Small Area Statistics
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Transcript of Small Area Statistics
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Small Area Statistics
Standard Census Geography and Navigating High-Demand Statistics
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Geography and Statistics: the ‘Where”
• There’s always a ‘where’• The importance of the where varies
depending on what you’re examining• ‘Where’ is a major way that
disseminated statistics are organized
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Small Area StatisticsObjectives today - to build understanding of:• The relationship between geography and
statistics• The standard of terminology and hierarchical
structure of Census geography, to understand commonly accessible smaller units
• Other small geographical units important to statistical display which are important/frequently requested
• How to use key Statistics Canada tools to find or review spatial display of small-area standard statistics
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Why learn about small area stats?
• Small area statistics: – Help us understand the broader geographic
standard of stats dissemination from Statistics Canada
– are essential for certain types of analyses – can be challenging to find, understand and to
work with; – can answer local and very specific questions– can be expensive to produce and obtain (i.e.
present access challenges)
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What are ‘small area statistics’ about?
• High demand for information at the ‘lowest geographic level available’
• Statistics at sub-provincial, or sub-municipality level, are critical to analyses of:– health (e.g. spread of disease), – housing, crime, social issues (e.g. emerging patterns
of concern or interest), – emergency preparedness (analysis of this doesn’t
work at a whole-municipality level), – market analysis, (why do they want my postal code
anyway?)– and much, much more!
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Expense and access• Authoring
agencies, because of budget limitations, sometimes have to strike balance between availability of variable detail and finer levels of geography
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Expense and Access
• More variables? > $$$
• Smaller geography? > $$$ !!
• Thanks, DLI!
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No need to label the areas: the image says enough
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The Census Geography Hierarchy
• Organizing a national system of statistical reporting depends on a full-coverage nested geographic hierarchy; i.e. geography/GIS for StatsCan is about more than making maps
• The hierarchy helps to ensure 100% coverage of the population during Census collection by organizing the country’s geography
• The hierarchy also defines ‘level’ of the release of statistics
• Small area statistics exist at the ‘bottom’ (yet $$) end of the hierarchy
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The Statistics Canada Hierarchy
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Great StatsCan Geography Tools for understanding hierarchy
• Nice quick tutorial:
http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Reference/Tutorial/HC_tut1_e.cfm
• Fantastic glossary: http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Reference/COGG/Index_e.cfm
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A brief hierarchy overview
• All levels of the hierarchy have definitions and corresponding codes– Eg. Canada – 00; Alberta (Province) – 48
• The levels and codes have defined relationships– Below provinces, we have Census Divisions: eg 4801– Below provinces, Census Metropolitan Areas and
Census Subdivisions– Below those, Census tracts and Dissemination Areas
(SMALL AREA STATISTICS)
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Privacy and confidentiality
• Keeping the unit of analysis anonymous is a challenge with small area information (if one has good local knowledge, you can identify a person)
• There are rules in place about what population counts are required in order for small area statistics to be released (e.g. income)
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Hierarchy continued
• Hierarchy is defined administratively (ie political decision) and statistically (ie StatsCan’s reporting requirements)
• Not everything in the hierarchy relates to every other unit (see chart); i.e. not a straight, linear hierarchy
• Eg. Forward Sortation Areas• Odd units: ‘Designated Places’
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Hierarchy applied to statistics
• Not all statistics are available for all levels of the hierarchy; parts of the hierarchy may not exist in some places
• Statistical analysis is more appropriately applied to some units than to others: eg. CMA vs CSD
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Geographic Standard and Small Area Statistics
• What are the important small area statistics in the standard hierarchy?
• Most commonly: Census Tracts and Dissemination Areas
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Other small-area data units
• Ironically, what people want geographically is often not how the data is compiled by Statistics Canada!
• Data typically compiled into statistics to meet the needs of the authoring organization
• Who ELSE cares about these areas/what demands are in place for this information?
• Solutions are available!
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Neighbourhoods
• Frequent need for statistics at this level of geography
• Census tracts vs. neighbourhoods
• Municipalities: purchasing profiles and sharing agreements
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Postal Codes
• Frequently requested for market analysis/business applications
• Represented graphically by dots in a product called the Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF)
• Postal codes are regions!• The PCCF allows matching of postal
codes to the best corresponding dissemination area
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Roads and their attributes
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Exercise: GeoSuite and B2020 for Small-Area Statistics
GeoSuite, StatsCan’s Website, and Beyond 20/20
Table link:
http://datalib.library.ualberta.ca/data/workshops/CensusAlbertaDA2006.ivt
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More exercise Links
Start page:
• http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html
Community profiles:
http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
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More exercise links
Census Data Products:
http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/index-eng.cfm
Geography Reference Maps:
http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/geo/index-eng.cfm