However, stones and pieces of wood were very scarce or absent in Olkiluoto,
therefore the surface and litter of the whole transect was searched.
In order to collect more comprehensive snail samples we also used sifting on each transect
(sifting samples). Sifting sample volumes before sorting varied between 0.6-4.3 l and after
sorting between 0.15-2.85 l (see appendix 5). They were collected from as good quality
plots within transects as possible, e.g. piles of litter from deciduous trees and pieces of
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decaying trunks. However, usually litter was scarce on transects and small amounts had to
be collected from many plots. Furthermore, hardly any deciduous litter was available on
several plots, e.g. pine forest, fallow field and shore meadow sites. Topsoil of plots was
also sifted. The sift mesh diameter was 8 mm.
In laboratory the sample volume was measured, and samples were dried in open paper
containers. When dry, samples were further sifted with 8, 4 and 2 mm meshes using an
electrical sifter. Snails were picked up from dried samples by Mari Kekkonen, Henna
Makkonen and Marko Nieminen using a binocular microscope, and stored dry in glass
tubes plugged with cotton-wool. The sample volumes were measured again after snails
were picked up. Hand-picked individuals from one transect form one sample and shifted
individuals another sample, and each species forms a subsample.
Snails were identified to species by Anne Koivunen. Individuals were also divided into two
categories: living when collected and dead (= empty shells) ones. Dry weights of living
individuals of each species from each transect were measured (1 mg accuracy) and numbers
of individuals counted. For Clausilia measurements are for fresh weight, because they were
still alive at the time of weighing.
Also slugs were collected during hand-pick sampling, and from sifting samples also
earthworms, slugs, centipedes, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, spiders, cockroaches, bugs,
cicada larvae, beetles, moth larvae, dipteran larvae and sawfly larvae were sorted out and
conserved in 70 % ethanol, but not identified. Hand-picked slugs from one transect form
one sample and shifted animals another sample.
Samples are stored (snails as dry, other groups in 70 % ethanol) by Posiva Oy. Data are
archived by Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.
2.5 Earthworms
We sampled earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the same 11 transects
as ants and snails (Figure 1 & Table 1). The aim was to survey the species composition and
amount of earthworms in various habitat types. Sampling was conducted by Kirsi Reponen
and Marko Nieminen in spring 2009 (May 25-29). Methods were mainly adopted from the
work done in Forsmark and Oskarshamn, Sweden (Persson et al. 2007) to allow
comparisons between those sites and Olkiluoto. However, we measured fresh weights of
individuals preserved in 70% ethanol, whereas dry weights were measured in the Swedish
study. Therefore, we produced a comparison table of fresh, preserved and dry weights of
individuals of different species. The table is based on independent samples collected from
Inkoo area, S Finland.
Four sampling plots were randomly chosen from each transect by placing the plots 10 and
20 m from the fixed (or other middle) point to both directions. If the plot was not diggable,
the plot was moved to the closest diggable place. From each plot we took a soil sample of
20x20 cm2, separately from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths. The numbers of large holes dug
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by Lumbricus terrestris were counted from the hole. Locations of plots as well as individual
plots were photographed.
The samples of deeper layers were hand-sorted on a plastic sheet in the field. The samples
of the upper layers were placed in plastic bags, and hand-sorted in the evening. After hand-
sorting, samples were placed in wire cages (mesh size 12 mm) and sank in water for two
days. Then the water was slowly poured through a sieve to collect earthworms, and the
remains of soil were hand-sorted again. Individuals from each plot and each depth form one
sample, and each individual forms a subsample.
Earthworms and their fragments were conserved in 70 % ethanol. Liquid was changed after
one day and again after a couple of days of storing. Juhani Terhivuo identified samples to
species (adults, subadults and juveniles separated), and measured the preserved weights
(wet weight, 1 mg accuracy) of all individuals. Individuals were cleaned up of soil particles
and dried from extra liquid on a tissue before weighing. The fragments of each species from
each sample were combined for weighting to get the total earthworm biomasses.
Small mammal traps set at FAT28. Sorting of the deeper layer of an
earthworm sampling plot at FAT21.
Ant nests were dug up with a small picker Ant individuals were collected by hand
(FAT24). (FAT25).
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Sifting for snails at FAT27. The transects Dry sifting samples sifted to three fractions of
were marked with a thin plastic line in the particle sizes before the sorting of snails.
field.
All other macroscopic animals were also preserved from the samples, and conserved in
70% ethanol, but not identified.
Samples are stored (in 70% ethanol) by Posiva Oy. Photographs and other data are archived
by Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.
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3 RESULTS
3.1 Small mammals
The numbers of small mammals were very low in 2009, as only two bank vole individuals
were captured in the spring, and totally 20 individuals of bank and field voles in the autumn
(Table 2). The numbers of small mammals per trapping site varied from 0 to 7 (Table 3). A
detailed list of trapped individuals with species, weight, site, trap and bait type is presented
in Appendix 2.
Table 2. Numbers of small mammals trapped during each trapping period.
No. of individuals
Species Spring Fall Total
Bank vole Myodes glareolus 2 14 16
Field vole Microtus agrestis - 6 6
Total: 2 20 22
Table 3. Abundances of small mammal species at each trapping site.
Transect
Code of
trapping site
Bank
vole
Field
vole
Total no. of
inds. species
FAT28 FET921265 1 1 1
FAT22 FET916263 3 3 1
FAT20 FET918269 1 6 7 2
FAT25 FET917269 1 1 1
FAT18 FET909272 - -
FAT19 FET911275 4 4 1
FAT23 FET916275 4 4 1
FAT24 FET916276 - -
FAT27 FET920282 2 2 1
Total: 16 6 22 2
3.2 Ants
Nine ant species were encountered in the study: Camponotus herculeanus, Formica
exsecta, F. fusca, F. lugubris, F. sanguinea, Lasius platythorax, Myrmica rubra, M.
ruginodis & M. scabrinodis (Table 4). All individuals were determined to species level (see
Appendix 3).
Totally 104 nests were found (Table 4). The numbers of nests varied from zero in two
fallow field sites with no apparent nesting places available to 20 and 24 in a mixed forest
and a birch-dominated forest site. Nest abundances calculated per hectare varied between
ca. 200 and 1600 on occupied transects (Figure 3).
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Table 4. Numbers of nests of ant species on each transect.
Transect
Cam
po
no
tus
herc
ule
an
us
Fo
rmic
a
exsecta
Fo
rmic
a f
usca
Fo
rmic
a
lug
ub
ris
Fo
rmic
a
san
gu
inea
Lasiu
s
pla
tyth
ora
x
Myrm
ica r
ub
ra
Myrm
ica
rug
ino
dis
Myrm
ica
scab
rin
od
is
Total
no. of
nests
No. of
species
FAT28 1 4 1 13 1 20 5
FAT22 1 3 4 2
FAT20 0 0
FAT25 1 10 11 2
FAT18 9 9 1
FAT19 2 3 5 2
FAT23 1 1 2 4 5 13 5
FAT24 0 0
FAT21 2 4 6 2
FAT27 1 1 10 12 3
FAT26 1 16 7 24 3
Total: 4 1 1 1 2 9 30 55 1 104 9
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Pine forest (25)
Spruce forest (22)
Mixed forest (28)
Mixed forest (27)
Birch forest (26)
Black alder forest (19)
Black alder forest (21)
Shore meadow
(18)
Clear-cut (23)
Fallow field (20)
Fallow field (24)
Myrmica spp.
Lasius platythorax
Formica spp.
Figure 3. Abundances of Myrmica, Lasius platythorax and Formica nests (no./ha). The
code of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy
3.3 Snails
Five snail species were encountered by hand-picking, of which the most numerous species
Oxyloma pfeifferi was not found by sifting (Tables 5 & 6). Altogether 14 species were
collected by sifting. Seven individuals (0.85%) could be identified to genus level only. The
number of snail individuals collected was more than twenty times higher by sifting (788
individuals) than by hand-picking (35 individuals).
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Table 5. Numbers of individuals of snail species on each transect from hand-picking (living
inds. / empty shells; totally 35 snails).
Transect
Eu
co
nu
lus
fulv
us
Neso
vit
rea
petr
on
ella
Oxylo
ma
pfe
iffe
ri
Su
ccin
ea
pu
tris
Vit
rin
a
pellu
cid
a
Total no.
of inds.
No. of
species
FAT28 0 0
FAT22 0 0
FAT20 0 0
FAT25 0 0
FAT18 17/6 3/1 20/7 2
FAT19 1/- 2/2 1/1 4/3 3
FAT23 0 0
FAT24 0 0
FAT21 0 0
FAT27 0 0
FAT26 1/- 1/0 1
Total: 2/- 2/2 17/6 3/1 1/1 25/10 5
3.4 Earthworms
Totally seven earthworm species were found: Aporrectodea caliginosa, A. rosea,
Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrodrilus rubidus s.l., Lumbricus rubellus, L. terrestris &
Octolasion tyrtaeum (Table 7). The total number of individuals is 117, of which nine
individuals could be determined to genus (Aporrectodea sp. & Lumbricus sp.) or family
(Lumbricidae sp.) level only (Table 7 & Appendix 7).
The abundances of earthworms varied between 6 and 231 inds./m2 among occupied habitats
(Tables 7 & 8). No individuals were found from the spruce-dominated forest or the clear-
cut. The highest abundance and the second highest biomass were recorded from a fallow
field site, whereas the highest biomass was from a mixed forest site (Tables 7 & 8). The
highest biomass value was due to two Lumbricus terrestris individuals and may thus be a
chance event, but on the other hand no large holes dug by this species were observed during
the field work.
The epigeic Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus rubellus, and the endogeic
Aporrectodea caliginosa had the highest abundances (Table 7). The most widespread
species were D. octaedra and L. rubellus, both occupying seven partly different transects.
16
Table 6. Numbers of individuals of snail species on each transect from sifting (living inds. /
empty shells; totally 788 snails).
Transect
Cla
usilia
bid
en
tata
Cla
usilia
sp
.
Co
ch
lico
pa
lub
rica
Co
ch
lico
pa
sp
.
Co
lum
ella
asp
era
Dis
cu
s
rud
era
tus
Eu
co
nu
lus
ald
eri
Eu
co
nu
lus
fulv
us
Neso
vit
rea
ham
mo
nis
Neso
vit
rea
petr
on
ella
FAT28 3/- 7/2 13/12 1/2
FAT22 8/1 10/- 12/4
FAT20
FAT25 2/2 16/-
FAT18
FAT19 7/5 15/11 9/1 17/11 34/20 12/13
FAT23 -/1 1/2
FAT24 1/-
FAT21 3/- 3/- 1/- 30/3 13/1
FAT27 -/1 7/- 2/- 1/2 6/5 26/15 32/16 5/-
FAT26 4/- 4/1 3/- 5/4 6/-
Total: 10/5 3/1 22/11 3/0 5/3 30/8 1/0 95/33 126/59 24/15
Transect
Pu
nctu
m
pyg
maeu
m
Su
ccin
ea p
utr
is
Vert
igo
pu
silla
Vert
igo
ron
neb
yen
sis
Vert
igo
su
bstr
iata
Vit
rin
a
pellu
cid
a
Total no.
of inds.
No. of
species
FAT28 2/1 7/- 4/1 1/2 38/20 8
FAT22 17/- 1/2 5/- 53/7 6
FAT20 0 0
FAT25 -/1 25/2 43/5 4
FAT18 2/6 -/1 2/7 2
FAT19 12/2 -/2 3/9 13/29 122/103 10
FAT23 1/3 2
FAT24 1/- 1
FAT21 3/- 3/- 2/2 -/6 58/12 8
FAT27 37/14 4/7 3/4 5/2 62/26 190/92 12
FAT26 3/- -/1 25/6 7
Total: 74/18 2/6 7/7 36/10 19/15 76/64 533/255 14
17
Table 7. Mean abundances (number of individuals/m2; rounded to the nearest integer) of
earthworms and numbers of earthworm species on each transect. Epigeic = surface-living,
endogeic = soil-living & anecic = vertical moving earthworms.
Epigeic spp.
Anecic
sp. Endogeic spp.
Transect
Den
dro
baen
a
octa
ed
ra
Den
dro
dri
lus
rub
idu
s
Lu
mb
ricu
s
rub
ellu
s
Lu
mb
ricu
s s
p.
Lu
mb
ricu
s
terr
estr
is
Ap
orr
ecto
dea
calig
ino
sa
Ap
orr
ecto
dea
rosea
Ap
orr
ecto
dea
sp
.
Octo
lasio
n
tyrt
aeu
m
To
tal
ab
un
dan
ce
Total no.
of
species
FAT28 13 6 6 6 31 2
FAT22 0 0
FAT20 44 31 31 13 119 3
FAT25 38 69 6 113 3
FAT18 6 13 6 25 3
FAT19 19 6 13 38 3
FAT23 0 0
FAT24 44 75 81 13 19 231 5
FAT21 19 13 50 81 3
FAT27 25 13 6 13 56 3
FAT26 6 6 1
7
Note. Two or more fragments within a sample were combined as one individual, if they formed an apparently whole individual; else, fragments were considered different individuals.
18
Table 8. Mean biomasses (g [dry weight]/m2) of earthworms on each transect. Epigeic =
surface-living, endogeic = soil-living, anecic = vertical moving earthworms.
Epigeic spp.
Anecic
sp. Endogeic spp.
Lu
mb
ricid
ae s
p.
Transect
Den
dro
baen
a
octa
ed
ra
Den
dro
dri
lus
rub
idu
s
Lu
mb
ricu
s
rub
ellu
s
Lu
mb
ricu
s s
p.
Lu
mb
ricu
s
terr
estr
is
Ap
orr
ecto
dea
calig
ino
sa
Ap
orr
ecto
dea
rosea
Ap
orr
ecto
dea
sp
.
Octo
lasio
n
tyrt
aeu
m
Total
biomass
FAT28 0.25 1.1 0.49 1.4 3.2
FAT22 0
FAT20 0.66 1.2 2.1 0.12 3.9
FAT25 0.47 5.3 0.14 5.9
FAT18 0.06 1.2 0.53 1.8
FAT19 0.46 0.06 1.1 0.06 1.7
FAT23 0
FAT24 0.64 2.4 3.4 0.49 1.8 0.01 8.9
FAT21 0.32 0.20 1.8 0.15 2.4
FAT27 0.29 0.91 0.14 8.4 9.7
FAT26 0.56 0.06 0.62
Total
biomass: 3.1 0.27 7.3 0.63 8.4 12.6 0.49 0.12 5.0 0.34 38.2
19
4 DISCUSSION
4.1 Small mammals
Vole populations were at an exceptionally high level in southern Finland in 2008, but
crashed during the spring and early summer of 2009 (Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008, METLA
2009). The population declines were strong in all types of forest in Olkiluoto, but for some
reason no apparent decline took place in open clear-cut and fallow field sites (Figure 4).
Bank vole was still the most numerous species (73% of all individuals).
Figure 4. Mean numbers of vole individuals trapped in each habitat type in 2008 and 2009
(left panel: forested habitats; right panel: open habitats). To allow comparison, data for
2008 include only sites where trapping was conducted in 2009. © Faunatica Oy
4.2 Ants
The species diversity of ants was rather low in Olkiluoto. On seven transects out of eleven
there was only 0-2 species found, and the maximum number of species was five (Table 4).
The reasons for low diversity most probably result from the small total area sampled (150
m2) and relatively homogenous or even hostile habitat structures. Even in very favourable
conditions there are not very many tens of nests within such areas in Finland. The
homogenous nature of habitats, i.e. a small amount of different microhabitats, means that a
particular transect included favourable conditions for one or two particular species. Fallow
fields were especially hostile to ants, because they harboured hardly any nesting places and
had a tough surface soil.
The two transects with the highest number of species (five) are probably the most
heterogeneous ones. One of them is a clear-cut with sunny and shady spots and several tree
species present, but not very tall yet. The other was a young mixed forest site (currently it is
a pine forest) which is sunnier than the other forested sites and probably richer in
microhabitats.
20
More than 80% of all nests were founded by Myrmica ruginodis or M. rubra. This is an
expected outcome as most transects which harboured any ants are forested where these
species are most abundant. Both species use colony splitting (i.e. one or several queens
leave the original nest with a group of workers and establish a new nest nearby) to spread
once they have colonised a site. This mechanism may explain the abundance pattern of
these species: one species is usually abundant and the other scarce or absent (Figure 5).
Santaharju et al. (2009) also detected the same pattern with pitfall trapping. Black alder-
dominated forests are an exception to that pattern, which may be due to frequent
disturbances by flooding and therefore recurring recolonisation by both species.
The absence of Lasius niger is somewhat unexpected, even though L. platythorax is the
dominant species in forested environments. However, the open habitats were not optimal
for L. niger either: the fallow fields had no nesting places available and the clear-cut has
probably already reforested too much. All Formica species were very scarce on transects,
which is most likely due to chance events because the nest density seemed quite what could
be expected in the area.
There are no apparent differences within species among average weights of individuals
from different nests and from different transects, except L. platythorax individuals from one
of the mixed forest sites are smaller than individuals from other two transects (Figure 6).
The potential causes for variability in weights include at least the colony age (younger are
smaller), the colony size (fewer workers are smaller), various environmental factors and
genetic background of the colony.
The numbers of Myrmica nests were much higher in Olkiluoto (Figure 3) than in a Swedish
study near Forsmark and Oskarshamn nuclear power plants (Persson et al. 2007). The
difference can hardly be explained by chance because higher numbers were on six transects
and the highest number was more than three times the highest in Sweden. On the other
hand, in the Swedish study 2-3 transects were studied within each habitat (in Olkiluoto one
transect per habitat) which makes the Swedish study more accurate as more variability was
covered. Nevertheless, the difference is so large that there may have been something
different in the methods used.
21
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Pine forest (25)
Spruce forest (22)
Mixed forest (28)
Mixed forest (27)
Birch forest (26)
Black alder forest (19)
Black alder forest (21)
Shore meadow (18)
Clear-cut (23)
M. rubra
M. ruginodis
Figure 5. Numbers of Myrmica rubra and M. ruginodis nests on each occupied transect.
The code of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy
22
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
Clear-cut (23)
Mixed forest (27)
Mixed forest (28)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
Shore meadow (18)Black alder forest (19)Black alder forest (21)Birch forest (26)Mixed forest (28)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
Black alder forest (19)
Black alder forest (21)
Spruce forest (22)
Clear-cut (23)
Pine forest (25)
Birch forest (26)
Mixed forest (27)
Mixed forest (28)
Figure 6. Average weights (mg) of individuals from each nest of (A) Lasius platythorax,
(B) Myrmica rubra and (C) M. ruginodis per transect. The code of transect (FAT) is shown
in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy
4.3 Snails
The highest numbers of species and individuals were in mixed and black alder forests. This
is not unexpected, because these numbers increase with increasing availability of calcium.
Low pH makes calcium mostly unavailable, so the lowest numbers of snails are found in
pine and spruce forests. Most species encountered in Olkiluoto are very common in Finland
and they use a wide habitat spectrum. No endangered or rare species were found.
Hand-picking was not an efficient method on nine out of ten transects where snails were
found, if the measure of efficiency is the number of species encountered (Figure 7). It was
B A
C
23
much poorer in numbers of individuals found, too (Tables 5 & 6), except in one transect:
the shore meadow (FAT18). This may be due to repeated flooding by the brackish water of
the Baltic, which keeps the numbers of terrestrial snails among litter very low, whereas
species, which mainly climb on plants, can survive. It should also be emphasized that if we
had strictly used the hand-picking method as planned (snails climbing on plants were not
supposed to be collected), hardly any snails would have been found on transect FAT18.
Sifting produced more than twenty times more snails than hand-picking, but sifting also
takes much more time altogether. Sifting is faster to perform than hand-picking in the field,
but after field work hand-picked samples are ready for identification, whereas sifting
samples require time-consuming post-sampling processing.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pine forest (25)
Spruce forest (22)
Mixed forest (28)
Mixed forest (27)
Birch forest (26)
Black alder forest (19)
Black alder forest (21)
Shore meadow
(18)
Clear-cut (23)
Fallow field (20)
Fallow field (24)
Sifting
Hand-picked
Figure 7. Numbers of snail species in sifting and hand-picked samples from each transect.
The code of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Pine forest (25)
Spruce forest (22)
Mixed forest (28)
Mixed forest (27)
Birch forest (26)
Black alder forest (19)
Black alder forest (21)
Shore meadow
(18)
Clear-cut (23)
Fallow field (20)
Fallow field (24)
Empty
Living
Figure 8. Numbers of snail individuals adjusted to 1 litre sample size (calculated from
litter volume after sorting, see Appendix 5) in sifting samples from each transect. The code
of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy
24
Adjusted numbers of snails were very consistently around twenty individuals per litre in
different forested sites with two exceptions: ca. twice as many individuals in one of the
black alder forests and ca. five times as many in one of the mixed forests (Figure 8). The
most species-rich mixed forest (FAT27) is a fairly good snail habitat in Finnish terms, but
in good-quality grove habitats one can find 25-30 species and thousands of individuals in a
few litres of litter. Interestingly, the highest numbers of individuals and species were in a
mixed-forest site that was clear-cut during the summer of 2009. Presumably this site will
harbour much less individuals in near future, as clear-cuts are usually poor habitats for most
snails.
All open habitats included in the study harboured only a few or no snails. This is not the
case with all types of open habitats, e.g. meadows may have a high number of snails.
4.4 Earthworms
The numbers of earthworm species, as well as their abundances and biomasses are similar
to those recorded by Terhivuo (1989) in corresponding habitat types in southern Finland,
even though he used a more efficient method in his study (see Terhivuo 1982). His study
did not include any fields or clear-cuts. One striking difference is, however, the total
absence of earthworms from the sample of spruce-dominated forest. This result would
probably not hold, if more samples were taken from that habitat.
The abundances and biomasses of earthworms were around the same level both in
Olkiluoto (Figs. 9 & 10) and in Forsmark, but the highest values are clearly larger in
Oskarshamn (Persson et al. 2007). This is not very surprising as Oskarshamn is much more
southern location than Olkiluoto and belongs to hemiboreal vegetation zone, whereas
Forsmark is around the same latitude as Olkiluoto.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pine forest (25)
Spruce forest (22)
Mixed forest (28)
Mixed forest (27)
Birch forest (26)
Black alder forest
(19)
Black alder forest
(21)
Shore meadow
(18)
Clear-cut (23)
Fallow field (20)
Fallow field (24)
Epigeic
Endogeic
Anecic
Figure 9. Mean total abundance (number of individuals/m2) of earthworms of different
ecological groups (see Table 7 for explanation) on each transect. The site code on Figure 1
is shown in parentheses after the habitat type of transect. © Faunatica Oy
25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Pine forest (25)
Spruce forest (22)
Mixed forest (28)
Mixed forest (27)
Birch forest (26)
Black alder
forest (19)
Black alder
forest (21)
Shore meadow
(18)
Clear-cut (23)
Fallow field (20)
Fallow field (24)
Epigeic
Endogeic
Anecic
Figure 10. Mean biomass (g [dry weight]/m2) of earthworms of different ecological groups
(see Table 8 for explanation) on each transect. The site code on Figure 1 is shown in
parentheses after the habitat type of transect. © Faunatica Oy
4.5 General conclusions
The methods worked out more or less how they were expected, but the performance of
hand-picking of snails appeared so inferior to sifting that it should not be used in Olkiluoto
in the future. The results also demonstrate what the sample sizes with different methods and
from different habitats would be in forthcoming monitoring. If bigger samples were needed,
then the numbers of samples could be increased where the most apparent needs are.
Similarly, sampling design can be re-planned if the questions for which answers are sought
by sampling will change.
Human activities affected the sampling and target species mainly in two ways: forestry
practices (two sites were logged during the summer) and cultivation (a fallow field was
ploughed in the spring making it unavailable to our sampling). Such activities may make
long-term monitoring in fixed plots impossible, because of strong changes in the habitat
structure. This is one reason why we recommend a detailed monitoring plan to be
constructed for Olkiluoto area. More importantly, such plan would be needed to ensure that
sampling is made in sufficient spatial and temporal scales and with appropriate methods.
Succession should be taken into account in that plan, too. For example, FAT26 is currently
classed as birch-dominated forest, but it is rapidly shifting towards spruce domination.
26
27
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30
31
APPENDIX 1. List of scientific and common names of different species.
English name(s) Finnish name(s) Scientific name(s)
Small mammals
bank vole metsämyyrä Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus
field vole, short-tailed vole peltomyyrä Microtus agrestis
Ants
hevosmuurahainen, aitohevosmuurahainen, rautamuurahainen Camponotus herculeanus
narrow-headed ant, excised wood ant
loviniskamuurahainen, karvalovimuurahainen Formica exsecta
mustamuurahainen Formica fusca
Formica lugubris
slavemaker ant verimuurahainen Formica sanguinea
metsämauriainen Lasius platythorax [separated from L. niger in 1991]
European fire ant, (common) red ant siloviholainen Myrmica rubra [M. laevinodis]
forest fire ant ryppyviholainen Myrmica ruginodis
common elbowed red ant hammassarviviholainen
Myrmica scabrinodis [M. pilosiscapus, M.rugulosoides]
Snails
kaksihammassulkukotilo Clausilia bidentata [C. nigricans, C. rugosa]
glossy pillar silokotilo Cochlicopa lubrica
karheasiemenkotilo Columella aspera
brown discus snail napakotilo Discus ruderatus [Goniodiscus r., Patula ruderata]
tummakartiokotilo Euconulus alderi [E. fulvus var. alderi]
brown hive kartiokotilo Euconulus fulvus [E. trochiformis, Hyalinia fulva]
rayed glass snail ruskeakiiltokotilo Nesovitrea hammonis [Perpolita h., Retinella radiatula, Hyalinia h.]
lasikiiltokotilo Nesovitrea petronella [Retinella radiatula var. Petronella, Hyalinia p.]
Pfeiffer's amber snail hoikkameripihkakotilo Oxyloma pfeifferi [Succinea p., S.elegans, S. groenlandica]
kääpiökotilo Punctum pygmaeum [Patula pygmaea]
(European) amber snail meripihkakotilo Succinea putris
wall whorl snail vasenkierresiemenkotilo Vertigo pusilla [Pupa p.]
ruskeasiemenkotilo Vertigo ronnebyensis [V. arctica var. ronnybyensis]
striated whorl snail uurresiemenkotilo Vertigo substriata [Pupa s.]
Western glass-snail lasikotilo Vitrina pellucida [Helicolimax pellucidus, Phenacolimax pellucidus]
Earthworms
grey worm, turgid worm, trapeze worm peltoliero Aporrectodea caliginosa [Allolobophora c.]
rosy(-tipped) worm, multaliero Aporrectodea rosea [Allolobophora r.]
32
mucous worm
octagonal-tailed worm metsäliero Dendrobaena octaedra
bank worm, gilt-tail worm, tree worm, cockspur, gold-tailed brandling punaliero
Dendrodrilus rubidus sensu lato [Dendrobaena rubida, Bimastus tenuis]
redhead worm, red earthworm onkiliero Lumbricus rubellus
common earthworm, lob worm, dew worm, squirrel tail, twachel, night crawler kasteliero, kastemato Lumbricus terrestris
white worm harmaaliero Octolasion tyrtaeum [O. lacteum]
33
Appendix 2. Small mammal observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.
Sample code
Trapping
site
(FET)
Trap
(FT) Trap type Bait Species
Fresh
weight
(g)
Spring
TMA50-DF173 916263 2c Rat trap Bread Bank vole 25.9
TMA50-DF174 916263 3c Rat trap Bread Bank vole 22.8
Fall
TMA50-DF966 916263 1b Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 18.6
TMA50-DF967 916275 3a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 20.6
TMA50-DF968 916275 1b Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 17.5
TMA50-DF969 911275 3a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 25.7
TMA50-DF970 911275 1b Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 27.1
TMA50-DF971 918269 1b Mouse trap Bread Field vole 40.6
TMA50-DF972 918269 2a Mouse trap Bread Field vole 52.8
TMA50-DF973 920282 3a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 13.5
TMA50-DF974 911275 3a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 12.9
TMA50-DF975 918269 4a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 8.7
TMA50-DF990 918269 1b Mouse trap Bread Field vole 21.8
TMA50-DF991 916275 1b Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 16.9
TMA50-DF992 916275 2a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 20.2
TMA50-DF993 918269 2b Mouse trap Cat food Field vole 24.3
TMA50-DF994 920282 4a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 15.4
TMA50-DF995 911275 4a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 14.8
TMA50-DF996 918269 4a Mouse trap Bread Field vole 31.6
TMA50-DF997 918269 1b Mouse trap Bread Field vole 19.2
TMA50-DF998 917269 1b Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 9.9
TMA50-DF999 921265 3a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 18.8
34
35
Appendix 3. Ant observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.
Sample code
Transect
(FAT###)
Sample
(FS##)
Species
No. of
inds.
Total
weight
(g)
Mean ind.
weight
(g)
TMA50-DF1000 FAT18 FS1 Myrmica rubra 20 0.041 0.0021
TMA50-DF1001 FAT18 FS2 Myrmica rubra 20 0.044 0.0022
TMA50-DF1002 FAT18 FS3 Myrmica rubra 20 0.043 0.0022
TMA50-DF1003 FAT18 FS4 Myrmica rubra 20 0.041 0.0021
TMA50-DF1004 FAT18 FS5 Myrmica rubra 20 0.062 0.0031
TMA50-DF1005 FAT18 FS6 Myrmica rubra 20 0.046 0.0023
TMA50-DF1006 FAT18 FS7 Myrmica rubra 20 0.04 0.0020
TMA50-DF1007 FAT18 FS8 Myrmica rubra 20 0.063 0.0032
TMA50-DF1008 FAT18 FS9 Myrmica rubra 20 0.071 0.0036
TMA50-DF1009 FAT19 FS1 Myrmica rubra 20 0.057 0.0029
TMA50-DF1010 FAT19 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.067 0.0034
TMA50-DF1011 FAT19 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.064 0.0032
TMA50-DF1012 FAT19 FS4 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.059 0.0030
TMA50-DF1013 FAT19 FS5 Myrmica rubra 20 0.057 0.0029
TMA50-DF1014 FAT21 FS1 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.081 0.0041
TMA50-DF1015 FAT21 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.067 0.0034
TMA50-DF1016 FAT21 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.058 0.0029
TMA50-DF1017 FAT21 FS4 Myrmica rubra 20 0.045 0.0023
TMA50-DF1018 FAT21 FS5 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.068 0.0034
TMA50-DF1019 FAT21 FS6 Myrmica rubra 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1020 FAT22 FS1 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.059 0.0030
TMA50-DF1021 FAT22 FS2 Camponotus herculeanus
6 0.156 0.026
TMA50-DF1022 FAT22 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.046 0.0023
TMA50-DF1023 FAT22 FS4 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.057 0.0029
TMA50-DF1024 FAT23 FS1 Formica sanguinea 18 0.124 0.0069
TMA50-DF1025 FAT23 FS1 Formica fusca 2 0.011 0.0055
TMA50-DF1026 FAT23 FS2 Lasius platythorax 20 0.038 0.0019
TMA50-DF1027 FAT23 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.063 0.0032
TMA50-DF1028 FAT23 FS4 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.067 0.0034
TMA50-DF1029 FAT23 FS5 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.046 0.0023
TMA50-DF1030 FAT23 FS6 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.073 0.0037
TMA50-DF1031 FAT23 FS7 Myrmica ruginodis 17 0.056 0.0033
TMA50-DF1032 FAT23 FS8 Camponotus herculeanus
3 0.07 0.023
TMA50-DF1033 FAT23 FS9 Lasius platythorax 20 0.052 0.0026
36
TMA50-DF1034 FAT23 FS10 Formica sanguinea 20 0.162 0.0081
TMA50-DF1035 FAT23 FS11 Lasius platythorax 20 0.043 0.0022
TMA50-DF1036 FAT23 FS12 Lasius platythorax 20 0.044 0.0022
TMA50-DF1037 FAT25 FS1 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.071 0.0036
TMA50-DF1038 FAT25 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.055 0.0028
TMA50-DF1039 FAT25 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.057 0.0029
TMA50-DF1040 FAT25 FS4 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.052 0.0026
TMA50-DF1041 FAT25 FS5 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.069 0.0035
TMA50-DF1042 FAT25 FS6 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.042 0.0021
TMA50-DF1043 FAT25 FS7 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.057 0.0029
TMA50-DF1044 FAT25 FS8 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.07 0.0035
TMA50-DF1045 FAT25 FS9 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1046 FAT25 FS10 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.063 0.0032
TMA50-DF1047 FAT25 FS11 Formica lugubris 20 0.182 0.0091
TMA50-DF1048 FAT26 FS1 Formica exsecta 20 0.122 0.0061
TMA50-DF1049 FAT26 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1050 FAT26 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1051 FAT26 FS4 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.06 0.0030
TMA50-DF1052 FAT26 FS5 Myrmica rubra 20 0.062 0.0031
TMA50-DF1053 FAT26 FS6 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.065 0.0033
TMA50-DF1054 FAT26 FS7 Myrmica rubra 20 0.061 0.0031
TMA50-DF1055 FAT26 FS8 Myrmica rubra 20 0.055 0.0028
TMA50-DF1056 FAT26 FS9 Myrmica rubra 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1057 FAT26 FS10 Myrmica rubra 20 0.057 0.0029
TMA50-DF1058 FAT26 FS11 Myrmica rubra 20 0.068 0.0034
TMA50-DF1059 FAT26 FS12 Myrmica rubra 20 0.048 0.0024
TMA50-DF1060 FAT26 FS13 Myrmica rubra 20 0.046 0.0023
TMA50-DF1061 FAT26 FS14 Myrmica rubra 20 0.042 0.0021
TMA50-DF1062 FAT26 FS15 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.051 0.0026
TMA50-DF1063 FAT26 FS16 Myrmica rubra 20 0.056 0.0028
TMA50-DF1064 FAT26 FS17 Myrmica rubra 20 0.047 0.0024
TMA50-DF1065 FAT26 FS18 Myrmica rubra 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1066 FAT26 FS19 Myrmica rubra 20 0.052 0.0026
TMA50-DF1067 FAT26 FS20 Myrmica rubra 20 0.054 0.0027
TMA50-DF1068 FAT26 FS21 Myrmica rubra 20 0.051 0.0026
TMA50-DF1069 FAT26 FS22 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.081 0.0041
TMA50-DF1070 FAT26 FS23 Myrmica rubra 20 0.06 0.0030
TMA50-DF1071 FAT26 FS24 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.07 0.0035
TMA50-DF1072 FAT27 FS1 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.068 0.0034
TMA50-DF1073 FAT27 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.064 0.0032
TMA50-DF1074 FAT27 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.065 0.0033
37
TMA50-DF1075 FAT27 FS4 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.07 0.0035
TMA50-DF1076 FAT27 FS5 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.064 0.0032
TMA50-DF1077 FAT27 FS6 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1078 FAT27 FS7 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1079 FAT27 FS8 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.051 0.0026
TMA50-DF1080 FAT27 FS9 Camponotus herculeanus
10 0.33 0.033
TMA50-DF1081 FAT27 FS10 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.076 0.0038
TMA50-DF1082 FAT27 FS11 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.079 0.0040
TMA50-DF1083 FAT27 FS12 Lasius platythorax 20 0.046 0.0023
TMA50-DF1084 FAT28 FS1 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.063 0.0032
TMA50-DF1085 FAT28 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1086 FAT28 FS3 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.064 0.0032
TMA50-DF1087 FAT28 FS4 Lasius platythorax 20 0.018 0.0009
TMA50-DF1088 FAT28 FS5 Lasius platythorax 20 0.024 0.0012
TMA50-DF1089 FAT28 FS6 Lasius platythorax 20 0.023 0.0012
TMA50-DF1090 FAT28 FS7 Camponotus herculeanus
9 0.223 0.025
TMA50-DF1091 FAT28 FS8 Myrmica scabrinodis 20 0.034 0.0017
TMA50-DF1092 FAT28 FS9 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.054 0.0027
TMA50-DF1093 FAT28 FS10 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.064 0.0032
TMA50-DF1094 FAT28 FS11 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.037 0.0019
TMA50-DF1095 FAT28 FS12 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.043 0.0022
TMA50-DF1096 FAT28 FS13 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.05 0.0025
TMA50-DF1097 FAT28 FS14 Myrmica rubra 20 0.04 0.0020
TMA50-DF1098 FAT28 FS15 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.068 0.0034
TMA50-DF1099 FAT28 FS16 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.044 0.0022
TMA50-DF1100 FAT28 FS17 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.054 0.0027
TMA50-DF1101 FAT28 FS18 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.054 0.0027
TMA50-DF1102 FAT28 FS19 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.055 0.0028
TMA50-DF1103 FAT28 FS20 Lasius platythorax 20 0.024 0.0012
Notes. All samples are from nests on transects. Weights are from individuals conserved in 70 % ethanol.
38
39
Appendix 4. Descriptions of ant species observed.
Camponotus herculeanus
Habitat use: Typical species of shaded coniferous forests nesting in rotten stumps and
occasionally mining in living trees (Collingwood 1979).
A forest species that inhabits mainly shaded coniferous forests, but it is also met in
sunny clearings. It nests in rotten tree stumps and occasionally mines in living trees.
(Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): Both carnivorous and tending aphids (Collingwood 1979).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
23-33, mean 27 This study (wet weight)
16.2 & 36.3 Denmark; 2 individuals (fresh weight); Jensen & Holm-
Jensen 1980
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (4 transects)
Other information: Fertilised females found nests singly (Collingwood 1979).
Nuptial flight takes place in Poland in June (sexuals develop in the late summer and
overwinter in maternal nests) (Czechowski et al. 2002).
Formica exsecta
Habitat use: Builds mounds of leaf litter in open woodland, moorland and rough
pasture (Collingwood 1979).
A typical ecotone species inhabiting forest clearings and borders, especially of
coniferous and mixed woodland; also recorded from thinned young growth (Czechowski
et al. 2002).
Main food source(s): Mainly tending aphids on Juniperus, Picea and other trees but
is also predaceous (Collingwood 1979).
Aggressive and predaceous ants; they also utilize honeydew (Czechowski et al. 2002).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
40
Individual weight (mg)
6.1 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (1 transect)
Other information: Nests with mounds of dry tiny plant material are usually small
(diameter 10-30 cm), though big ones (> 1 m) have been recorded. The species occurs in
two social forms (mono- and polygynous). Colonies with several to many thousands of
adults. They are found through temporary social parasitism of young queens in nests of
Serviformica species, especially of Formica fusca, or as a result of nest fission (if
polygynous form). Polycalic nests may even include over 100 nests. Nuptial flights in
Poland in late July and in August. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Formica fusca
Habitat use: Nests variously in banks, under stones and in tree stumps along woodland
borders and hedgerows (Collingwood 1979).
A species living in various habitats (eurytopic) from dunes and dry sun exposed slopes
of limestone hills through meadows, mid-forest glades and young growth to peatbogs
and dense, humid forests with thick undergrowth. Nests, occasionally with soil mounds,
are constructed in the ground, under stones, in rotten tree stumps, among decaying litter;
even in very wet tufts of peat mosses. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): Predators of small insects, also feed on nectar and honeydew
of aphids (Collingwood 1979).
Typically opportunistic ants; timid and fast moving workers forage singly, preying on
small insects, but also feeding on honeydew and extra floral nectarines (Czechowski et
al. 2002).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
5.5 This study (wet weight)
3.1-6.0, mean 4.7 Denmark; 6 individuals (fresh weight); Jensen & Holm-
Jensen 1980
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (1 transect)
Nests/ha: 100-1400 Loppi, Finland (6 sites); mainly pine-dominated forests;
Oinonen 1956
Other information: Colonies are usually small with up to 500 workers and one or a few
queens (Collingwood 1979).
41
Colonies are monogynous or with a few queens and with several hundred workers. Of all
Serviformica species, F. fusca is the most frequent victim of temporary social parasitism
of ants of the subgenera Formica s.str. and Coptoformica, and of slavery practiced by F.
sanquinea. Nuptial flights in late July and in August. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Formica lugubris
Habitat use: A wood ant species of the F. rufa group typical of coniferous forest; less
thermophilous than F. rufa. It nests mainly in sunny places, in glades on forest edges,
along forest vistas, but also found in shaded places. (Czechowski et al. 2002).
Main food source(s): Although these ants collect honeydew, a great proportion of their
foraging consists of scavenging and in non-selective predation on the ground and in tree
canopies (all available invertebrates are prey) (Czechowski et al. 2002).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
9.1 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (1 transect)
Other information: Nests are big mounds of tiny sticks and coniferous-needle litter.
From the nest that radiate wide and long (up to 100 m, sometimes longer) foraging trails
orientated toward aphid-bearing trees. Colonies are mainly monogynous systems (so-
called supercolonies). New colonies are founded through temporal social parasitism of
queens (mainly in nests of F. lemani) or through colony fission. Nuptial flights in spring
(May to early June in Poland). (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Formica sanguinea
Habitat use: Nests are situated under stones or in tree stumps with a small
accumulation of leaf litter. It is often a dominant species in cleared woodland.
(Collingwood 1979)
It occurs both in woodlands and in open areas of different kinds, on different types of
soil. This species prefers dry habitats and sunny places, especially clearing and forest
edges. It nests most readily in rotting tree stumps which it covers around with dry plant
material. Nests, sometimes with a small mound of conifer-needle litter (and occasionally
even with a soil mound), are also constructed in the ground, often under stones
(especially in the mountains). (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): Very aggressive and predaceous ants (Czechowski et al. 2002).
42
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
6.9-8.1, mean 7.5 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.01 This study (1 transect)
Other information: Colonies numbering from several to over a dozen thousand adults
are, as a rule, functionally monogynous: they may form several-nest impermanent
polydomous systems. F. sanquinea is a facultative slave-maker. It’s typical victims
include different species of Serviformica (mainly F. fusca) that happen to occur in a
given habitat (for instance, F. candida in peatbogs). The proportion of slaves in a mixed
colony seldom exceeds a few percent. New colonies are found through temporary social
parasitism of young queens in nests of Serviformica ants, particularly after a raid on a
nest of a slave species. Sexuals fly off the nests in Poland in July and August, mating
occurs inside or near the nest. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Lasius platythorax
Habitat use: In comparison with L. niger, L. platythorax clearly prefers more humid
sites. It inhabits all types of forests as well as bogs and fens, and avoids open sites,
especially habitats with strong human influence. This species usually builds its nests in
organic substrate, most frequently in dead wood (particularly in rotten stumps), but also
in vegetation pads, in grass tussocks with a humus root layer; it makes no above-ground
mineral constructions. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): No data.
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
0.9-2.6, mean 1.7 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007-0.03,
mean 0.02
This study (3 transects)
Other information: Nuptial flights in Poland from July to August (Czechowski et al.
2002).
43
Myrmica rubra
Habitat use: A lowland species often abundant in sheltered valleys, usually in alluvial
soil by riversides and on the coast nesting in the ground or under stones (Collingwood
1979).
The most hygrophilous and yet the most tolerant (eurytopic) species of all Central-
European Myrmica, one of the most common in the Palaearctic. It occurs in very diverse
habitats (from mesophilous to very wet), especially in lowlands. Particularly numerous
in meadows with a high level of ground water. The species frequently occurs in
anthropogenic habitats (gardens, agrocoenoses). It is rarer in forests (substituted there by
M. ruginodis). It nests in the ground, in tufts of grass and moss, under stones, in rotting
wood, under bark; nests often with a small mound of soil or of plant remnants.
(Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): Consistently tends aphids and is frequently found collecting
nectar on the inflorescences of Umbelliferae and other herbs (Collingwood 1979).
They utilize honeydew of aphids and scale insects (even those on trees) more than do
other Myrmica; they also drink nectar (they are mainly seen on the inflorescences of
Umbelliferae) (Czechowski et al. 2002).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
5.000-10.000 inds. of
Araneae,
Auchenorrhyncha &
Diptera per m2 a year
Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
Individual weight (mg)
2.0-3.6, mean 2.6 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007-0.11,
mean 0.04
This study (5 transects)
225-300 inds./m2 Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
0.14-0.20 g/m2 dry weight Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
0.45-0.60 g/m2 wet weight Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
Nests/ha: 320-620 Warsaw area, Poland; 3 meadow areas; Czerwiński et al.
1971
Nests/ha: 10-8400 Loppi, Finland (4 sites); 2 spruce-dominated forests & two
deciduous forests; Oinonen 1956
Other information: Colonies, generally polygynous, number several thousand
(occasionally over 10.000) individuals and may form polycalic systems. Very aggressive
ants (even towards man); they frequently wage fierce intra- and interspecific combats.
44
Nuptial flights take place in Poland in August and September (in the mountains even
October) and are directed towards elevations (swarming sites). (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Myrmica ruginodis
Habitat use: Abundant in woodlands and moorlands (Collingwood 1979).
A polytopic species of moist forests, where it replaces M. rubra (in mountains, M.
ruginodis inhabits also open habitats above 1000 m a.s.l.); the least thermophilous
species of European Myrmica. It avoids highly habitats with strong human influence.
Nests as in M. rubra. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): These ants are seen tending aphids and feeding on flower nectar.
(Czechowski et al. 2002)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
1.9-4.1, mean 3.0 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.02-0.09,
mean 0.05
This study (8 transects)
225-300 inds./m2 Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
0.14-0.20 g/m2 dry
weight
Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
0.45-0.60 g/m2 wet
weight
Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971
1.8 (1.1) mg/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 60 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
1.0 (0.6) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 60 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
Nests/ha: 100-380 Warsaw area, Poland; 3 meadow areas; Czerwiński et al.
1971
Nests/ha: 60-1800 Loppi, Finland (14 sites); mainly pine- and spruce-dominated
forests; Oinonen 1956
Other information: Occurs in two incompletely dimorphic races: one polygynous (with
many small queens) and one monogynous (with single large queens). (Collingwood
1979)
It occurs in two social forms: mono- and polygynous (the latter potentially polycalic).
Nuptial flights (directed towards swarming sites) in Poland in August and September.
(Czechowski et al. 2002)
45
Myrmica scabrinodis
Habitat use: Found in a very wide range of habitats: meadows, woodland, coastal sand,
gravel river banks, peat bogs and moorland. Nests are small, situated under stones, in
tree stumps or in the ground. (Collingwood 1979)
A polytopic mesothermophilous species of humid habitats. It requires strong insolation
but is very tolerant of soil moisture; it only avoids definitely xerothermal places. The
species occurs both in open areas (meadows, pastures) and in forests (but only in sunny
patches); it frequently occurs in peat-bogs. Nests are built in the ground, in tufts of grass
or moss (these nests sometimes have small mounds), in dry spots under stones, and also
in rotten wood. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Main food source(s): M. scabrinodis are highly predatory ants; their nests are often
next to mounds of Lasius niger, whose kidnapped brood serves as a source of easily
available protein food. They also utilize honeydew of aphids on roots and shoots of
herbaceous plants. (Czechowski et al. 2002)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
1.7 This study (wet weight)
Biomass or density
Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (1 transect)
Nests/ha: 700 Loppi, Finland; deciduous forest; Oinonen 1956
0.5 (0.3) mg/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 60 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
0.4 (0.2) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 60 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
Other information: Colonies are monogynous or with a few queens; they contain
several hundred to 2500 workers. Nuptial flights in Poland from July to October.
(Czechowski et al. 2002)
46
47
Appendix 5. Snail observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.
Volumes of sifting samples before and after the sorting of snails.
Before
sorting After sorting
Transect
Total (l)
(mesh:
8 mm)
Litres
(mesh: 8 mm)
Litres
(mesh: 4 mm)
Litres
(mesh: 2 mm)
Total (l)
FAT18 2.6 0.5 0.65 0.35 1.5
FAT19 3.5 0.75 1.35 0.45 2.55
FAT20 0.6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.15
FAT21 3.4 1.25 0.85 0.45 2.55
FAT22 3.7 1.5 0.95 0.4 2.85
FAT23 3 0.95 0.9 0.75 2.6
FAT24 0.8 0.1 0.25 0.2 0.55
FAT25 4.3 0.55 0.9 0.5 1.95
FAT26 2.2 0.8 0.35 0.15 1.3
FAT27 2.4 0.9 0.65 0.4 1.95
FAT28 2.8 0.75 0.8 0.6 2.15
Snail observations.
Sample code
Transe
ct
(FAT##
#)
Sample
(FS##) Species
No. of
inds.
(living/
empty)
Total dry
weight of
inds. (mg)
Mean dry
weight of
an ind.
(mg)
Hand-picking
TMA50-DF1124 FAT18 FS11 Succinea putris 3 / - 29 9.7
TMA50-DF1125 FAT18 FS11 Succinea putris - / 1
TMA50-DF1132 FAT18 FS11 Oxyloma pfeifferi 17 / - 726 42.7
TMA50-DF1133 FAT18 FS11 Oxyloma pfeifferi - / 6
TMA50-DF1126 FAT19 FS7 Vitrina pellucida 1 / - <1 <1
TMA50-DF1127 FAT19 FS7 Vitrina pellucida - / 1
TMA50-DF1128 FAT19 FS7 Euconulus fulvus 1 / - 1 1.0
TMA50-DF1129 FAT19 FS7 Nesovitrea petronella 2 / - 7 3.5
TMA50-DF1130 FAT19 FS7 Nesovitrea petronella - / 2
TMA50-DF1131 FAT26 FS26 Nesovitrea petronella 1 / - 5 5.0
Sifting
TMA50-DF1134 FAT18 FS13 Succinea putris 2 / - 4 2.0
TMA50-DF1135 FAT18 FS13 Succinea putris - / 6
TMA50-DF1136 FAT18 FS13 Vitrina pellucida - / 1
TMA50-DF1137 FAT19 FS9 Clausilia bidentata 7 / - 95 14
48
TMA50-DF1138 FAT19 FS9 Clausilia bidentata - / 5
TMA50-DF1139 FAT19 FS9 Cochlicopa lubrica 15 / - 25 1.7
TMA50-DF1140 FAT19 FS9 Cochlicopa lubrica - / 11
TMA50-DF1141 FAT19 FS9 Discus ruderatus 9 / - 11 1.2
TMA50-DF1142 FAT19 FS9 Discus ruderatus - / 1
TMA50-DF1143 FAT19 FS9 Euconulus fulvus 17 / - 7 0.41
TMA50-DF1144 FAT19 FS9 Euconulus fulvus - / 11
TMA50-DF1145 FAT19 FS9 Nesovitrea hammonis 34 / - 43 1.3
TMA50-DF1146 FAT19 FS9 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 20
TMA50-DF1147 FAT19 FS9 Nesovitrea petronella 12 / - 18 1.5
TMA50-DF1148 FAT19 FS9 Nesovitrea petronella - / 13
TMA50-DF1149 FAT19 FS9 Punctum pygmaeum 12 / - 4 0.33
TMA50-DF1150 FAT19 FS9 Punctum pygmaeum - / 2
TMA50-DF1151 FAT19 FS9 Vertigo ronnebyensis - / 2
TMA50-DF1152 FAT19 FS9 Vertigo substriata 3 / - 1 0.33
TMA50-DF1153 FAT19 FS9 Vertigo substriata - / 9
TMA50-DF1154 FAT19 FS9 Vitrina pellucida 13 / - 12 0.92
TMA50-DF1155 FAT19 FS9 Vitrina pellucida - / 29
TMA50-DF1156 FAT21 FS9 Clausilia bidentata 3 / - 56 19
TMA50-DF1157 FAT21 FS9 Clausilia sp. 3 / - 1 0.33
TMA50-DF1159 FAT21 FS9 Cochlicopa sp. 1 / - <1 <1
TMA50-DF1160 FAT21 FS9 Euconulus fulvus 30 / - 13 0.43
TMA50-DF1161 FAT21 FS9 Euconulus fulvus - / 3
TMA50-DF1162 FAT21 FS9 Nesovitrea hammonis 13 / - 5 0.38
TMA50-DF1163 FAT21 FS9 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 1
TMA50-DF1164 FAT21 FS9 Punctum pygmaeum 3 / - 1 0.33
TMA50-DF1165 FAT21 FS9 Vertigo pusilla 3 / - 1 0.33
TMA50-DF1166 FAT21 FS9 Vertigo substriata 2 / - <1 <1
TMA50-DF1167 FAT21 FS9 Vertigo substriata - / 2
TMA50-DF1168 FAT21 FS9 Vitrina pellucida - / 6
TMA50-DF1169 FAT22 FS7 Discus ruderatus 8 / - 9 1.1
TMA50-DF1170 FAT22 FS7 Discus ruderatus - / 1
TMA50-DF1171 FAT22 FS7 Euconulus fulvus 10 / - 5 0.50
TMA50-DF1172 FAT22 FS7 Nesovitrea hammonis 12 / - 18 1.5
TMA50-DF1173 FAT22 FS7 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 4
TMA50-DF1174 FAT22 FS7 Punctum pygmaeum 17 / - 2 0.12
TMA50-DF1175 FAT22 FS7 Vertigo ronnebyensis 1 / - 1 1.0
TMA50-DF1176 FAT22 FS7 Vertigo ronnebyensis - / 2
TMA50-DF1177 FAT22 FS7 Vertigo substriata 5 / - 5 1.0
TMA50-DF1178 FAT23 FS14 Columella aspera - / 1
TMA50-DF1179 FAT23 FS14 Nesovitrea hammonis 1 / - 1 1.0
49
TMA50-DF1180 FAT23 FS14 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 2
TMA50-DF1181 FAT24 FS3 Euconulus alderi 1 / - 5 5.0
TMA50-DF1182 FAT25 FS14 Euconulus fulvus 2 / - 3 1.5
TMA50-DF1183 FAT25 FS14 Euconulus fulvus - / 2
TMA50-DF1184 FAT25 FS14 Nesovitrea hammonis 16 / - 12 0.75
TMA50-DF1185 FAT25 FS14 Punctum pygmaeum - / 1
TMA50-DF1186 FAT25 FS14 Vertigo ronnebyensis 25 / - 13 0.52
TMA50-DF1187 FAT25 FS14 Vertigo ronnebyensis - / 2
TMA50-DF1188 FAT26 FS28 Columella aspera 4 / - 3 0.75
TMA50-DF1189 FAT26 FS28 Discus ruderatus 4 / - 32 8.0
TMA50-DF1190 FAT26 FS28 Discus ruderatus - / 1
TMA50-DF1191 FAT26 FS28 Euconulus fulvus 3 / - 5 1.7
TMA50-DF1192 FAT26 FS28 Nesovitrea hammonis 5 / - 4 0.80
TMA50-DF1193 FAT26 FS28 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 4
TMA50-DF1194 FAT26 FS28 Nesovitrea petronella 6 / - 12 2.0
TMA50-DF1195 FAT26 FS28 Punctum pygmaeum 3 / - <1 <<1
TMA50-DF1196 FAT26 FS28 Vertigo substriata - / 1
TMA50-DF1197 FAT27 FS15 Clausilia sp. - / 1
TMA50-DF1198 FAT27 FS15 Cochlicopa lubrica 7 / - 41 5.9
TMA50-DF1199 FAT27 FS15 Cochlicopa sp. 2 / - 2 1.0
TMA50-DF1200 FAT27 FS15 Columella aspera 1 / - <1 <1
TMA50-DF1201 FAT27 FS15 Columella aspera - / 2
TMA50-DF1202 FAT27 FS15 Discus ruderatus 6 / - 9 1.5
TMA50-DF1203 FAT27 FS15 Discus ruderatus - / 5
TMA50-DF1204 FAT27 FS15 Euconulus fulvus 26 / - 12 0.46
TMA50-DF1205 FAT27 FS15 Euconulus fulvus - / 15
TMA50-DF1206 FAT27 FS15 Nesovitrea hammonis 32 / - 38 1.19
TMA50-DF1207 FAT27 FS15 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 16
TMA50-DF1208 FAT27 FS15 Nesovitrea petronella 5 / - 7 1.4
TMA50-DF1209 FAT27 FS15 Punctum pygmaeum 37 / - 3 0.08
TMA50-DF1210 FAT27 FS15 Punctum pygmaeum - / 14
TMA50-DF1211 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo pusilla 4 / - 4 1.0
TMA50-DF1212 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo pusilla - / 7
TMA50-DF1213 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo ronnebyensis 3 / - 2 0.67
TMA50-DF1214 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo ronnebyensis - / 4
TMA50-DF1215 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo substriata 5 / - 2 0.40
TMA50-DF1216 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo substriata - / 2
TMA50-DF1217 FAT27 FS15 Vitrina pellucida 62 / - 22 0.35
TMA50-DF1218 FAT27 FS15 Vitrina pellucida - / 26
TMA50-DF1219 FAT28 FS23 Discus ruderatus 3 / - 13 4.3
TMA50-DF1220 FAT28 FS23 Euconulus fulvus 7 / - 6 0.86
50
TMA50-DF1221 FAT28 FS23 Euconulus fulvus - / 2
TMA50-DF1222 FAT28 FS23 Nesovitrea hammonis 13 / - 30 2.3
TMA50-DF1223 FAT28 FS23 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 12
TMA50-DF1224 FAT28 FS23 Nesovitrea petronella 1 / - <1 <1
TMA50-DF1225 FAT28 FS23 Nesovitrea petronella - / 2
TMA50-DF1226 FAT28 FS23 Punctum pygmaeum 2 / - 1 0.50
TMA50-DF1227 FAT28 FS23 Punctum pygmaeum - / 1
TMA50-DF1228 FAT28 FS23 Vertigo ronnebyensis 7 / - 2 0.29
TMA50-DF1229 FAT28 FS23 Vertigo substriata 4 / - 5 1.3
TMA50-DF1230 FAT28 FS23 Vertigo substriata - / 1
TMA50-DF1231 FAT28 FS23 Vitrina pellucida 1 / - 1 1.0
TMA50-DF1232 FAT28 FS23 Vitrina pellucida - / 2
51
Appendix 6. Descriptions of snail species observed.
Main food sources: Basically all snails have a wide food spectrum. Most species feed on
decaying vegetation, fungi, algae, lichens and carrion. Healthy green plants are rarely
attacked, but flowers, fruits and seeds are eaten, as well as underground storage organs like
potatoes and carrots. They can also digest cellulose. (Newell 1967, Kerney & Cameron
1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Habitat requirements: Most species either do better or require lime-rich, alkaline soils,
partly because they need lime for the construction of shells. Very few species can tolerate
very acidic conditions, e.g. moorlands. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Clausilia bidentata
Habitat use: Moderately moist places, among rocks, old walls, woods, hedgebanks.
Prefers leaf debris of limes and aspens, and climbs on their trunks. (Kerney & Cameron
1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
18.7 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970
Individual weight (mg)
15.1 This study (fresh weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
1.2-2.7 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07-4.7 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 13 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
3-48 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 7 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
2 & 2 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
5 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
3 & 203 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
1-2 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 8 occupied quadrats in 4 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
1.3 & 7.6 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 9 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
52
3 & 8 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 2 oak forest sites);
sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn 1992
1-31 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 11 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
0.45 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
5.50 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
Other information: Especially near the Baltic coast and in the archipelagos in Finland.
(Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Cochlicopa lubrica
Habitat use: Moderately damp places of all kinds; marshes, grasslands, woods. (Kerney
& Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
10.6 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970
Individual weight (mg)
3.0 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
3.6-5.9 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07-4 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 19 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
4-247 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 8 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
2 & 70 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
23 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
4-35 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
25 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a yard/park; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-17 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 57 occupied quadrats in 8 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
1-3 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 9 occupied quadrats in 5 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
53
4.2 & 24 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 9 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
1.5 & 2.5 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 2 oak forest sites);
sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn 1992
11-163 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 11 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
0.90 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
3.11 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
4.4 (4.4) & 30.9 (16.8)
inds./m2
Oxford, UK; 2 deciduous forest sites; means (± SE) of 20
samples; Mason 1970
2.78 & 71.5 mg/m2 dry
weight
Oxford, UK; 2 deciduous forest sites; means of 20
samples; Mason 1970
Other information: One of the commonest Finnish species. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Columella aspera
Habitat use: Coniferous and deciduous woodland, poor acid grassland; in relatively
dry and low calcium habitats. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
0.75 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.51-3.1 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07-0.27 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 5 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
1-11 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 5 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a coniferous forest; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-3 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
2.6 & 10 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 8 & 10 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
2.1 & 10 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 7 & 10 spruce/oak
54
forest sites); sample volume measured before sorting;
Wäreborn 1992
11 inds./m2 Ekeröd, Sweden; mean of 9 samples from a beech forest;
Gärdenfors 1992
1-101 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 13 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
Other information: Climbs often on Vaccinium myrtillus. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Discus ruderatus
Habitat use: Mainly coniferous woods, especially under logs and bark, in trunks; also
marshes and moist grassland. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
2.5 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
1.4-3.5 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07-0.33 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 15 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
6-131 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 9 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
17-21 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
11 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
5-13 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
1-39 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 22 occupied quadrats in 6 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
3 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 1 occupied quadrat in a coniferous
forest; Mäkelä 1938
1 & 6.5 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 6 & 7 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
0.2 & 2.3 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 6 & 1 spruce/oak forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
55
2-49 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 7 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
Euconulus alderi
Habitat use: In wetter places than E. fulvus; characteristic of marshes and shores.
(Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
5.0 This study (dry weight; measured of a living individual)
Biomass or Density
1.8 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
2 & 2 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
10 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
21-101 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
Euconulus fulvus
Habitat use: Deciduous and coniferous woods, also grasslands and marshes; usually in
fairly moist places. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
6.9 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970
Individual weight (mg)
0.54 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
1.0-13.3 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
4-134 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 10 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
18-91 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
56
17 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
53 & 413 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
46 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a peat bog; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
7 & 16 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 yards/parks; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
0.07-0.4 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 13 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
1-9 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 43 occupied quadrats in 8 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
1-4 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 11 occupied quadrats in 5 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
4.8 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 moist mixed forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
3.5 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 11 drier mixed forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
9 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 oak forest sites; Wäreborn
1969
14.7 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 dry meadow forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
14.7 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 moist meadow forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
12 & 42 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 9 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
2.9 & 14 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 9 spruce/oak
forest sites); sample volume measured before sorting;
Wäreborn 1992
11 inds./m2 Ekeröd, Sweden; mean of 9 samples from a beech forest;
Gärdenfors 1992
8-199 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 15 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
1.6 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
2.02 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
4.4 (4.4) & 17.7 (10.6)
inds./m2
Oxford, UK; 2 deciduous forest sites; means (± SE) of 20
samples; Mason 1970
0.75 & 7.25 mg/m2 dry
weight
Oxford, UK; 2 deciduous forest sites; means of 20
samples; Mason 1970
1.6 & 4.5 inds./m2 Huntingdonshire, UK; means on 2 sites; Mordan 1977
57
Other information: One of the commonest snail species in Finland. (Hutri & Mattila
1991)
Nesovitrea hammonis
Habitat use: Damp to moderately dry places of all kinds: marshes, deciduous and
coniferous woods, grasslands. Often in poor acidic places. (Kerney & Cameron 1979,
Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
2.9 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970
Individual weight (mg)
1.2 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.38-16.4 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
41-215 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 10 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
31-181 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
40 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
24-443 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
52 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a peat bog; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
18 & 46 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 yards/parks; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
0.07-1.7 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 26 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
1-19 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 53 occupied quadrats in 8 groves; Mäkelä
1938
1-9 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 41occupied quadrats in 12 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
12.3 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 moist mixed forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
9.8 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 drier mixed forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
20.5 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 oak forest sites; Wäreborn
1969
23 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 dry meadow forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
17.4 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 moist meadow forest sites;
Wäreborn 1969
58
21 & 37 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 deciduous forest sites);
Wäreborn 1992
7.9 & 39 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 7 & 10 spruce/oak forest
sites); Wäreborn 1992
7 inds./m2 Ekeröd, Sweden; mean of 9 samples from a beech forest;
Gärdenfors 1992
3-202 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 15 talus & boulder slope habitats;
sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén 1981
0.45 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason 1970
1.59 (0.21) inds./m2 Huntingdonshire, UK; grassland (mean [±SE] of 20
quadrats); Mordan 1977
4.49 (0.63) inds./m2 Huntingdonshire, UK; ash-oak forest (mean [±SE] of 20
quadrats); Mordan 1977
0.86 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason 1970
Other information: One of the commonest snail species in Finland. (Hutri & Mattila
1991)
Nesovitrea petronella
Habitat use: Similar to N. hammonis, though somewhat less catholic; most common in
moist deciduous woods. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
1.9 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.47-4.7 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07-0.53 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 13 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
1-256 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 10 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
33-104 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
22 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
18 & 85 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
16 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a peat bog; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
59
12 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a yard/park; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-15 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 53 occupied quadrats in 8 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
1-6 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 22 occupied quadrats in 7 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
3.2 & 25 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 5 & 9 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
2-19 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 7 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
Oxyloma pfeifferi
Habitat use: Fens, marshes, and similarly permanently wet places; not in woods. Nearly
always right next to water bodies. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
42.7 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.11 inds./m2 This study (living inds.)
Other information: Often seen on floating wood etc. material. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Punctum pygmaeum
Habitat use: A wide variety of moderately moist and well vegetated places, especially
common in leaf litter in deciduous woods; also in marshes. Prefers leaf litter of aspen.
(Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
65.8 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970
Individual weight (mg)
0.15 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.93-19.0 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
60
0.07-0.67 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 7 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
6-690 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 9 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
2-34 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
6 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
5-4070 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
6 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a yard/park; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-5 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 17 occupied quadrats in 6 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
1-3 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 4 occupied quadrats in 3 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
42 & 118 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
1 & 26 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 1 & 2 oak forest sites);
sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn 1992
19 inds./m2 Ekeröd, Sweden; mean of 9 samples from a beech forest;
Gärdenfors 1992
21-910 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 12 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
67.2 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
19.4 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
8.8 (6.2), 13.3 (7.4) & 35.4
(14.1) inds./m2
Oxford, UK; 3 deciduous forest sites; means (± SE) of 20
samples; Mason 1970
1.59, 4.55 & 12.6 mg/m2
dry weight
Oxford, UK; 3 deciduous forest sites; means of 20
samples; Mason 1970
61
Succinea putris
Habitat use: Moist places: shores, spruce swamps, fens, marshes, etc.; often on flags
at the margins of lakes and rivers. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
6.6 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
1.5 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
2 & 75 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
2 & 20 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
4 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a yard/park; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-2 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 7 occupied quadrats in 3 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
3 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; sample from 1 talus & boulder slope habitat;
sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén 1981
Vertigo pusilla
Habitat use: Rather dry places: rocks, stone walls, ground litter in open woodland,
hedge-banks, occasionally in sand-dunes. In Finland mainly litter in mixed and
deciduous forests. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
0.7 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
1.2-2.1 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07 & 0.2 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 2 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
5-30 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 7 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1 & 17 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 coniferous forests;
62
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
18 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
11 & 442 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
1 ind./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 4 occupied quadrats in 4 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
0.8 & 2.8 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 4 & 6 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
3-280 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 11 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
Vertigo ronnebyensis
Habitat use: Coniferous and deciduous woodland, under ground litter and moss;
often among Vaccinium on poor non-calcareous soils. (Kerney & Cameron 1979,
Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
0.5 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.35-12.8 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 1 sample; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
1-37 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 7 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
22 & 29 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 coniferous forests; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
5 & 26 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
0.8 & 4.5 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 1 & 4 spruce forest sites);
sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn 1992
3-27 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 6 talus & boulder slope habitats;
sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén 1981
Other information: The most widespread of Finnish Vertigo species. Climbs on twigs
during rainy weather. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)
63
Vertigo substriata
Habitat use: Various damp places: woods, marshes, lake margins, as well as lush mixed
and deciduous forests. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight (mg)
0.8 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.78-2.6 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07 & 0.13 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 2 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
1-106 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 10 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
6-57 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
21 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
30 & 377 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
6 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a peat bog; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-5 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 9 occupied quadrats in 4 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
1 ind./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 2 occupied quadrats in 2 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
3 & 16 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 7 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
1.2 & 6.6 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 3 & 9 spruce/oak forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
2 inds./m2 Ekeröd, Sweden; mean of 9 samples from a beech forest;
Gärdenfors 1992
8-660 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 15 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
64
Vitrina pellucida
Habitat use: A wide variety of moderately humid places: woods, grassland, among
rocks. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used
7.3 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970
Individual weight (mg)
0.5 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)
Biomass or Density
0.47-31.8 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after
sorting
0.07-0.53 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 15 samples; sample volume measured
before sorting; Routio 1994
8-185 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 10 groves; sample volume
measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
46 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a coniferous forest; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
5 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
3-58 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods;
sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen
1986
11 & 47 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 yards/parks; sample
volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986
1-9 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 42 occupied quadrats in 8 groves;
Mäkelä 1938
2-5 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 5 occupied quadrats in 4 coniferous
forests; Mäkelä 1938
2.7 & 3.1 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 6 deciduous forest
sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn
1992
1-15 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 6 talus & boulder slope
habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén
1981
1.57 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
2.14 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason
1970
65
Appendix 7. Earthworm observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.
Sample code Transect
(FAT###)
Sample
(FS##)
Sample
type Species
Conserv.
weight (g)
Dry
weight
(g)
TMA50-DF849 FAT28 FS1 1, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 1,169 0,225
TMA50-DF850 FAT28 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 1,106 0,172
TMA50-DF851 FAT28 FS3 2, u Lumbricus sp. 0,638 0,079
TMA50-DF852 FAT28 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,108 0,015
TMA50-DF853 FAT28 FS5 3, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,170 0,026
TMA50-DF854 FAT25 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,072 0,013
TMA50-DF855 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea rosea 0,717 0,129
TMA50-DF856 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,814 0,148
TMA50-DF857 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,592 0,104
TMA50-DF858 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,737 0,133
TMA50-DF859 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,401 0,066
TMA50-DF860 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,366 0,059
TMA50-DF861 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,126 0,011
TMA50-DF862 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,244 0,034
TMA50-DF863 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,179 0,021
TMA50-DF864 FAT25 FS1 1, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,046 0,022
TMA50-DF865 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,390 0,064
TMA50-DF866 FAT25 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,103 0,014
TMA50-DF867 FAT25 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,454 0,082
TMA50-DF868 FAT25 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,071 0,013
TMA50-DF869 FAT25 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,099 0,018
TMA50-DF870 FAT25 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,010 0,000
TMA50-DF871 FAT25 FS7 4, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,119 0,017
TMA50-DF872 FAT20 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,172 0,026
TMA50-DF873 FAT20 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,042 0,006
TMA50-DF874 FAT20 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,044 0,008
TMA50-DF875 FAT20 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,032 0,006
TMA50-DF876 FAT20 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,107 0,015
TMA50-DF877 FAT20 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,058 0,010
TMA50-DF878 FAT20 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,502 0,052
TMA50-DF879 FAT20 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,220 0,039
TMA50-DF880 FAT20 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,176 0,031
TMA50-DF881 FAT20 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,164 0,024
TMA50-DF882 FAT20 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,132 0,019
TMA50-DF883 FAT20 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,028 0,004
TMA50-DF884 FAT20 FS5 3, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,069 0,008
TMA50-DF885 FAT20 FS5 3, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,311 0,043
TMA50-DF886 FAT20 FS5 3, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,788 0,143
TMA50-DF887 FAT20 FS6 3, l Lumbricus rubellus 0,540 0,060
TMA50-DF888 FAT20 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,661 0,118
TMA50-DF889 FAT20 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea sp. 0,047 0,006
TMA50-DF890 FAT20 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea sp. 0,083 0,013
TMA50-DF891 FAT18 FS1 1, u Dendrodrilus rubidus 0,072 0,010
66
TMA50-DF892 FAT18 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,629 0,077
TMA50-DF893 FAT18 FS7 4, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,822 0,116
TMA50-DF894 FAT18 FS7 4, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,531 0,084
TMA50-DF895 FAT19 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,264 0,042
TMA50-DF896 FAT19 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,095 0,018
TMA50-DF897 FAT19 FS5 3, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,100 0,013
TMA50-DF898 FAT19 FS5 3, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,054 0,009
TMA50-DF899 FAT19 FS5 3, u Lumbricidae sp. 0,055 0,009
TMA50-DF900 FAT19 FS7 4, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,771 0,137
TMA50-DF901 FAT19 FS7 4, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,359 0,046
TMA50-DF902 FAT24 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,607 0,107
TMA50-DF903 FAT24 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,533 0,058
TMA50-DF904 FAT24 FS1 1, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,457 0,068
TMA50-DF905 FAT24 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,063 0,007
TMA50-DF906 FAT24 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,029 0,006
TMA50-DF907 FAT24 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,305 0,042
TMA50-DF908 FAT24 FS2 1, l Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,657 0,112
TMA50-DF909 FAT24 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,604 0,107
TMA50-DF910 FAT24 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,318 0,049
TMA50-DF911 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,497 0,067
TMA50-DF912 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,270 0,037
TMA50-DF913 FAT24 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,162 0,024
TMA50-DF914 FAT24 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,055 0,005
TMA50-DF915 FAT24 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,095 0,012
TMA50-DF916 FAT24 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,483 0,082
TMA50-DF917 FAT24 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,099 0,016
TMA50-DF918 FAT24 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,126 0,021
TMA50-DF919 FAT24 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,025 0,002
TMA50-DF920 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,568 0,065
TMA50-DF921 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,212 0,030
TMA50-DF922 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,049 0,008
TMA50-DF923 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,027 0,006
TMA50-DF924 FAT24 FS3 2, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,039 0,007
TMA50-DF925 FAT24 FS4 2, l Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,054 0,008
TMA50-DF926 FAT24 FS5 3, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,112 0,015
TMA50-DF927 FAT24 FS5 3, u Lumbricidae sp. 0,075 0,012
TMA50-DF928 FAT24 FS5 3, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,430 0,058
TMA50-DF929 FAT24 FS5 3, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,055 0,008
TMA50-DF930 FAT24 FS5 3, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,080 0,013
TMA50-DF931 FAT24 FS5 3, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,084 0,013
TMA50-DF932 FAT24 FS6 3, l Aporrectodea rosea 0,247 0,039
TMA50-DF933 FAT24 FS6 3, l Aporrectodea rosea 0,259 0,040
TMA50-DF934 FAT24 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,447 0,075
TMA50-DF935 FAT24 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,274 0,049
TMA50-DF936 FAT24 FS7 4, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,160 0,024
TMA50-DF937 FAT24 FS7 4, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,110 0,015
TMA50-DF938 FAT24 FS7 4, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,621 0,104
TMA50-DF939 FAT24 FS7 4, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,030 0,006
TMA50-DF940 FAT21 FS1 1, u Dendrodrilus rubidus 0,100 0,017
67
TMA50-DF941 FAT21 FS1 1, u Dendrodrilus rubidus 0,074 0,015
TMA50-DF942 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,749 0,135
TMA50-DF943 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,216 0,029
TMA50-DF944 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,145 0,025
TMA50-DF945 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,124 0,021
TMA50-DF946 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,097 0,016
TMA50-DF947 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,247 0,044
TMA50-DF948 FAT21 FS3 2, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,065 0,010
TMA50-DF949 FAT21 FS3 2, u Lumbricidae sp. 0,169 0,024
TMA50-DF950 FAT21 FS5 3, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,089 0,016
TMA50-DF951 FAT21 FS5 3, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,127 0,024
TMA50-DF952 FAT21 FS7 4, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,087 0,011
TMA50-DF953 FAT21 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,018 0,001
TMA50-DF954 FAT27 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,128 0,018
TMA50-DF955 FAT27 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,050 0,008
TMA50-DF956 FAT27 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,064 0,011
TMA50-DF957 FAT27 FS1 1, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,050 0,008
TMA50-DF958 FAT27 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,037 0,007
TMA50-DF959 FAT27 FS4 2, l Lumbricus rubellus 0,943 0,139
TMA50-DF960 FAT27 FS5 3, u Lumbricus terrestris 0,112 0,010
TMA50-DF961 FAT27 FS6 3, l Lumbricus terrestris 4,705 1,331
TMA50-DF962 FAT27 FS6 3, l Lumbricus sp. 0,150 0,022
TMA50-DF963 FAT26 FS1 1, u Lumbricidae sp. 0,026 0,005
TMA50-DF964 FAT26 FS1 1, u Lumbricidae sp. 0,014 0,004
TMA50-DF965 FAT26 FS5 3, u Lumbricus rubellus 0,689 0,089
Notes. Sample type: Number of sampling plot (1-4), level (u = upper, l = lower). Conserv. weight: Weight of individuals conserved in 70 % ethanol. Dry weight: Dry weight transformed from conserved weight. Fragments: Two or more fragments within a sample were combined as one individual, if
they formed an apparently whole individual. Else fragments are considered different individuals.
68
69
Appendix 8. Descriptions of earthworm species observed.
Aporrectodea caliginosa
Habitat use: Nearly all kinds of habitats, from the best mould to quite acidic, tough,
entangled raw humus. Most abundant in deciduous forests and meadows, but also in
fields, backyards, gardens, greenhouses, etc. Only seldom found in the raw humus of
coniferous forests or shore alder thickets. Seemingly prefers a subsoil of sand and
gravel, but does not avoid clay. From very dry to quite damp places, not limnic. (Stöp-
Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Main food source(s): Humus (Stöp-Bowitz 1969), algae (Atlavinyte & Pociene 1973).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Growth rate
90-145 mg/ind./week Cultured adults; fed with various above-ground plant
materials; Boström 1988
1-4 mg/ind./week Cultured adults; fed with various root materials; Boström
1988
Individual weight
0.02-0.8 g preserved
weight, 0.001-0.15 g dry
weight
This study
450-1300 mg fresh
weight
Byzova 1965 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]
Biomass or density
1.8-5.3 g/m2 dry weight This study
0.15 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.47 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
2.7 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
2.3 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
Terhivuo 1989
0.30 (0.07) g/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
31-81 inds./m2 This study
68 inds./m2 Parikkala, Finland; mean of 5 samples from OMa-type alder
forest; Karppinen 1958
5.7 (0.8) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
70
0.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a spruce
plantation; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
0.5 & 1.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two pine
plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
11.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned
grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
8.8 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from an alder wood;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
12.6 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a juniper pasture;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
19.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from a permanent
pasture; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
18.8, 22.9, 77.4, 36.7 &
46.5 inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 32, 12, 32, 12 & 12 samples from
beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Endogeic & eurytopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)
Aporrectodea rosea
Habitat use: Lives in very various kinds of soil, but prefers areas with clay as subsoil.
Mainly in meadows and rich deciduous forests. Also present in cultivated soils and
sometimes in coniferous forests and limnic habitats. It may be found even in raw humus,
if it is not too acidic. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Main food source(s): Plant debris (Bolton & Phillipson 1976), humus (Stöp-Bowitz
1969).
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight
0.25-0.26 g preserved
weight, 0.04 g dry
weight
This study
10-225 mg fresh weight Juveniles; Phillipson & Bolton 1976 [in Persson & Lohm
1977]
100-350 mg fresh
weight
Adults; Phillipson & Bolton 1976 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]
0.08-0.59 g fresh weight Kasprzak 1983
Biomass or density
0.49 g/m2 dry weight This study
0.01 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
<0.06 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
71
0.36 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
1.4 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
Terhivuo 1989
4.98 (0.49) g/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
13 inds./m2 This study
94.5 (10.4) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
1.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a meadow;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
1.8 & 3.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two alder/birch
woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
1.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a juniper pasture;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
22.6 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from a permanent
pasture; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
0.8, 7.3, 24.5, 4.2 &
50.7 inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 32, 12, 32, 12 & 12 samples from
beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Endogeic & rather stenotopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)
Dendrobaena octaedra
Habitat use: It has the widest habitat spectrum of Finnish species: islands and skerries,
wrack beds, shore plains, shore alder thickets, dry and moist coniferous forests, all kinds
of deciduous forests, meadows, fields, arable land, and different kinds of manmade
habitats including composts, gardens and greenhouses. It has also been found from bogs.
In the north also arctic mountains, and banks of rivers and lakes. From dry to wet
habitats where subsoil is clay, sand or gravel. Enters the mineral soil very occasionally.
(Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Main food source(s): No data.
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight
0.01-0.26 g preserved
weight, 0.0003-0.04 g
dry weight
This study
100-360 mg fresh weight Byzova 1965 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]
Biomass or density
0.25-0.66 g/m2 dry
weight
This study
72
0.51 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.35 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
2.7 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.33 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
Terhivuo 1989
0.22 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore sites;
Terhivuo 1989
20.6 (3.5) g/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
13-44 inds./m2 This study
0.24 (0.04) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
3 inds./m2 Parikkala, Finland; mean of 5 samples from OMa-type alder
forest; Karppinen 1958
220 (±87) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in ant nests in mixed forest;
Laakso & Setälä 1997
119 (±12) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in soil in mixed forest;
Laakso & Setälä 1997
2195 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in ant nests in mixed forest; Laakso &
Setälä 1998
868 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in soil in mixed forest; Laakso & Setälä
1998
5.8, 6.8, 27.0 & 30.8
inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 12, 12, 32 & 12 samples from
spruce plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
22.8 & 80.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two pine
plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
10.8 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned
grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
14.0 & 28.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two alder/birch
woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
1.8 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a juniper pasture;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
17.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a meadow;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
15.6, 21.8, 2.3, 4.5 &
4.0 inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 32, 12, 32, 12 & 12 samples from
beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Epigeic & mainly eurytopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)
Dendrodrilus rubidus sensu lato
Habitat use: Coniferous forests (stumps, under stones, among rotting plant material,
under moss carpets on tree trunks, stones and cliffs), islands, wrack beds, shore plains,
73
river banks, near ditches, shore alder thickets, deciduous forests, meadows and pastures,
and manmade habitats e.g. composts, greenhouses, gardens and other rich soils. (Stöp-
Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Main food source(s): No data.
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight
0.07-0.1 g preserved
weight, 0.01-0.02 g dry
weight
This study
Biomass or density
0.06-0.2 g/m2 dry weight This study
0.01 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
<0.06 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.12 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.11 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
Terhivuo 1989
0.18 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore sites;
Terhivuo 1989
0.04 (0.02) g/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
6-13 inds./m2 This study
2.9 (1.0) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
2 inds./m2 Parikkala, Finland; mean of 5 samples from OMa-type alder
forest; Karppinen 1958
485 (±211) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in ant nests in mixed forest;
Laakso & Setälä 1997
9 (±3) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in soil in mixed forest;
Laakso & Setälä 1997
4669 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in ant nests in mixed forest; Laakso &
Setälä 1998
86.6 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in soil in mixed forest; Laakso & Setälä
1998
3.3, 0.2, 2.9 & 2.0
inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 12, 12, 32 & 12 samples from
spruce plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
0.2 & 5.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two pine
plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
3.4 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned
grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
74
8.8 & 0.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two alder/birch
woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
2.8 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a meadow;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
8.0, 5.8, 0.1, 1.5 & 1.5
inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 32, 12, 32, 12 & 12 samples from
beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Epigeic. (Terhivuo 1989)
Lumbricus rubellus
Habitat use: From manmade habitats (e.g. backyard soils, gardens, greenhouses,
composts) to those in alluvial shores, coniferous and deciduous forests, meadows and
pastures, sometimes on distant islands and in wrack beds. Prefers sandy subsoil, but
does not avoid clay or gravel. From dry to wet soils (but not limnic), even in acidic
conditions. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Main food source(s): Leaves. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight
0.03-1.1 g preserved
weight, 0.006-0.17 g dry
weight
This study
390-1100 mg fresh
weight
Byzova 1965 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]
Biomass or density
0.06-2.4 g/m2 dry
weight
This study
0.09 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
1.5 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
1.6 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
1.7 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
Terhivuo 1989
0.53 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore sites;
Terhivuo 1989
0.37 (0.07) g/m2 dry
weight
Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
6-75 inds./m2 This study
9.4 (1.7) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 95 samples from a
75
grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977
4 inds./m2 Parikkala, Finland; mean of 5 samples from OMa-type alder
forest; Karppinen 1958
0.7 & 1.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 & 32 samples from spruce
plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
19.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a pine plantation;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
6.2 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned
grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
18.4 & 8.2 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two alder/birch
woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
2.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a juniper pasture;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
5.9 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a meadow;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
21.8, 13.8, 8.5 & 46.8
inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 32, 12, 12 & 12 samples from
beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Epigeic & eurytopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)
Lumbricus terrestris
Habitat use: Deciduous forests, meadows, pastures, gardens and greenhouses.
Sometimes in coniferous forests and shore alder thickets. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo
1988)
Main food source(s): Leaves. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight
0.1-4.7 g preserved
weight, 0.01-1.3 g dry
weight
This study
0.56-4.64 g fresh weight Kasprzak 1983
Biomass or density
8.4 g/m2 dry weight This study
0.22 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
2.6 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
6.0 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
4.2 g/m2 preserved S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
76
weight Terhivuo 1989
13 inds./m2 This study
3.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a pine plantation;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
0.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned
grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
9.2 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from an alder/birch
wood; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
6.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a juniper pasture;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
50.1 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from a permanent
pasture; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
11.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a meadow;
Nordström & Rundgren 1974
7.2, 59.4, 40.6 & 15.5
inds./m2
Skåne, Sweden; means of 12, 32, 12 & 12 samples from
beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Anecic (Terhivuo 1989). It can dig to several meters depth (Stöp-
Bowitz 1969).
Octolasion tyrtaeum
Habitat use: In various soil types. Most often in alder woods lining shore plains, also
waterlogged shore soils, banks and littoral zones of lakes and rivers, moist meadows and
deciduous forests with abundant organic material. Sometimes in greenhouses and limnic
habitats. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)
Main food source(s): No data.
Location; notes; reference
Amount of food used No data
Individual weight
0.05-1.2 g preserved
weight, 0.02-0.2 g dry
weight
This study
0.65-1.50 g fresh weight Kasprzak 1983
Biomass or density
0.14-1.8 g/m2 dry
weight
This study
0.81 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder
thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.24 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous
forest sites; Terhivuo 1989
0.45 g/m2 preserved S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;
77
weight Terhivuo 1989
0.08 g/m2 preserved
weight
S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore sites;
Terhivuo 1989
6-19 inds./m2 This study
2 inds./m2 Parikkala, Finland; mean of 5 samples from OMa-type alder
forest; Karppinen 1958
0.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned
grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
0.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from an alder/birch
wood; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
0.6 & 0.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 32 & 12 samples from elm/ash
woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974
Other information: Endogeic. (Terhivuo 1989)
78
79
Appendix 9. Pictures of study sites.
Transect FAT18.
Transect FAT19.
80
Transect FAT20.
Transect FAT21.
81
Transect FAT22.
Transect FAT23.
82
Transect FAT24.
Transect FAT25.
83
Transect FAT26.
Transect FAT27.
84
Transect FAT28.