SLURRY-BASED LASER SINTERING OF ALUMINA CERAMICS

Sebastian Meyers*, Quinten Feys*, Shoufeng Yang***, Jef Vleugels **, Jean-Pierre Kruth***

* KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, division PMA, Celestijnenlaan 300, 3001

Heverlee, Belgium

** KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Heverlee,

Belgium

*** KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering and member of Flanders Make, Virtual

Department 3, Celestijnenlaan 300, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

Abstract

In this work, a slurry-based laser sintering process is investigated. Laser sintering allows

for a broad palette of materials to be used. Since the binder content is only about 16 vol% with

respect to the ceramic powder load, the debinding process is faster and less susceptible to crack

formation and part warping compared to lithography-based manufacturing. The alumina slurry,

used as a starting material for laser sintering, was optimized by adjusting the dispersant content to

reach a minimum viscosity. After debinding and furnace sintering, multi-layer alumina parts with

densities up to 97% were obtained.

Keywords: Alumina, Additive Manufacturing, Laser Sintering, Powder Metallurgy

Introduction

Alumina (Al2O3) ceramics cover about 40 % of the technical ceramic industry market.

Applications can be found in the chemical industry (corrosion resistant material, filters),

electronics (substrates), electrical engineering (spark plug insulators), high temperature

environments (protective tubes for thermocouples, burner nozzles) and in the biomedical sector.

Alumina ceramics are generally fabricated using a powder metallurgy process consisting of

different steps. One of these steps is component shaping. Shaping can be done using a variety of

techniques, depending on the desired geometry of the final component. For simple shapes, uniaxial

or biaxial compaction is used, whereas more complex geometries can be obtained by injection

moulding or slip casting. However, injection moulding is only economically justified for large

series due to the high initial investment cost of the mould. Slip or pressure slip casting also requires

a mould and is only viable for thin-walled geometries.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies can be complementary with conventional

ceramic shaping techniques since they are suitable for the production of complex components in

small series. Amongst the AM methods, lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) has

already proven its viability for the production of small, intricate alumina parts [1] [2]. However,

LCM has a limited materials palette, since some ceramics, like SiC, absorb the UV light and

decrease the penetration depth and the degree of crosslinking in the polymer binder [3].

Additionally, the debinding process inherent to LCM is rather slow and time-consuming, in some

cases taking multiple days [4].

922

Solid Freeform Fabrication 2018: Proceedings of the 29th Annual InternationalSolid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference

Reviewed Paper

Powder-bed fusion AM techniques, like laser sintering (LS), have the potential to

overcome these drawbacks. For ceramic materials, laser sintering is usually done indirectly,

meaning a sacrificial polymer binder is used [5]. A powder bed is deposited and scanned by a laser.

The laser radiation is absorbed by the polymer binder and causes it to melt. The polymer binder

resolidifies after the laser has passed, binding the ceramic particles together [6]. This process is

repeated layer-by-layer until a 3D ‘green’ part, consisting of polymer and ceramic, is built. After

debinding and sintering, the final ceramic part is obtained.

Laser sintering is conventionally performed on dry powder starting material. Various

authors have attempted to produce dense alumina ceramics in this way, but reaching high densities

proved difficult, as shown by Lakshminarayan et al. [7] [8], Shahzad [9] [10] and Deckers [11]. In

order to improve the part density, slurry-based approaches can be considered. A slurry-based layer

deposition leads to a higher powder packing density, reducing the amount of polymer binder

required. The combination of a higher packing density and a lower amount of binder leads to higher

green and final densities, as evidenced by Tang et al. [12], who produced alumina components

using a slurry-based approach combined with laser sintering. Compared to the work of Shahzad

and Deckers [9-11], the binder content is lower, resulting in higher final relative densities, as

shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Dry powder-based (Deckers & Shahzad et al. [9-11]) compared to slurry-based

approach (Tang et al. [12]).

Binder (vol%) Rel. Density (%)

Deckers & Shahzad et al. [9-11] 60 50-90

Tang et al. [12] 10-15 98

This paper presents a study on the use of slurry-based laser sintering as a shaping technique

in a powder metallurgy process in order to produce freeform alumina parts with closed porosity,

i.e. relative densities > 95%. The suggested powder metallurgy process is presented in Figure 1

and consists of 4 steps. Alumina is used as structural material (ceramic), whereas polyvinyl alcohol

(PVA) is used as a sacrificial binder.

Figure 1: The powder metallurgy process used in this work, with indirect laser sintering as a

shaping method to form complex alumina green parts.

923

Experimental Procedures

Slurry Preparation

The starting materials for slurry preparation are demineralised water, alumina powder

(Al2O3, SM8, Baikowski, purity = 99.8%, d50 = 0.3 µm) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Sigma

Aldrich, MW = 13.000-23.000). Dispex A40 (BASF), a solution of an ammonium salt of an acrylic

polymer in water, was used as a dispersant. Finally, Contraspum K1012 (Zschimmer & Schwarz)

was added as a defoamer to prevent air bubbles in the slurry.

The first step in the slurry preparation is the de-agglomeration of the alumina powder. For

this purpose, 100 g of alumina powder was mixed in 25 ml of demineralised water and 0.1 to 2 g

Dispex A40 in a polyethylene bottle. After adding 250 g of zirconia (ZrO2, grade TZ-3Y, Tosoh)

milling media (diameter 10 mm), the bottle was mixed on a Turbula multidirectional mixer for 24

h. Afterwards, 6 g of the PVA binder was dissolved in another 25 g of demi-water at 95°C and

added to the de-agglomerated alumina mixture. The slurry was mixed for 30 min using a handheld

mixing device. Finally, 1 ml of Contraspum was added and the slurry was lightly stirred until all

of the air bubbles had disappeared.

Slurry Deposition

The prepared slurry was kept in a polyethylene bottle, which was connected to a silicone

tube. A peristaltic pump was used to supply the slurry through this silicone tube to a deposition

nozzle that was attached to the coater system of a refurbished laser sintering machine. This

deposition nozzle, shown in Figure 2, consists of many different channels and allows the slurry to

be deposited evenly on the base plate. A schematic of the machine and the refurbished slurry

deposition system is shown in Figure 3, while the actual set-up is presented in Figure 4.

Every time a layer is to be deposited, the pump supplies a certain amount of slurry on the

build plate of the machine through the deposition nozzle, in front of the coater. The coater then

moves over the build plate and spreads the deposited slurry evenly over the surface.

Figure 2: Deposition nozzle for an even slurry supply and deposition on the build plate of the

laser sintering machine.

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Laser Sintering

Laser sintering was done on an in-house refurbished EOSINT M250 machine. The machine

was equipped with a 60 W continuous wave CO2 laser and a peristaltic pump for slurry deposition.

The process chamber was filled with inert N2 gas in order to prevent thermal oxidation of the PVA.

A wide range of parameter sets was used to scan various batches of 10x10x5 mm³ cubes in order

to find the optimal window for laser sintering. Laser powers were ranged from 2 to 8 W and

scanning speeds from 100-300 mm/s, while the layer thickness and hatch spacing were kept

constant at 30 µm and 70 µm respectively. The build platform was preheated to a temperature of

50°C in order to facilitate layer drying. Scanning was done in a continuous zig-zag pattern, with a

rotation of 90 degrees in between layers.

Figure 3: Schematic of the refurbished laser sintering machine for ceramic slurry-based laser

sintering.

Figure 4: Process chamber of the refurbished laser sintering machine for ceramic slurry-based

laser sintering, with build plate, coater, deposition nozzle, slurry tube and cleaning system.

925

Debinding & Sintering

Debinding was done in a muffle furnace (Carbolite) operating under ambient conditions.

The laser sintered green parts were placed in an alumina crucible and heated at 1°C/min to 600°C

to allow the PVA polymer binder to oxidise. The holding time at 600°C was 1 hour, and the parts

were subsequently cooled down naturally. The sample-containing crucible was then transferred to

a high temperature chamber furnace (Nabertherm) for sintering. The heating rate for sintering was

10°C/min up to 1100°C, with a thermal homogenisation holding time of 1 h, and 5°C/min up to

1600°C, where they were held for another 2 h before naturally cooling by a furnace switch-off.

Measurements

The viscosity of the alumina slurries was measured using a rheometer equipped with a

cone-plate geometry (MCR501, Anton Paar GmbH, Austria) at a constant shear rate of 1 s-1.

Density measurements were performed using the Archimedes method (Acculab atilon ATL-244-

1), assuming a theoretical density of 3.96 g/cm3 for Al2O3. Micrographs were taken using either

optical microscopy (3D Digital Microscope Keyence VHX-6000) or scanning electron microscopy

(SEM, FEI XL30-FEG) in order to study the microstructural features and defects in the sintered

alumina objects.

Results & Discussion

Viscosity testing was performed on 32 vol % alumina slurries with varying amounts of

Dispex A40 in order to determine the optimal amount of dispersant. Dispex A40 was added to the

slurry in different weight percentages with respect to alumina, ranging from 0 to 2 wt%. The

resulting viscosities are presented in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Viscosity of the 32 vol % alumina slurry as a function of the wt % dispersant.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2

η[P

a.s]

Dispex A40 w.r.t. Al2O3 [wt%]

926

A minimum can be observed at a Dispex A40 content of 0.1 wt%, relative to alumina. This

can be explained by the working principle of the added dispersant. The carboxylic functional group

of the Dispex A40 grafts to the alumina particle surface, whereas the polymer chain stretches out

in the aqueous solvent effectively inhibiting the alumina particles to agglomerate by steric

stabilisation. If the amount of dispersant is lower than the optimal value, the alumina particles are

not completely coated with the polymer chains, causing some agglomeration and an increase in

viscosity. However, when the amount of dispersant is higher than the optimal value, the alumina

particles are completely coated and some residual polymer chains are present in the slurry. These

thicken the fluid phase and can cause particle attraction through depletion forces. This, again,

causes an increase in viscosity, as illustrated for Dispex concentrations above 0.2 wt% in Figure

5.

The optimized 32 vol % Al2O3 slurry with 0.1 wt% of Dispex A40 was used for laser

sintering. The composition of this slurry in volume percentages is summarized in Table 2. The

packing density of the deposited and dried layers of this slurry were measured to be 60%, which

is close to the theoretically achievable maximum value of 64% for randomly packed monomodal

powder. A theoretical density of 3.54 g/cm³ was used to calculate this, based on the volume

fractions of ceramic versus polymer in the slurry.

Table 2: optimized slurry composition.

Water PVA Dispex A40 Al2O3 K1012

61.7 vol% 5.8 vol% 0.1 vol% 31.2 vol% 1.2 vol%

Laser sintering was done successfully with laser powers of 2-8 W and scanning speeds of

100-300 mm/s. After debinding and sintering, the density was measured using the Archimedes

method. The density is plotted as a function of the laser energy density in Figure 6, which combines

the most important laser sinter processing parameters and is a measure of how much laser energy

is applied to the powder bed during laser sintering:

𝐸 = 𝑃

𝑣 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 𝑠 (

𝐽

𝑚𝑚3)

With:

E in J/mm³, the laser energy density;

P in W, the applied laser power;

v in mm/s, the applied scanning speed;

l in mm, the layer thickness and;

s in mm, the hatch spacing.

As shown in Figure 6, the relative sintered densities hover between 95-97%, pointing to closed

porosity. The relative density varies with the laser energy density, but there is no clear trend. This

can be due to the nature of the porosity, which might not be influenced by the laser sintering itself,

but caused by an uneven drying of the slurry layer during laser sintering, leading to inhomogeneous

debinding and sintering and concomitant cracking in the final parts.

927

Figure 6: Relative density versus laser energy density for sintered alumina parts shaped by

slurry-based laser sintering.

In order to investigate the nature of the porosity more closely, optical and SEM

micrographs were taken. Optical micrographs of two parts scanned with a laser power of 3 and 4

W and scanning speeds of 100 and 200 mm/s respectively are presented in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

Figure 7: Stitched optical microscopy image

of a sintered alumina part, laser sintered with

a laser power of 3 W and a scanning speed of

100 mm/s (E = 14.3 J/mm³, ρ = 96.4%). Top

view.

Figure 8: Stitched optical microscopy image

of a sintered alumina part, laser sintered with

a laser power of 4 W and a scanning speed of

200 mm/s (E = 9.5 J/mm³, ρ = 95.9%). Top

view.

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

ρ[%

]

E [J/mm³]

928

Both micrographs show dense areas interrupted by cracks. The rather unusual patched

crack pattern is most likely the result of an inhomogeneity in the slurry during drying. This is most

probably caused by the fact that the slurry layers were not sufficiently dry when scanned by the

laser. The laser then causes steam formation and/or water flow, which is accompanied with particle

flow. This leads to alumina-rich and alumina-poor areas in the green part, which results in an

inhomogeneous density and shrinkage cracks after solid-state sintering, as shown in Figure 7 and

Figure 8.

Figure 9: Close-up of a round pore and micro-

cracks in an alumina part laser sintered with a

power of 3 W and a scanning speed of 100

mm/s (E = 14.3 J/mm³, ρ = 96.4%). Top view.

Figure 10: Crack pattern in an alumina part

laser sintered with a power of 3 W and a

scanning speed of 100 mm/s (E = 14.3 J/mm³,

ρ = 96.4%). Top view.

Cracks and round pores can also be observed on the SEM pictures in Figure 9 and Figure

10 of the material scanned with a laser power of 3 W and scanning speed of 100 mm/s (the same

as the one in Figure 7). In order to overcome the cracking, two different options can be explored.

Firstly, the water in the slurry layers can be removed by draining it through a porous substrate

rather than evaporating it by pre-heating and laser scanning. Secondly, cold isostatic pressing could

be performed after laser sintering. This might close the existing cracks and lead to a more

homogeneous debinding and solid-state sintering.

Summary

Slurry-based laser sintering was used as a shaping step to form alumina ceramics. The

dispersant content of the slurry was optimized by means of viscosity testing. The optimized slurry

was used in a refurbished laser sintering machine and green parts were fabricated. After debinding

and solid-state sintering, closed porosity densities up to 97% were reached. Compared to dry

powder-based approaches, were densities were in a range from 50% to 90% depending on the

amount of post-processing techniques used, the slurry-based approach yields a clear improvement.

This is largely due to the increased powder packing density and the decreased binder content of

only 15 vol%, leading to denser green and final parts. However, cracks are still present, pointing

to inhomogeneous sintering. This is likely caused by insufficiently dry slurry layers being scanned

by the laser, resulting in steam formation and alumina particle re-arrangement. This leads to

varying packing- and green densities throughout the scanned part and an inhomogeneous final

density and shrinkage cracks.

929

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) under

project FWO-G.0956.14N. The authors acknowledge support of the research fund of KU Leuven

through Project GOA/15/012-SUMMA and wish to thank Dr. Sam Buls, Mr. Yannis Kinds, Mr.

Louca R. Goossens, Mr. Stijn Schoeters and Mr. Carsten Bakker for the machine refurbishment.

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TitaniumMechanical Properties of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Parts Fabricated by Laser-Foil-Printing Additive ManufacturingExperimental Characterization of Direct Metal Deposited Cobalt-Based Alloy on Tool Steel for Component RepairPEEK High Performance Fused Deposition Modeling Manufacturing with Laser In-Situ Heat TreatmentA Comparative Investigation of Sintering Methods for Polymer 3D Printing Using Selective Separation Shaping (SSS)Not Just Nylon... Improving the Range of Materials for High Speed SinteringMaterial Property Changes in Custom-Designed Digital Composite Structures Due to Voxel SizeQuantifying the Effect of Embedded Component Orientation on Flexural Properties in Additively Manufactured Structures

Non-Traditional MetalsInfluences of Printing Parameters on Semi-Crystalline Microstructure of Fused Filament Fabrication Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) ComponentsEffects of Build Parameters on the Mechanical and Di-Electrical Properties of AM Parts

Novel PolymersLaser Sintering of PA12/PA4,6 Polymer CompositesUnderstanding Hatch-Dependent Part Properties in SLSInvestigation into the Crystalline Structure and Sub-Tₚₘ Exotherm of Selective Laser Sintered Polyamide 6The Influence of Contour Scanning Parameters and Strategy on Selective Laser Sintering PA613 Build Part PropertiesProcessing of High Performance Fluoropolymers by Laser Sintering

Polymers for Material ExtrusionReinforcement Learning for Generating Toolpaths in Additive ManufacturingControl System Framework for Using G-Code-Based 3D Printing Paths on a Multi-Degree of Freedom Robotic ArmAnalysis of Build Direction in Deposition-Based Additive Manufacturing of Overhang Structures

Polymers for Powder Bed FusionTopology-Aware Routing of Electric Wires in FDM-Printed ObjectsUsing Autoencoded Voxel Patterns to Predict Part Mass, Required Support Material, and Build TimeContinuous Property Gradation for Multi-Material 3D-Printed ObjectsConvection Heat Transfer Coefficients for Laser Powder Bed FusionLocal Thermal Conductivity Mapping of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel

ModelingFinite Element Modeling of the Selective Laser Melting Process for Ti-6Al-4VModelling the Melt Pool of the Laser Sintered Ti6Al4V Layers with Goldak’S Double-Ellipsoidal Heat SourceA Novel Microstructure Simulation Model for Direct Energy Deposition ProcessInfluence of Grain Size and Shape on Mechanical Properties of Metal Am MaterialsExperimental Calibration of Nanoparticle Sintering SimulationSolidification Simulation of Direct Energy Deposition Process by Multi-Phase Field Method Coupled with Thermal Analysis

Physical ModelingThermal Modeling Power BedsEstablishing Property-Performance Relationships through Efficient Thermal Simulation of the Laser-Powder Bed Fusion ProcessAn Investigation into Metallic Powder Thermal Conductivity in Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Additive ManufacturingSimulation of the Thermal Behavior and Analysis of Solidification Process during Selective Laser Melting of AluminaLow Cost Numerical Modeling of Material Jetting-Based Additive ManufacturingScrew Swirling Effects on Fiber Orientation Distribution in Large-Scale Polymer Composite Additive Manufacturing

Multi/Micro-Scale ModelingNumerical Prediction of the Porosity of Parts Fabricated with Fused Deposition ModelingNumerical Modeling of the Material Deposition and Contouring Precision in Fused Deposition ModelingEffect of Environmental Variables on Ti-64 Am Simulation Results

Advanced Thermal ModelingNon-Equilibrium Phase Field Model Using Thermodynamics Data Estimated by Machine Learning for Additive Manufacturing SolidificationMulti-Physics Modeling of Single Track Scanning in Selective Laser Melting: Powder Compaction EffectTowards an Open-Source, Preprocessing Framework for Simulating Material Deposition for a Directed Energy Deposition ProcessQuantifying Uncertainty in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Models and Simulations

Modeling Part PerformanceOptimization of Inert Gas Flow inside Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Chamber with Computational Fluid DynamicsAn Improved Vat Photopolymerization Cure Model Demonstrates Photobleaching EffectsNonlinear and Linearized Gray Box Models of Direct-Write Printing DynamicsInsights into Powder Flow Characterization Methods for Directed Energy Distribution Additive Manufacturing SystemsEffect of Spray-Based Printing Parameters on Cementitious Material Distribution

Modeling InnovationsAligning Material Extrusion Direction with Mechanical Stress via 5-Axis Tool PathsFieldable Platform for Large-Scale Deposition of Concrete StructuresMicroextrusion Based 3D Printing–A Review

ImprovementsTheory and Methodology for High-Performance Material-Extrusion Additive Manufacturing under the Guidance of Force-FlowKnowledge-Based Material Production in the Additive Manufacturing Lifecycle of Fused Deposition ModelingAcoustic Emission Technique for Online Detection of Fusion Defects for Single Tracks during Metal Laser Powder Bed FusionDevelopment of an Acoustic Process Monitoring System for the Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

Process DevelopmentDepositionLow Cost, High Speed Stereovision for Spatter Tracking in Laser Powder Bed FusionMultiple Collaborative Printing Heads in FDM: The Issues in Process PlanningAdditive Manufacturing with Modular Support StructuresPick and Place Robotic Actuator for Big Area Additive Manufacturing

Extrusion3D Printed ElectronicsFiber Traction Printing--A Novel Additive Manufacturing Process of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix CompositeImmiscible-Interface Assisted Direct Metal Drawing

ImagingIn-Situ Optical Emission Spectroscopy during SLM of 304L Stainless SteelTool-Path Generation for Hybrid Additive ManufacturingStructural Health Monitoring of 3D Printed StructuresMechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Polymer Samples Using a Piezo Controlled Injection Molding Unit and Fused Filament Fabrication Compared with a Conventional Injection Molding ProcessUse of SWIR Imaging to Monitor Layer-To-Layer Part Quality During SLM of 304L Stainless Steel

Novel MethodsDMP Monitoring as a Process Optimization Tool for Direct Metal Printing (DMP) of Ti-6Al-4VEffects of Identical Parts on a Common Build Plate on the Modal Analysis of SLM Created MetalOn the Influence of Thermal Lensing During Selective Laser MeltingDevelopment of Novel High Temperature Laser Powder Bed Fusion System for the Processing of Crack-Susceptible AlloysTowards High Build Rates: Combining Different Layer Thicknesses within One Part in Selective Laser MeltingLaser Heated Electron Beam Gun Optimization to Improve Additive ManufacturingTwo-Dimensional Characterization of Window Contamination in Selective Laser SinteringLaser Metal Additive Manufacturing on Graphite

Non-Metal Powder Bed FusionPredictive Iterative Learning Control with Data-Driven Model for Optimal Laser Power in Selective Laser SinteringRealtime Control-Oriented Modeling and Disturbance Parameterization for Smart and Reliable Powder Bed Fusion Additive ManufacturingMicrowave Assisted Selective Laser Melting of Technical CeramicsResearch on Relationship between Depth of Fusion and Process Parameters in Low-Temperature Laser Sintering ProcessFrequency Response Inspection of Additively Manufactured Parts for Defect IdentificationNanoparticle Bed Deposition by Slot Die Coating for Microscale Selective Laser Sintering Applications

Spinning/Pinning/StereolithographyFabrication of Aligned Nanofibers along Z-Axis – A Novel 3D Electrospinning TechniqueZ-Pinning Approach for Reducing Mechanical Anisotropy of 3D Printed PartsStructurally Intelligent 3D Layer Generation for Active-Z PrintingmicroCLIP Ceramic High-Resolution Fabrication and Dimensional Accuracy Requirements

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