SMALL HYDROPOWER: A TOOL FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION ... · Status of Hydropower Development in Africa...

THE WEST AFRICAN WATER INUSTRY

CONVENTION

SMALL HYDROPOWER: A TOOL FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION & SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY

Engr. Mrs Roseline Ada ChengeManaging Director Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority

OUTLINE

• Background

• Benefits of SHP

• Basic components of SHP

• Potential in Nigeria

• Cases

Basics of SHP• 1.0 Introduction

• HP is a renewable energy source that converts the energy of flowing water to generateelectricity.

• HP is the most developed and most efficient source of renewable energy.

• It is estimated that the world technically feasible HP potential is about 14,400TWHr/Yr of which just about 800TWHr/Yr is considered economically feasible for development. HP provides about one fifth (1/5) of the world total electricity generation. (Source: World Energy Council WEC)

• Nigeria as a country has a total HP potential of over 12,000MW out of which only 1900MW is exploited and this amounts to 32% of the total commercial installed capacity of generating plants in the country. (Source: Small Hydropower for Productive Use In Rural Areas pg. 41)

• The identified SHP capacity is estimated to be over 3,500MW out of which we can only boast of the 18MW by NESCO in plateau state and the recently completed pilot projects of 150KW Waya dam Bauchi state and the 30KW Opara coal mine SHP in Enugu State of Nigeria by UNIDO.

Definition of SHP

• Definition varies from country to Country

Depending on the Industrial development of country & percentage of SHP in energy mix

• In Nigeria it is defined as hydro schemes ranging from 1KW-10MW.

• Sub classified as

–Pico ≤10kw

–Micro >10kw≤100KW

–Mini >100KW≤1MW

–Small >1MW≤10MW

SHP Definition And Classification by Country

Name of country Micro (KW) Mini (KW) Small (KW)

China 100 101-500 25,000

Peru 5-50 51-500 501-50000

Philippines 15,000

Romania 5-5000

Sweden 100 101-15000

Thailand 200 201-6000 6001-15000

turkey 100 101-1000 1001-5000

USA 500 501-2000 2001-15000

Nigeria 100 101-1000 1001-10000

Colombia 20000

India 100 101-2000

Malaysia 25 25-500 5000

Nepal 10000

Panama 100 101-1000 1001-10000

Ecuador 50 51-500 501-5000

Bolivia 100 101-1000

Dominica 100 101-1000 1001-5000

Viet Nam 50 51-500 501-5000

Japan 10000

France 500 501-2000 2001-8000

New Zealand 10000 10001-50000

Indonesia 5000

Zimbabwe 5-500 501-5000

Norway 10000

Greece 100 101-1000 1001-15000

Poland 100 101-1000 1001-15000

Finland 200 201-2000

Advantages and benefits of SHP plants.

• The fuel (water) is renewable and not subject to fluctuation in market conditions.

• Environment-friendly: no pollution no exothermic.

• Proven technology. Efficiency can be pre-guaranteed by design & equipment performance

• Short gestation period,

• Easy O&M.

• Low maintenance cost

• Has long plant life span of 30-50 years.(NESCO-1929-Date)

• High energy Pay-back rate

• Develop local economy.

Other Multipurpose benefits of SHP

• Provide irrigation scheme for agriculture

• Domestic and industrial water supply

.Reduction in operation cost of water schemes

• Fisheries

• Recreation

• Flood control and protection

• Discharge regulation down stream for

navigation improvement.

-Note: multipurpose projects reduces the cost per KW

Basic Components of SHP

• A hydro system is a series of interconnected

components: Water flows in one end, and

electricity comes out at the other.

• Not all the components are always found in

every hydropower scheme.

Water diversion or weir & intake DAM: Built to retain water in reservoirs

PenstockDiversion conduit (Power canal)

• Power houseForebays

Electromechanical Equipments

Schematic representation of SHP

Economic & Efficient Ways for SHP

Development

• Diversion scheme: reduce cost & gestation

period

• Multipurpose scheme: reduce cost & create

immediate demand for energy produced

• Use existing dams: maximize the use of

available water resources, reduces gestation

period & enhance the value of the project.

Global Hydropower Potential

In the year 2000 the world-installed capacity of small hydropower was about 37 GW. All regions of the world are experiencing significant increases in small hydro capacity, with China again showing the greatest increase.

Source: European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), Belgium

Status of Hydropower Development in Africa

• High exploitable hydropower potential, but less than 7%

exploited

• Source: 2001 World Atlas and Industry Guide – International Journal of Hydropower and Dams.

• The total installed hydro capacity in Africa is about 20.3 GW with a total

generation from hydro plants of about 76,000 GWh/year

• A comparison with the Gross theoretical hydropower potential of about

4,000,000 GWh/year indicates that the current production from hydropower

plants in Africa is about 20% of the total potential

>60,000>2,40376,00020,3001,000,0001,750,0004,000,000

Planned Hydro Capacity (MW)

Hydro Capacity under Construction (MW)

Generation from Hydropower Plants (GWh/year)

Installed Hydro Capacity (MW)

Economically Feasible Hydropower Potential(GWh/year)

Technically Feasible Hydropower Potential(GWh/year)

Gross Theoritical Hydropower Potential (GWh/year)

Table 1: Summary of African Hydropower Development

Regional Distribution of Existing Hydropower Developments

Country Sub-Region Installed Capacity(MW)

Egypt North Africa 2,810

DRC Central Africa 2,440

Mozambique Southern Africa 2,180

Nigeria West Africa 1,938

Zambia Southern Africa 1,634

Morroco Northern Africa 1,205

Ghana West Africa 1,072

Total 13,279

•Of the total 20.3 GW of hydropower currently installed in Africa, about 23% is located in North Africa, 25% in West Africa and the remaining 51% located in South/Central/Eastern Africa. From Table 2:

•Countries with installed capacity of more than a 1,000 MW have a total installed capacity of about 13 GW comprising 65% of the total hydropower installed capacity of Africa.

•These countries are Egypt, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia, Morocco and Ghana.

•The remaining 45 African countries account for 35% of the total installed hydro capacity. This is shown in Table 2 below:

Table 2: Installed Large Hydropower by Region

Region Installed SHP Capacity % of Total

Asia 32,642 68.0

Africa 228 0.5

South America 1,280 2.7

North & Central America

2,929 6.1

Europe 10,723 22.3

Australasia-Oceania

198 0.4

Total 47,997

Table 3: Installed SHP by Region

Source:The International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, 2004

Status of SHP Development in Africa

Country Harnessed (MW)

Algeria 42.0

Morocco 30.0

Tunisia 15.0

Egypt 10.0

Uganda 0.50

Mauritius 6.70

Kenya 6.28

Burundi 5.17

Somalia 4.60

Zambia 4.50

Tanzania 4.00

Lesotho 3.54

Mali 5.8

Ghana 10.0

Nigeria 33.18

Malawi 1.52

Botswana 1.0

Rwanda 1.0

South Africa 0.4

Swaziland 0.3

Mozambique 0.1

Figure 1: Contribution of hydropower to net electricity generation (2002)

S/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/No StateStateStateStateStateStateStateState River BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver Basin Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

SitesSitesSitesSitesSitesSitesSitesSitesDeveloped Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed

(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped

(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential

Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity

(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.

6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.

7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.

8.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.

9.9.9.9.9.9.9.9.

10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.

11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.

12.12.12.12.12.12.12.12.

Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto

KatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsina

NigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNiger

KadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKaduna

KwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwara

KanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKano

BornoBornoBornoBornoBornoBornoBornoBorno

BauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchi

GongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongola

PlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateau

BenueBenueBenueBenueBenueBenueBenueBenue

Cross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross River

SokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokoto--------RimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRima

SokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokoto--------RimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRima




HadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeija--------JamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaare

ChadChadChadChadChadChadChadChad

Upper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper Benue

Upper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper Benue

Lower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower Benue

Lower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower Benue

Cross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross Rivers

2222222222222222

1111111111111111

3030303030303030

1919191919191919

1212121212121212

2828282828282828

2929292929292929

2020202020202020

3838383838383838

3232323232323232

1919191919191919

1818181818181818

8.08.08.08.08.08.08.08.0

--------

--------

--------

6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0

--------

--------

--------

18.018.018.018.018.018.018.018.0--------

--------

22.622.622.622.622.622.622.622.6

8.08.08.08.08.08.08.08.0

117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6

59.259.259.259.259.259.259.259.2

38.838.838.838.838.838.838.838.8

40.240.240.240.240.240.240.240.2

20.820.820.820.820.820.820.820.8

42.642.642.642.642.642.642.642.6

162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7

92.492.492.492.492.492.492.492.4

69.269.269.269.269.269.269.269.2

28.128.128.128.128.128.128.128.1

30.630.630.630.630.630.630.630.6

8.08.08.08.08.08.08.08.0

117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6

59.259.259.259.259.259.259.259.2

38.838.838.838.838.838.838.838.8

46.246.246.246.246.246.246.246.2

20.820.820.820.820.820.820.820.8

42.642.642.642.642.642.642.642.6

162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7

110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4

69.269.269.269.269.269.269.269.2

28.128.128.128.128.128.128.128.1

TotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotal 277277277277277277277277 -------- 702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2 734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2

Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989

Source: Draft Renewable Energy Masterplan (2005)

SHP POTENTIAL IN NIGERIASHP POTENTIAL IN NIGERIA

S/NS/NS/NS/NS/NS/NS/NS/N LocationLocationLocationLocationLocationLocationLocationLocation

StateStateStateStateStateStateStateState Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed

Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Current StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent Status

11111111 Kwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall Falls PlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateau 6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0 IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)

22222222 Kurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra Falls PlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateau 19.019.019.019.019.019.019.019.0

IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)

33333333 BakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakalori SokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokoto 3.03.03.03.03.03.03.03.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical

equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment -------- Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.

44444444 TigaTigaTigaTigaTigaTigaTigaTiga Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano 6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical


55555555

Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge,

IseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyin

OyoOyoOyoOyoOyoOyoOyoOyo 6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical


66666666 OyanOyanOyanOyanOyanOyanOyanOyan

OgunOgunOgunOgunOgunOgunOgunOgun 9.09.09.09.09.09.09.09.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------

mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment -------- Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.

77777777

Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya

DamDamDamDamDamDamDamDam

BauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchi 150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW

Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007

Existing SHP Stations

88888888 Mgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo Dam

EnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnugu

30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006

99999999 Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa

Gorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge Dam

KanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKano

7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW

Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed.

ElectroElectroElectroElectroElectroElectroElectroElectro--------mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment --------

Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.

1010101010101010 Gurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara Dam


30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW

IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP –––––––– under constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder construction

MANY POTENTIAL SITES ARE YET TO BE IDENTIFIED

Existing SHP Stations………….. Cont’d

Nigeria has about 3500MW potential of SHP

BRIEF OF CHINA’S SHP

• By end of 2006 about 44552 SHP stations with total

installed capacity of 38534MW were completed

• 98% of RE is from SHP

• About 19% of electricity generated is from

hydropower

• Total HP installation by end of 2008 was 172,000MW

• Targeting 300,000MW by 2020 in order to shutdown

some of the coal power station which constitute 70%

of the power supply

BRIEF OF BRAZIL’S SHP

• Electricity Installed capacity of about

90,000MW

• Over 80% of total power generated is by

hydropower-72000MW

• About 2500MW of SHP from 331 SHP

stations

Case studies

30 kW Ezioha Mgbowo SHP Station- ENUGU

STATE

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

UNIDO-RC SHP PILOT PROJECT

EQUIPMENTS

Power house

8 MW SHP KURRA: Built since 1929

KURA DAM POWER CANAL

POWER HOUSE CONTROL ROOM

PENSTOCK

Waya Dam SHP Bauchi Nigeria

• Average head: 12m

• Discharge: 2.4m3/s

• Station Capacity: 150kw

• Scheme type: Reservoir(DAM)

• Unit Capacity: 75kw

• No. of units: 2

• Type of turbine: Horizontal Francis

• Governor type: Manual/Electrical

• Reservoir capacity: 30million m3

• Diam of penstock: 0.5m

• Dam height: 15m

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

• Dam was constructed through direct labour by UBRBDA

from 1994-1999.

• Targeted mainly for irrigation

• Project was Identified for SHP by Engr. Dr A. A. Esan in

February 2003 (UNIDO/ECN)

• Load survey & hydrological studies was done in April,

2003.

• Power house completed August 2007

• Penstock installation completed September 2007

• Mechanical equipment installation in October 2007

• Electrical installation of control panel and accessories

December 2007

PROJECT COST

Civil works (power house & accessories): $116,667 (USD)

Rehabilitation of dam embankment, spill way, & access

road: $2,200,000 (USD)

E&M: $150,000

Transport: $ 3,000

Distribution:$208,333

Waya SHP equipment installation carried out by Nigerians

PROJECT ECONOMIC FEATURES

• Two villages; Kimni and Gilliri within a 5km radius were identified as beneficiaries with peak load demand of 150.5kw

• Estimated project life 30years

• Average Annual Generation at a plant factor of 80% is 1,080,000kwh/yr

• Total investment for power component $ 478,000

• Estimated pay back period of 10yrs

Community Pico Hydro in:Kathamba, Kirinyaga District, Kenya

•Kerugoya town lies 130km north of Nairobi on the southern foothills of Mount Kenya (Kirinyaga in Kiswahili)

•Kathamba is located on the eastern side of the Mukengeria River – 20 minute on unmade road

•There are 65 houses within 550m

Intake and Storage PondDigging the penstock trench

•Designed flow – 8 l/s(lowest 3 l/s fro dry periods)

A wire mesh gabion filled with stones and clay

Storage Pond

Completed intake with storage pond

•Natural storage enlarged 4-5 meters width and 20 meters length

•Extra flow required for 4 hours of evenings when shortfall – 5.5l/s

Shuttering in place during application of cement layer to seal the weir

•Small weir ensures sufficient depth for penstock to be submerged

Penstock

Laying the pipe from the intake to the turbine house.

Digging the penstock trench

•PVC pipe with diameter 110mm, class B PVC (6 bar)

•158 m length required – shortest measured distance

•2 m head loss = 28 m net head

•Trench dug from intake to turbine house – protect penstock

Turbine house

Digging out the footing for the walls.

Collecting hardcore for the foundations

Generator

2kW Generator (6 pole)

Pelton Turbine and Nozzle

Operator Training

Turbine house layout and completed building

Trained pico hydro installers and operators, the ELC enclosure and ballast.

Project Costs

Breakdown Costs Cost (US$)

Civil works 250

PVC Penstock 425

Turbine, generator, Controller 1,200

Distribution system, wiring, LE bulbs

1,750

Labor Costs 163

Total $3788

CONCLUSION

• Africa has a high potential of SHP

• Challenge of reliable and affordable water supply in

Africa can be reduced by exploitation of SHP

• SHP is capable of transforming the rural economy of

Africa

• The transformation agenda of Nigerian Presdident

Mr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan is favourable to the

exploitation of hydropower resources in the country.

• THANKS FOR LISTENING

SMALL HYDROPOWER: A TOOL FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION ... · Status of Hydropower Development in Africa...

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