Slovakia in Historyassets.cambridge.org/.../02536/index/9780521802536_index.pdfAntonov, General...

Index

This index uses Slovak alphabetical order.

22nd Congress of Communist Party ofSoviet Union 299, 300

Academy of Music and Drama 152Achenwall, Gottfried 90n. 9Act for the Defence of the State 154Act no. 93 304Act no. 247 294Act on National Committees 304Act on the Autonomy of the Slovak

Land 169Act on the Czechoslovak Federation 358actors, union 339n. 22Adalbert, St see Vojtech, StAdalram 31Adlman, Erasmus 57Agnes de Posonio 58Agrarian Party 143, 144, 146, 160, 161,

167, 169, 202–4, 211, 252Agreement on the Stationing of Soviet

Forces 351Agricola, Georgius 69agriculture 98, 187, 332

collectivisation 281–2, 297, 331, 334Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 149–50employment during Communist period330, 331, 331n. 2, 333, 334

Warsaw Pact invasion 346, 347Alba Iulia (Gyulafehervar) 19alchemy 372Alexander the Great 104Alexandri, Pavol 86Almos 29Altaich Annals 24Anabaptists 73Andrew I 23, 24, 25, 26Andrew II 37Andrew III 40, 51–2Anna 60anti-Semitism 178

Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 163SlovakRepublic182,184,185,187,188–90see also Jews

anti-state conspiracy 289, 290, 292Antonescu, General Ion Victor 216Antonius Cassoviensis, Jan 66Antonov, General Alexei I. 209, 213appeasement policies 154Apponyi laws 131n. 17April Agreement 238, 238n. 6Aribos 18Army Group North (Ukraine)

(Heeresgruppe Nord-Ukraine) 211,216–17, 219

Arpad dynasty 19, 32, 36art 70, 341, 342artillery 52, 53artistic organisations 339, 339n. 21, 348Aston, Francis 372–3, 372n. 5astronomy 69, 84atlases 84Augsburg Confession 73, 80Austro-Hungarian Empire 122, 130–3, 137attitudes to Slovak nationalism 126,

127, 129Autonomist Bloc 153auxiliary technical battalions 295, 296Avars 16, 30Aventinus 25

Bach, Alexander 128Bacha 34Bacılek, Karol 300Bahna, Vladimır 341Bajza, Jozef Ignac 94Bakos, Mikulas 344Balbus, Hieronymus 59Banska Bala 45, 73Banska Bystrica 45, 69, 70, 81, 84, 153,

217, 221, 373n. 7, 374

391

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in HistoryEdited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. BrownIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521802536

http://www.cambridge.org


Banska Bystrica (cont.)army headquarters occupied by MilitaryCentre 205

centre of Slovak National Uprising220, 222

cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57German occupation 227liberation 228participation inConfessio Heptapolitana 73population (Middle Ages) 43population (sixteenth century) 55printing presses 82town charter 39

Banska Stiavnica 45, 63, 66, 69, 70, 84,373, 373n. 7, 374

cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57Mining Academy 375participation in ConfessioHeptapolitana 73

population (Middle Ages) 43population (sixteenth century) 55town charter 39see also Schemnitium (Schemnitz)

Barak, Rudolf 300, 300n. 2Barak Commission 300Bardejov 47, 72, 81, 82, 85population (Middle Ages) 43population (sixteenth century) 55participation in Confessio Pentapolitana 73superintendency 75township status (Middle Ages) 43

Barnabite Commission 301Baroque 56, 85Baroque Slavism 66Bartolini, Riccardo 60Basilius de Deutschenberg, Daniel 66, 69Bast’ovansky, Stefan 338Bayer, Jan 84Bazovsky, Milos 342Beatrix 57Bednar, Alfonz 311, 345n. 36Bel, Matej (Matthias) 1, 83, 107Bela (duke of Nitra and Bihar; king of

Hungary) 23, 24, 25Bela (son of Almos) 29Bela IV 51Belvedere Group 132Belz 21Bencsik, Mihaly 121Benedictines 84Benedikt Nudozierinus, Vavrinec 65, 66, 68Benes, Dr Edvard 139, 204, 223, 226, 229,

240, 245Czechoslovakism 264Decrees 274

as leader of Czechoslovak government-in-exile 191, 195, 196–7

legislative powers 229proposals for provincial nationalcommittees 224n. 34

protests at German occupation ofCzechoslovakia 193

resigns as president 169signs Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty 200Slovak–Czech question 155, 156,159, 233

Slovak National Council’s recognitionof 207

understanding of Slovak NationalCouncil 210

Beniak, V. 342n. 31Benicky, Peter 85Beran, Rudolf 172Berger, Gottlob 216, 219Beria, Lavrenti P. 292Bernolak, Anton 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 261codification of Slovak language 94n. 17,121, 123, 125, 125n. 8

Gramatica slavica 107Berzevici, Henrich 84Beskydy mountains 217Bethlen, Gabriel 76Bezprim 21Bible kralicka sestidilna (Bible of Kralice in

six parts) 65, 91, 123biblictina 65, 91, 94Bielik, Pal’o 341Bihar, Duchy of 26, 27, 28Biheller, Bedrich 390n. 44Bil’ak, Vasil’ 304, 356Bına 35black market economy 358, 359Blaho, Jan 65Blatnica 33Board of Commissioners 230

Communist control 245composition and control 242, 242n. 11and federalism 317forced resignation of oppositionmembers from 286

legislative powers 235, 236, 237Magyar policies 275, 277, 281powers reduced 239, 240

Bobula, Jan 62, 68, 130Bocskay, Stephen 74Boguchwal 19, 27Bohemia, Kingdom of 4, 57, 150, 155, 249

Magyars’ relocation 279–80, 281Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of 179Bohemia in History 9, 370–1, 388

392 Index






Boleslaw I the Brave 19, 21Boleslaw II the Bold 26Bologna University 57Bonfini, Antonio 56Borivoj I 258Born, Ignaz (Inigo) von 375, 375n. 12Borsod 36bourgeois nationalists 292, 301, 343,

345, 381Bratislava 1, 1n. 1, 8, 31, 49, 54, 74, 83,

153, 175, 3241620 Diet 761687–8 Diet 79captured by Bretislav I 23cultural importance (inter-war years) 153cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57Danubian trade 290demography (sixteenth century) 55fortifications 42n. 11liberation 228non-participation in Slovak NationalUprising 218

population and township status (MiddleAges) 43

printing presses 58, 82, 85schools 66, 84, 124social structures 48town charter 39, 40

Bratislava Greens 362Bratislava nahlas 362Bratislava 152bratrıks (‘little brethren’) 51Brencic, Stefan 328Bretislav I 23–5Brezhnev, Leonid I. 312Brezno 46, 215Broklova, Eva 253Brown, Martin D. 380, 388–9Brown(e), Edward 373Bruso, Antonio 62Buda 43, 54, 55n. 3, 56Bugar, Milos 242, 289Bukven 34Bulcsu 32Bulgaria 193Bulle, Johannes 57Burckel, Otto 173burghers 73, 80, 88, 96, 121military obligations 51, 52Privilegium pro Slavis 103social standing 47, 48–9

Bush, President George snr 369Butchery of Presov 79Buzalka, Michal 293Buzuluk 203

Bylica, Martin 57Bzovık monastery 34, 35

Caban, Izak 83, 84, 85Cace 34Calendarium Tyrnaviense 84calendars 69Calvinists 73, 79Capuchins 84Caraffa, General Antonio 79Carinthia 15, 23Carpathian Basin 5, 15, 16Cassoviensis, Jan Antoninus 64castles 36, 39Alba Iulia (Gyulafehervar) 19Bratislava 324Devın 124, 165Dobra Niva 46Esztergom 19, 21Kolodej 321L’ubovna 45Marosvar (Cenad; Csanad) 19Moson 26, 28Nitra 26, 33Sasov 46Slovenska L’upca 46Vıgl’as 46see also fortresses

CDP see Civic Democratic PartyCengler, Ondrej 83censorship 312, 340, 351n. 1censusesCzechoslovak Republic (1918) 254,

263n. 29, 270Hungary, Kingdom of 377n. 16post-war 266–8

Central Economic Office 178Central Intelligence Agency, US (CIA) 290Central National Committee (Ustredny

narodny vybor) 204Centre for State Security 178CF see Civic ForumChamberlain, Neville 157Charlemagne the Great 16, 30Charles I (king of Hungary) 44Charles IV (king of Bohemia; Holy Roman

emperor) 104Charles XII (king of Sweden) 105Charles Robert (king of Hungary) 56Charter 77 356, 362chemical industry 346Christianity 30, 33, 258, 259Christmas Agreement 203, 264churches 79, 92, 179, 360CIA see Central Intelligence Agency, US

Index 393






Ciano, Count Galeazzo 166fig. 11cinema 311, 341, 348, 349Cinkota 28Cısar, Cestmır 324, 325Citizenship Act 269‘Civic bloc’ 203Civic Democratic Party (CDP) 366,

368, 386Civic Forum (CF/Obcanske forum) 364–5civil rights, Communists abolish 285civitates and civitates muratae 41classicism 68Clement XIV 55n. 3Clementis, Vladimır 302, 343Cleveland Agreement 134n. 23, 250Club of Engaged Non-Party Members

(KAN) 313Club of Slovak Deputies 141coinage, Duchy of Nitra 27collectivisation 284colonists (hospes) 39, 44Colotka, Peter 324COMECON see Council for Mutual

Economic AssistanceComenius University (Bratislava) 10, 151communism 3, 266–7, 330–46, 363–4,

371, 387–8Communist International 200, 356Communist Manifesto 377Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

(CPC) 202, 207, 230, 243–6, 284,286, 297, 303, 304, 305, 381

Action Programme 312, 352‘asymmetric model’ 300n. 6banned in Slovakia 161, 168and Barnabite Commission 302Central Committee 280, 308, 312, 324,326, 340

control of local government 287–9cultural/science censorship 310,340, 344

on Czech–Slovak relations 234, 236and Czechoslovakism 251, 265discredits reformists 352–6Dubcek addresses on economicreforms 336

exploitation of economic problems 149federalism 316–17forced to halt social reforms by WarsawPact 351

Fourteenth Conference 351n. 1and Kolder Commission 299, 300Ninth Congress 338parliamentary elections 238–9and perestroika 361, 362

political representation 146press censorship 343purges 314reactions to attempted reforms ofsocialism 299

rehabilitation of ‘bourgeois nationalists’302

totalitarianism 371trials of ‘traitor bishops’ 293Twelfth Congress 305Union of Czechoslovak Writers 344

Communist Party of Hungary 281Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) 230,

230n. 1, 243, 338, 381discredits reformists 352and federalism 304–7membership of national committees 288Ninth Congress 343parliamentary elections 237–9political trials of members 292press censorship 343rehabilitation of ‘bourgeois nationalists’301

re-Slovakisation policies 278and Slovak National Council 211and Slovak National Uprising 202–4,214, 221

subordination to Communist Party ofCzechoslovakia 246

totalitarianism 371Communists 229, 243–6, 284–5,

285–97, 297exclusion from Zilina Agreement 160influence on Slovak–Magyar relations

280–3opposition to Democratic Party 241–3resistance movement, SlovakRepublic 191

see also reformist CommunistsCommunitas Saxonum de Scepus

(Community of the Saxons of Spis)42n.11, 44

Communitas XI regalium civitatem terraeScepusiensis (Spis province of elevenSpis royal towns) 45

composers, unions 339n. 22concentration camps 178‘concentration’ monasteries 296Conference on Security and Cooperation in

Europe (CSCE) 360, 361, 369Confessio Heptapolitana 73Confessio Pentapolitana 73Confessio Scepusiana 73Congress of Works’ Councils 242, 245Conseil national des pays tcheques 134

394 Index






consolidation see normalisationConstance, Council of 256n. 18Constantine 117Constituent National Assembly 240Constitutional Act on Autonomy of

Slovakia 160Constitutional Act on Constitutional

National Assembly 237Constitutional Act on Czecho-Slovak

Federation 322, 323–4Constitutional Act on Position of

Nationalities in Czechoslovak SocialistRepublic, no. 144 283

Constitutional Actsimportance for Slovak NationalCouncil 325

no. 32/1948 342n. 30no. 38/1968 327no. 43/1968 326no. 77/1968 318, 320no. 117/1968 328no. 125/1968 329no. 133/1968 329no. 143/1968 329no. 171/1968 326, 329no. 542/1992 367

Constitutional Court 229Copernicus, Nicolas 69copper

mining 45, 47, 54n. 1trade, Slovakia 374

Cosma 35Council for Art and Science 343n. 32Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

(COMECON) 330Council for Theatre and Drama 342n. 30Counter-Reformation 71, 73–6, 86County Act 146Coxe, Leonhard 59CPC see Communist Party of

CzechoslovakiaCPS see Communist Party of SlovakiaCracow 47Cracow University 58, 58n. 11, 80, 82, 102craft guilds 49Croats 6, 103, 110, 127Csak, Matus (Matthew) 7CSCE see Conference on Security and

Cooperation in Europecurrency reforms 148, 332Cyril, St 7, 95Czech Agrarians 144Czech and Slovak Federative Republic

(1991–2) 14, 267Czech emigrant communities 134

Czech Lands 140, 253–4, 262, 264, 267,292, 297, 308–9, 310, 314, 318, 331,331n. 2, 336, 350, 354–5, 356–7, 368

Czech language 91, 94, 107, 123, 124, 254grammar books 65n. 20and Language Act (1920) 252, 253literary Czech, and Czechoslovakism 259Slovakised Czech language 65

Czech National Assembly 144n. 10Czech National Council (1940) 197Czech National Council (1968) 318, 323Czech national identity 257Czech–Slovak National Council 263Czecho-Slovak Republic (Second

Republic, 1938–9) 3, 14, 161–3, 272constitutional amendments 264continued international recognition 193creation 160geopolitical importance for Nazi

Germany 158independence, Nazi policies 171–4

Czechoslav Unity (Ceskoslovanskajednota) 249

Czechoslovak government-in-exile 191,206–7

Allies’ recognition of 198Benes establishes 193and Czechoslovakism 264–5not recognised by Great Britain and

France 196population transfer policy 273relations with Slovak National Council

222–7Slovak National Uprising 207, 212Soviet Union’s recognition of 202

Czechoslovak languageofficial status in Czechoslovak Republic

(1918) 270, 271as political fiction 141, 143

Czechoslovak nation, as political fiction 142Czechoslovak National Committee

195, 250CzechoslovakNational Council 137, 139–40Czechoslovak National Democrats 252Czechoslovak National Socialist Party

(CSNS) 143, 146, 230, 238, 243, 244,251, 265

Czechoslovak People’s Party (CSL) 143,146, 230, 238, 243, 244, 252, 265

Czechoslovak reciprocity 248–9Czechoslovak Red Cross 153Czechoslovak Republic (First Republic,

1918–38) 136, 138map 4, 140–4,153–6, 167–8, 272

agriculture 149–50

Index 395






Czechoslovak Republic (First Republic,1918–38) (cont.)

censorship 344, 345n. 36Constitution 140, 141, 169–70,252–4, 266

Czechoslovakism 247, 251–2, 252–63economy 147–51education and cultural life 151–3formation 137, 139–40Magyar population 269–72Ministry with Full Power to AdministerSlovakia 141

Nazi destruction of 173–4Nazi Germany’s policies towards 157–9political fragmentation 143–7political system 144, 161–3, 164, 229population (1921) 263n. 29Slovak demands for autonomy 370Slovak national identity during 3, 5, 8Slovakia 140–3, 147–53territorial integrity 165–7unemployment 150

Czechoslovak Small Traders’ Party 252Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party 143,

238, 251Czechoslovak (Socialist) Republic/

Federation of Czech and SlovakSocialist Republics (1945–90) 3, 227n.40, 243–6, 265, 284–5, 297, 302,309–11, 324–6, 337n. 18,351n. 1, 354

becomes Soviet satellite 199break-up 364–9censorship 344collapse 363–5Communist takeover 243–6Communists’ use of political persecution284–97

Czechoslovakism 266–8democratic reforms under Dubcek311–13

economy 297, 299, 307–9, 346federalism 315–24, 331n. 3Magyar population 272–6, 280–3mass screenings 354, 355national sovereignty 320normalisation 326–9, 356Office for Supervision of the Press 340parliamentary elections 237–40perestroika 361–3political standing 231–2political system 229–31Prague Agreements 236–7Prague Spring 315, 321–2, 346–50Presidential Decree no. 33 275, 277, 278

Presidential Decree no. 88 279Slovak and Czech economic lifecompared 331–6, 331n. 2

Slovak–Czech relations 232–5, 381–6Slovak question post-Second World War203

social structure 334southern Slovakia 275, 278, 282

Czechoslovak–Soviet Agreement (1943)208, 209

Czechoslovak–Soviet Agreement (1944)208

Czechoslovak–Soviet treaty (1935)199n. 23

Czechoslovak Union of Youth 311Czechoslovakism 136, 163, 201, 239, 247,

255–6, 258, 266–8Communist Party of Czechoslovakia’ssupport for 303

conflicts with federalism and economicreforms 309

Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 251–62and First World War 249–51late 1930s 263–4nineteenth century 123Second World War 264–6

Czechs 102, 103, 125, 141, 175, 179and Czechoslovakism 247employment by Slovak Republic 177Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 163–5national consciousness 248, 370national identity 4, 8Slavic relationships with, earlynineteenth century 110

Calfa, Marian 364Carnogursky, Pavol 379n. 20Cas 221Catlos, General Ferdinand 200, 211, 218,

218n. 23, 223, 379n. 20Cepicka, Alexej 295, 300Cernak, Matus 160, 169, 170Cernık, Oldrich 317, 324Cervinka, Antonın 318Cierna nad Tisou 290CSL see Czechoslovak People’s PartyCSNS see Czechoslovak National Socialist

Party

Daladier, Edouard 157Danube region 6, 19, 24Danuvius 68 311DAV (Crowd) 344n. 33Daxner, Stefan Marko 128de Gaulle, General Charles 199

396 Index






de la Ramee, Pierre 64de Nadasd, Thomas 67Declaration of the Slovak Nation 135fig. 6,

136, 143Deda 34Defence Training Act 154Demands of the Slovak Nation (Ziadosti

slovenskeho naroda)(1848) 5, 126Demec 201democracy and democratisation 229, 318

see also parliamentary electionsDemocratic Party (DS; Demokraticka

strana) 230, 230n. 1, 243advocates federalism 302Communist opposition to 241–3,286–8, 289

ministers resign from government 244parliamentary elections 237–9, 240policies 221political exiles persecuted 291re-Slovakisation policies 278on Slovak–Czech relations 236

Demokraticka strana see Democratic PartyDerer, Ivan 146, 156, 265Dernschwam, Johann 69de-Stalinisation 299–301Detvan 249Deutsche Partei 169, 172, 179, 181, 183devotio moderna 57, 59Dezider 27Diet of Slovak Land (Snem Slovenskej

krajiny) 160, 161, 169, 175Dilong, R. 342n. 31Dirlewanger brigade 219Dlouhy, Juraj 291Dobra Niva 46Dolezal, Pavol 107Domoslav 23, 24–5Drabik, Mikulas 77Drevena dedina 341DS see Democratic PartyDual Alliance 130Dual Monarchy 118Dualism 130–3Dubcek, Alexander 306fig. 16, 309, 310,

311, 315, 364democratic reforms 311–13discreditation 314, 352economic reforms 336normalisation 326, 356, 356n. 7opposition to neo-Stalinism 360–1participation in commission onConstitutional Act 324

as personification of Slovak–Czechrelations 382–4, 384n. 29

perestroika 361press freedom 309, 310Slovak demands for federalism 303–4

Dubcek, Julius 383Dubcek, Stefan 383Ducove 31, 33Duchon, Jan 83Dukla Operation 217Durcansky, Ferdinand 160, 170, 173,

193, 197

Eastern Front 181, 203, 203n. 40Eck, Valentin 59, 61economic life 330–6, 368centralisation under normalisation 358under neo-Stalinism 363Slovak–Czech experiences post-Second

World War 382Warsaw Pact invasion effects 346–7

Edict of Toleration 92, 94, 123education 271–2, 282influence on Slovak nationalism 89–93international investment in 350n. 42Magyarisation 131n. 17Platonism 93post-Warsaw Pact invasion 349–50Reformation influence 80, 81Renaissance 60, 69seventeenth century 83–4Slovak National Council’s policies 275Slovak Republic, Magyar population

273textbooks 90n. 9, 91n. 13universities (late Middle Ages) 58see also schools

Education Act no. 95/1948 349Einsatzgruppe H 216Einsatzkommando squads 190elections see parliamentary electionsElias, General Alois 172employment 347Communist influence on 330, 331,

333, 334under normalisation 358, 359

Empowering Act, no. 117/1969 326, 328Enlightenment 88–93, 120entertainments (medieval period) 49environmentalists 362Erasmus, Desiderius 55, 64–5, 68Esterhazi, Paul 86Esterhazy, Janos 179, 273Esztergom 19, 21, 55ethnography, and patriotism 66European Union 4exchange rates 187

Index 397






executions 49extermination camps 189

Fakan, Jean 291Fall Grun 157Falt’an, Samuel 328Fandly, Juraj 93, 97, 100fascism 371Federal Assembly 324–5, 327Federal Parliament 367federalism 318–21, 365–9, 382

economic reforms 309demands for 315–18Democratic Party advocates 302Slovak nationalist demands for 302–7under normalisation 358Warsaw Pact invasion effects 346see also normalisation; ‘velvet divorce’

Federation of Czech and Slovak SocialistRepublics see Czechoslovak (Socialist)Republic/Federation of Czech andSlovak Socialist Republics (1945–90)

Felbiger, Johann Ignaz von 91n. 13Ferdinand I (king of Bohemia and

Hungary; Holy Roman emperor) 46,60, 250

Ferdinand III (Holy Roman emperor) 76Ferdinand V (king of Bohemia and

Hungary; Holy Roman emperor) 124,124n. 7

Ferjencık, Lieutenant-Colonel Mikulas213, 214, 240n. 9

feudal subjects (poddany) 73, 78feudalism 47, 125, 126, 127, 376Fierlinger, Zdenek 196, 235Filicky, Jan 62, 66, 68, 85Finland 193firearms and artillery (medieval) 52First Congress of Slovak Painters,

Sculptors and Architects 341First Prague Agreement 236–7, 243, 265First World War 137, 249–51, 378

Slovak national identity during 5,133, 250

Fischer-Piscatoris, Jan 104Five-Year Plans 307, 332Flora 201Florentino, Antonino 57forced labour camps 294–5, 296Forgach, Francis 75Forgach, Sigismund 76Forman, Milos 348n. 40fortresses

Babot 28Banska Bystrica 70

Banska Stiavnica 70Kapuvar 28Komarno 42n. 11, 70Krupina 70Nove Zamky 70Pukanec 70Zvolen 70see also castles

Fourastie, Jean 334n. 12Fradelius Schemnicenus (Schemnicensis),

Peter 62–3, 66, 68France 154, 193, 194, 195, 196Francis Ferdinand 132Francis II Rakoczi 79Francis Joseph I 128, 129Francisci, Jan 128Freedom Party 230, 230n. 1, 237, 239,

242n. 11, 288French Committee of National Liberation

199French consulate 291Fris, Edo 310Frohlich, David 83, 84Fugger, Jakub 45Fugger family 69, 374Fulla, L’udovıt 342, 342n. 29Futak, Jan 197

Gal, Fedor 385, 385n. 33Galanda, Mikulas 342, 342n. 29Galeotti, Marzio 56Gaspar, Tido J. 342n. 31Gatti, Giovanni 56, 57Gdansk 45, 47Gelnica 39, 47, 373n. 7, 374Gemer 36, 37, 75General Seminary (Bratislava) 92, 93George I Rakoczi 76German colonisation 44, 55, 103, 258,

259, 376n. 14, 377n. 16effects on urbanisation 39incursions into Hungary 66social standing in towns 50, 51see also German population

German language 90, 98, 376–7German political parties 221German population 230, 295, 297

Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 140, 263Reformation’s effects in mining towns 72Slovak Republic 175, 179, 273, 274, 275see also German colonisation

German universities 80Germany

defeat of Slovak National Uprising 205,206, 207, 214, 216–19, 227–8

398 Index






invades Soviet Union 198as nation-state 121recognition of Slovak Republic 193Slovak Republic’s dependence on 379support for Magyarisation 130see also Nazis

Geza (grand duke of Hungary) 32, 33Geza I (duke of Nitra; king of Hungary) 19,

26, 27–9Geza II 25Gide, Andre 340girls, education 82Gizela 33Glosius, Jan 85Godfrid 35Goebbels, Joseph 174Gojdic, Pavol 293gold mining 45, 54n. 1, 372Golden Bull 37Goldstucker, Eduard 384n. 28Golian, Lieutenant-Colonel Jan 204, 210,

211, 212, 213, 216, 218n. 23,220, 223

Gorbachev, Mikhail S. 361–2Goring, Hermann 170, 171Gosiorovsky, Milos 302, 303Gottwald, Klement 240Graf, Stefan 342n. 31Graff, Anton 83Graus, Frantisek 388Great Britain

diplomatic relations with SlovakRepublic 181, 193, 194, 196

recognises Czech government-in-exile197, 199

recognises Czechoslovak NationalCommittee 195

strategy regarding Slovak NationalUprising 208

GreatMoravia 2, 7, 95–7, 103, 250, 256, 258demise 257, 260foundation by Duke Mojmır 16–18Magyarisation 122Slovak ethno-genesis 6Slovak national consciousness 370see also Moravia

Grecner, Eduard 349Greek Catholic Church 313Grospic, Jirı 319Gruber, Matthias 57guilds 49gymnasia 10, 59, 82, 83, 89, 129, 130, 271,

273, 337n. 18Gyongyosi, Janos 280Gyorffy, Gyorgy 32

Habsburgs 4n. 5, 8, 54, 71–2, 74–80, 121,256, 371, 376

Hacha, Emil 170, 172, 196Hadrian II 17n. 8Hain, Jan Peterson 84Hajduszoboszlo, Assembly of 78Hamada, Milan 345n. 36Han, Jan 58Hanak, Dusan 348, 349Harmanec 222Harminc, Milan 194, 195, 198Hatala, Vojtech 319, 328Havel, Vaclav 364, 365, 369, 384Havetta, Elo 348, 349Hecko, Frantisek 341Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Frederick 108, 112Henkel, Jan 64Henlein, Konrad 154Henry III 23–5Henry IV 26Herder, Johann Gottfried von 93, 108,

112, 127Heriman 24Herkel’, Jan 108, 377Hiebner, Izrael 84High Tatra mountains (Vysoke Tatry) 167,

219Hildesheim Annals 24Himmler, Heinrich 216, 219historyCzechoslovakist and Slovak autonomist

interpretations 257–62importance for Czech–Slovak relations

387–8interpretation (post-1968) 357and nationalism 95–8and personality 383understanding 389–90

Hitler, Adolf 157–9, 171, 186fig. 12,198, 205

Hlinka, Andrej 135, 144, 145fig. 9, 155,215, 390

Hlinka Guard 161, 172, 177, 178, 179, 228Hlinka Youth 178, 228Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party 167–8, 171,

172, 238alliance with Slovak National Party 153anti-Jewish and anti-Czech policies

163–5autonomy proposals 264constitutional views 169–70control of Slovak Republic 175, 177, 178exploitation of economic problems 149and Magyar question 165nationalism 200

Index 399






Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (cont.)Nazi Germany’s manipulation of 158opposition within 201, 201n. 34political domination of Slovakia 161–3political influence 144, 146Slovak nationalism 155, 155–6, 159totalitarianism 371under communism 289–91

Hlohovec 18, 31, 32, 218Hloznık, Vincent 341, 348Hobsbawm, Eric 383Hochhuth, Rolf 310, 310n. 23, 311Hodza, Michal Miloslav 115, 116Hodza, Milan 132, 145fig. 10, 202, 260

concerns with Slovak–Czech question 155corruption charges against 147Czechoslovakism 257, 257n. 20, 259Nationality Statute 159opposition to Benes 196–7political views 144

Hofle, Hermann 219Holdos, Ladislav 301, 338, 343, 390n. 44Holec, Roman 142, 389Holly, Jan 97, 107Homola, General Bedrich 172Hont family 37Hornad basin 44Horthy, Admiral Miklos 220, 272Horvath, Ivan 301, 338, 343hospes see colonistsHroch, Miroslav 120Hron river 23, 24Hronsky, Jozef Cıgar 342n. 31Hrubın, Frantisek 344Hruskovic, Miroslav 348Hrusovsky, Igor 146humanism 67, 80Hungarian Chronicle 26Hungarian Red Army 140, 141, 148Hungary/Kingdom of Hungary 1, 4, 8,

20map, 32, 54, 71, 82, 148, 151administration of Slovakia 3aristocracy 74, 76, 77–80, 376annexes southern Slovakia 180, 272concept 13defence (Middle Ages) 51–3Diet of 1548 73Diet of 1721 121Diet of 1861 128domination of Duchy of Nitra 21–9historiography 10, 95Magyarisation 130, 131n. 17, 269, 271metal exports (fifteenth century) 54n. 1one-nation Hungarian state 124, 125‘patriotism’ 128

political situation 137population transfer 275–80recognition of Slovak Republic 193Slavism and Panslavism 102–3, 106,113–14

Slovaks 5, 6–7, 96, 121, 182, 370, 377social structure 43n. 12territorial demands 165–7towns 41–4

Hunt family 31n. 6, 32–4, 33n. 7, 35, 36Hurban, Jozef Miloslav 111, 115, 116Hurban, Vladimır 194, 199Hus, Jan 256n. 18, 259Husak, Gustav 240n. 9, 242, 245, 286,

301, 317, 324, 343, 353fig. 18, 357Czech criticisms of 356discredits reformists 352on federalism 303, 319, 322, 328formation of Slovak National Council 203and normalisation 326, 352n. 3opposition to Dubcek 360as personification of Slovak–Czechrelations 381, 383

rise to power after suppression of PragueSpring 314

on Slovak national consciousness 232on Slovak question 203trial 292

Hussitism and Hussites 50–1, 256n. 18and Czechoslovakism 256, 258, 259, 262

hymns 68, 85hyphen debate 4, 268, 268n. 40, 365Hysko, Miroslav (journalist) 345

Charvat, Juraj 389Chorvath, Michal 338, 344Chudık, Michal 303

Ilava forced labour camp 294Illeshazy, Stephen 75industrial relations 190industrialisation 148, 151, 346, 347, 374–6

Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 307employment during Communist period331, 333, 334

Nazi Germany dominates SlovakRepublic 186

under normalisation 358industries

aluminium industry 333n. 5arms industry 368engineering 332, 332n. 4hydro-electricity 332n. 4investment 333iron industry 335fig. 17

400 Index






production levels 332see also metallurgy, mining industries

Ingr, Sergej 223Institoris, Michal (Mossoczy/Mosovsky)

100intelligentsia 354, 359iobagiones castri (castle soldiers) 36iron 47, 372, 373Istropolitana University (Bratislava)

56, 67Italy 121, 193

Jakes, Milos 362Jakobeus, Jakub 66, 85Jakubisko, Juraj 348, 349James I and VI 63Jan of Turiec 1Jan Zizka partisan detachment 383Janik, J. 307n. 16Jankovic, Jozef 348Jansenism 99Japan 193, 350n. 42Japheth 104Jaroslav the Wise 21Jena University 108Jesensky, Janko 174Jesuits 55n. 3, 74–6, 79, 81, 83, 86‘Jewish Code’ 188Jewish question see anti-SemitismJews

land appropriated 187military obligations 52persecution (1944) 227, 228population 141, 175, 179Slovak National Uprising 222social standing 51see also anti-Semitism

Jicınsky, Zdenek, on federalism 319Jilemnicky, Petr 338Jirasek, Josef 266Jiskra, Captain Jan 51Johanides, Jan 311Jones, Gareth Stedman 387Joseph II (Holy Roman emperor) 97,

123, 376Josko, Matej 203journalists, union 339n. 22Jowett, Benjamin 377Justicia 201Juvenal 59

Kadar, Jan 348n. 40, 349Kadar, Janos 328Kalinka, Joachim 77, 78Kalinka, Zacharias 85

Kalisky, Roman 345KAN (K-231; Club of Engaged Non-Party

Members, Klub angazovanychnestranıku) 313

Kanya, Kalman 166Kara, L’ubomır 348Karmasin, Franz 179Karvas, Peter 311Kautsky, Karl 340Kemej, battle (1074) 28Kempny, Jozef 242, 289Keppler, Wilhelm 173Kevic, Sefik 292Kezmarok 39, 43Khrushchev, Nikita S. 303‘Kiev Minutes’ 134n. 24Kirschbaum, Jozef M. 200Kisdy, Benedict 84Klastor pod Znievom 81Klaus, Vaclav 366, 367fig. 19, 385, 386Klein, Vojtech 197Klokoc, Ondrej 325Klos, Elman 348n. 40Koch, Laurence 57Koctuch, Hvezdon 309, 319, 328Kohnova-Glasnerova, Alica 390n. 44Kolder, Drahomır 300, 300n. 2Kolder Commission 300, 301, 301n. 7Kollar, Adam Francis 96Kollar, JanAustroslavism 116Czechoslovak reciprocity 248influence on Stur and his generation

124, 127on Russia 112and Slavic reciprocity 101, 105, 108,

109–10, 111, 122, 122n. 16Koloman 29Komarno 36, 39, 42n. 11, 57, 70, 83, 282Komarno talks (9–13 October 1938) 166Komjatice 167Kopaj, Juraj 61, 62, 68Kopany 33, 36Kopecky, Vaclav 339Korecky, Lieutenant Jan 213Kosice 47, 66, 84, 226, 389ceded to Hungary 166church 74, 77cultural importance (inter-war years) 153establishment of Magyar theatre 282Iron Works 335fig. 17liberation 228occupation 76participation in Confessio Pentapolitana 73population (Middle Ages) 43

Index 401






Kosice (cont.)printing presses 82, 85Slovak radio begins broadcasting 153superintendency 75town charter 39township status (Middle Ages) 43

Kosice Government Programme 227n. 40,230, 234, 235, 265, 275, 301

Kovac, Dusan 386, 388Kozie mlieko 341Kral’, Janko 113Kremnica 45, 373n. 7, 374

cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57participation inConfessio Heptapolitana 73population (Middle Ages) 43population (sixteenth century) 55

Krizanic, Juraj 105Krizko, Pavol 10Krman, Daniel 85, 105Krompachy 149Krum 16Krupina 39, 46, 70KSC see Communist Party of

CzechoslovakiaKSS see Communist Party of SlovakiaKulturny zivot 310, 344

censorship 343, 343n. 32closure 348federalism 303

Kupec, I. 344n. 34Kusy, Miroslav 310Kvacala, Jan 134n. 21Kysuce region 167

LabourParty230,230n.1,237,239,242n.11Laco, Karol 317, 319Ladislas (duke of Bihar; king of Hungary)

26, 27, 28Ladislas (Wladislaus) the Bald (duke of

Nitra) 19, 21, 24Ladiver, Elias 85Lahola, Leopold 342, 342n. 31Laluha, Milan 348Lamanskij, Vladimır I. 117Lambert (son of Hunt) 35Lampert (son of Bela) 26, 27, 28Lampert II (grandson of Hunt) 35Land Confiscation Act 149land national committees 224, 224n. 34land parliaments 243n. 12land 150, 188

reforms 270, 274Landerer, Jan Michael 91language

eighteenth-century views 93

and national consciousness 248–9use and Slovak nationalism 123see also Latin language

Language Act 141, 252, 253Lani, Elias 83, 85Lani, Juraj 85Latin language 4, 65, 90, 97, 123law codes 44Lazar’s Map (Tabula Hungariae) 38Lazy sa pohli 341legal theory 61–3Lel 32Lenart, Jozef 301n. 7, 303Leopold I 78, 79Lepenshinskaja, Olga 340Lesson from the Period of Crisis in the Party

and Society After the Thirteenth Congressof the Communist Party ofCzechoslovakia, The 329, 357

Lettrich, Andrej 341Lettrich, Jozef 203, 240n. 9Levente 23, 24, 25Levice 18, 31, 166Levoca 47, 373n. 7

cultural influence (late Middle Ages) 57participation in ConfessioPentapolitana 73

population (Middle Ages) 43population (sixteenth century) 55printing press 85Reformation 72school 81superintendency 75township status 43

Lewandowski, L. 310librarians, union 339n. 22libraries 56, 82Lichner, Jan 160, 167, 202Lip(p)ai, Jan 84, 86Liptak, L’ubomır 139, 303n. 11Liptov 37, 219, 389Liptovsky Svaty Mikulas 126, 219, 389Literarnı noviny 312literature

Communist censorship 340culture (late Middle Ages) 58eighteenth century 89, 98–100Reformation 68seventeenth century 85

Little Education Act 151liturgies 80Litvinov, Maxim M. 194living standards, Communist period 332Lobl, Eugen 310Louis I the Great 6, 41, 50, 103

402 Index






Louis II (king of Bohemia and Hungary)54, 60

Louis XIII (king of France) 63Low Tatra mountains (Nızke Tatry) 214Lower Hungarian Mining Towns

(Niederungarische Bergstadte) 45,46fig. 1, 374

L’ubietova 45, 73Lucenec 18, 31, 166L’udaks see Hlinka’s Slovak People’s PartyLudin, Hans Eluard 205, 216Lukac, Emil Boleslav 338, 343Luther, Martin 82Lutherans andLutheranism80, 87, 91, 92, 94Lysenko, Trofim D. 340

Mach, Alexander 162, 170, 177, 184, 185Mader, Valerian 66Magdeburg code 39Magin, Jan Baltazar 1, 106, 106fig. 3, 122Magyar Coalition 154Magyar language 90, 282Magyar minority 124, 125–6, 179, 230,

263, 295political parties 145, 221, 272, 273proto-nationalism 122question 165–7relations with Slovaks 269–76, 280–3see also Magyars

Magyar National Party (Magyar Nemzetipart) 272, 273

Magyarisation 377, 377n. 16Magyars 51, 66, 103, 152, 272

attitudes towards Slavs 118and Czechoslovakism 260, 262destruction of Great Moravia 250exploitation of economic problems 149Hungarian population 377n. 16national consciousness 370opposition to Slovak nationalism 129,131n. 17

parliamentary representation 169population 141, 175see also Magyar minority

Maisky, Ivan M. 198, 198n. 22Majek, Jozef 390n. 44Major, John 369Malar, General Rudolf 211, 217Malar’s Army 211, 216–17Mally-Dusarov, Jan 130Malypetr, Jan 160Manach, Manuel E. 291Mannerism 56, 85Maria (granddaughter, Emperor

Maximilian I of Habsburg) 60

Maria (wife of Louis II Jagiello) 46Maria Theresa (queen of Bohemia and

Hungary; archduchess of Austria;empress) 89, 376

martial law 128, 214Martin Declaration of the Slovak Nation 137,

147Martini, Charles 90n. 9Marus river 17Marx, Karl and Marxism 2, 11–12, 377see also communism

Marzio, Galeotti 56Masaryk, Jan 199, 240n. 8, 244Masaryk, Tomas (Thomas) Garrigue 132,

137, 221concept of Czecho-Slovak state 134Czechoslovakism 249, 250, 250n. 6,

260n. 24Magyars 260signs Pittsburgh Agreement 263Slovak language 261

Masnık, Tobias 85mass screening 352–6, 357Matejka, Peter 341mathematics, teaching 84Matica slovenska 129, 129fig. 5, 130,

152, 153Matthias I Corvinus Hunyady (king of

Hungary) 50, 52, 54, 56, 57Matthias II of Habsburg (Holy Roman

emperor) 63, 74Matuska, Alexander 344Mautner, Jan 83Maximilian II 62Mazepa, Ivan 105MDS see Movement for a Democratic

SlovakiaMeciar, S. 342n. 31Meciar, Vladimır 366, 367fig. 19, 385, 386media, Communist control 339–46medieval towns 38definitions 41–4origins and development 38–41unions and associations 44–7see also towns

Melanchthon, Philip 55, 62, 64, 68Memorandum of the Slovak Nation, The 5,

128, 130, 133, 134metallurgy 69, 372, 373, 374–6Methodius, St 7, 17, 17n. 8, 95metric prosody 68Metternich, Prince Klemens von 114Michael (subordinate duke of Nitra) 19,

32, 33Michal’any 18

Index 403






Michalovce 36Mieszko II 21, 23migration, Communist period 336‘migration period’ 6Mihalik, Vojtech 311Mikulcice 17Mikulov, Peace Treaty of 76Milecz, Ivan 194Military Centre (Vojenske ustredie)

204, 205Minac, Vladimır 311, 341, 344mining 69, 372, 373

and auxiliary technical battalions 295copper mining 45, 47, 54n. 1gold mining 45, 54n. 1, 372iron ore mining 47regulations 46fig. 1silver mining 45, 47, 54n. 1Slovakia 374–6

mining towns 41, 43, 45–7, 55, 57, 72–3Miskolc 36Miskovec family 36Misovic, Michal 86Mitis, Daniel 86Mlada tvorba 348Mlynarovich, Elias 85Mnacko, Ladislav 310, 310n. 23, 311,

341n. 27, 345n. 36, 348Mogyorod hill, battle 28Mohacs, battle of 54, 71, 72Mojmır I 16, 31Mojmır II 18Moldava nad Bodvou 31Molotov, Vyacheslav M. 209monasticism 296, 313Mongol (Tatar) invasion 38Morava river 17Moravia 15, 16, 31n. 4, 150, 155, 320see also Great Moravia

Moravia, see of 17, 17n. 8Moravia magna see Great MoraviaMoravians see CzechsMoravus, Matthias 57Moscow conference 234, 274Moscow Protocol 314, 321, 351, 351n. 1Moson 26, 28, 36Motesicky, Gaspar 85Movement for a Democratic Slovakia

(MDS) 366, 368, 386Moyses 35Muller Regiomontanus, Johann 57Munich Agreement 156, 157, 158, 165,

263, 272music, Communist influence over 342Mussolini, Benito 157

Myjova 126Mylius, Jan 81

Nalepka, Captain Jan 203n. 40Napoleonic Wars 122Nastup (Line-up) 1957 344Nastup (Line-up) 1961 345nation-states 121, 128, 136national agitation 124National Assembly (Parliament) 160,

229, 319National Christian Socialist Party

(Orszagos Keresztenysocialista part)272

National Committees (narodne vybory) 230,245, 304

National Court 241National Democrats 146National Front 229, 231, 234, 239, 245,

285, 318national renascence/awakening 87, 107National Socialist Party 146, 161, 234, 286National Unity Party 161nationalism 66–7, 87–8, 301

eighteenth-century literature 98–100Enlightenment’s effects 88–93European nationalism 120–1and historiography 95–8reactions against Nazism 183Slovak language’s written forms 93–5Slovak Republic 190see also Slovak nationalism

‘nationalist deviation’ 301Nationality Statute 155, 159natural philosophy/sciences, Reformation

68–9Nazi–Soviet Pact (23 August 1939) 195Nazis

control of Slovak Republic 177, 178,179, 180–1, 201

Czechoslovak policies 154, 157–9destruction of Czechoslovakia 173–4occupation of Bohemia and Moravia 179occupation of Slovak Republic 190policies on Slovak independence 171–2resistance movements against 191–2and Slovak anti-Semitism 188, 189–90and Slovak domestic politics 183–4, 185and Slovak economic life 186–7and Slovak national identity 8

Nemec, Frantisek 224, 226Nemecka L’upca 39neo-Stalinism, opposition to 359–61,

362–3Neusohl see Banska Bystrica

404 Index






Neusohler Kupferhandel 45New Slovak School 130Newcomen engines 375, 376newspapers

eighteenth century 98Hlas 132, 249Narodne noviny 119, 131, 162Nove slovo 343Pest’budınske vedomosti 128Pragai Magyar Hirlap 272Pravda 221, 310Preßburger Zeitung 97, 98Prespurske noviny 99Prudy 132, 249Robotnıcke noviny 132Slovak 147, 155Slovenske noviny 127n. 12Slovenskje narodnje noviny 125, 125n. 9Slovensky tyzdennık 132Tvorba 343see also press

Newton, Sir Isaac 372–3Nicholas (son of Lampert II) 35Niederungarische Bergstadte (Lower

Hungarian Mining Towns) 45,46fig. 1, 374

Nitra 30, 39, 153, 218Nitra, Duchy of 7, 19, 21–9, 22map

foundation 16, 18–19nobility 30Piarist schools 84Slovak ethno-genesis under 6

Nitra river 17No. 1 Independent Czechoslovak Squadron

220nobility 30–6, 73

lower nobility 36–7military obligations (Middle Ages) 52Moravia 31n. 4Protestantism (Reformation period) 73and taxation 42

non-judicial proceedings 293–7auxiliary technical battalions 295, 296forced labour camps 294–5, 296organised religions 296–7

normalisation 292, 314, 321, 326–9, 348,352–9, 352n. 3

see also federalismNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 369Nosek, Vaclav 244Nova Bana (Konigsberg) 45, 73, 373n. 7Novaky forced labour camp 294Nove Zamky 70, 166Nove Zamky conference 272

Novohrad 37Novomesky, Ladislav 203, 301, 310, 337n.

18, 338, 343, 343n. 32Novotny, Antonın 300, 303, 310, 312, 336Nuremberg 39, 45

Obcanske forum (Civic Forum/CF) 364–5Obchod na korze 348n. 40Obrana naroda (Defence of the Nation)

201Okali, Daniel 301, 338, 343Olah, Mikulas 64, 74, 81Old Magyars 18, 31Old Slavs 5Old Slovaks 2Oldrich 21, 23Omodej family 7‘On some conceptual and artistic questions’

(conference, June 1953) 344oppidas 41Orava 167Orol gymnastic society 153Orthodox Church 313Osusky, Samuel Stefan 194, 195, 196Otto (brother of Mieszko II) 21Otto of Olomouc 28Ottoman Empire 1, 7, 54, 66, 71, 72, 74, 79

Pacem in terris movement 363, 363n. 9Palarik, Jan 117, 118, 130Palecek, J. 307n. 16Palkovic, Juraj 93Pan-Slavic Union 114Panslavism 102, 108, 109, 113–14, 377–8Papanek, Juraj 2, 107Paracelsus, Philip Theophrastus 69Pares, Peter 194Paris Peace Conference 280parliamentary democracy, formation of

political parties in Slovakia 141parliamentary elections1935 1541938 1691946 237–40, 3811968, deferred 3241990 3651992 365, 366Communist control 285Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 143–7

partisans 204–6, 214, 227party interviews 326Party of Slovak Renewal 288patriotism and ethnography 66PAV (Public Against Violence/Verejnost’

proti nasiliu) 364–5

Index 405






Pavlenda, Viktor 309, 318, 319Pavlık, Ondrej 338, 344n. 34Pazmany, Peter 75, 84Peasant Farmers’ Commissions 241Pecsvarad 25Peilion, Milon de 194Pentapolitana (Pentapolis) 46, 47personal names, place names used in 66personality, and history 383Pesek, Pavol 318Pest 28Peter of Verona 57Peter Orseolo 23, 25Petrankova, Helena 390n. 44Petrzalka 165Petschmessingloer, Kristof 59Pezlar, L’udovıt 348Piarists 84Pietism 99Pıka, General Heliodor 214Pinochet, General Augusto 360Pipin 30Pithart, Petr 318, 384, 385, 385n. 32Pittsburgh Agreement 134n. 23, 160,

250, 263Plachy, Andreas 96Plavecky Hrad 82poddany (feudal subjects) 73, 78Podolinec 49, 84poetry 68, 98Poland and Poles 102, 103, 108, 140, 141,

165, 167, 180, 209, 379diplomatic relations 193, 195uprising (1831–2) 111uprising (1863) 117

Pole neorane 341political exiles 291political parties 221, 230–1, 230n. 1political persecution 285–9, 297

non-judicial proceedings 293–7political trials 289–93

political theory, Reformation period 61–3political trials (1948–53) 289–93

bourgeois nationalists 292L’udaks 289–91organised religions 292partisans 291political exiles 291rehabilitation of victims 299–300

political trials (1970s) 360Pollak, P. 344n. 34Pomarius, Samuel 83pop music 311Poprad basin, townships 44population

Czechoslovak Republic (1918) 141Hungarian–Czechoslovak agreement275–9, 279–80, 281

medieval townships 43–4sixteenth century 55Slovak Republic 175transfer, Czechoslovak government-in-exile proposals 273

Posonium see BratislavaPotsdam talks 275pottery, Prague type 15Poznan family 31n. 6, 32–5, 33nn. 7, 10Pozsony see BratislavaPraetorius, David 83, 86Prague Agreements see First Prague

Agreement; Second PragueAgreement; Third Prague Agreement

Prague Spring 3, 311–13, 315, 384‘socialism with a human face’ 384,384n. 28

Soviet suppression 313–14see also Soviet Union; Warsaw Pact

Prague University 58, 58n. 11, 65, 82,102, 258

Prazak, Albert 261Precan, Vilem 380press 89, 162, 309, 339, 343

see also newspapersPreßburg see BratislavaPresov 47, 52, 83, 84

army base (1944) 211Butchery of 79cultural importance (inter-war years) 153liberation (19 January 1945) 228participation in Confessio Pentapolitana 73population (Middle Ages) 43superintendency 75town charter 39township status (Middle Ages) 43

Presporok see BratislavaPresporok Protestant Lyceum 110Pribina 6, 16, 30, 31n. 2Prıdavok, Peter 197Priehrada 341Prievidza 84printing 57, 82, 85

see also publishing industryPrivilegium pro Slavis 6, 103professional associations 100property ownership 49, 333, 334‘Proposed principles of the federal

organisation of the CzechoslovakSocialist Republic, The’ 321, 322

Protestantism and Protestants 76–80, 87,107, 123, 248, 379n. 20

406 Index






and April Agreement 238n. 6churches (Slovak Republic) 179constitution at Synod of Zilina 73Counter-Reformation period 74–6and Czechoslovakism 259educational policies 81–4Habsburg policies towards 72parliamentary successes 238political representation 238n. 6school textbooks 91Slovak National Uprising 379see also individual Protestant religions

Province of twenty-four Spis towns(Provincia XXIVoppidorum terraeScepusiensis) 44

Provincia Saxonum de Scepus (Communityof the Saxons of Spis) 42n.11, 44

Provincia XXIVoppidorum terrae Scepusiensissee Province of twenty-four Spis towns)

‘provinciales’ 24Pruno-Frastacky, Jan 83Ptolemy 57Public Against Violence (PAV/Verejnost’

proti nasiliu) 364–5Public Education Union for Slovakia 152publishing industry 97, 98

see also printingPucik, Albert 290Pukanec 45, 70, 73Purkircher, Juraj 66Pushkin, Grigori 196

queen’s dowry towns 46, 57

radio broadcasting 153Radio Free Europe 362Radl, Emanuel 257Radvan–Bogats family 36Rakos 28Rakovsky, Martin 61, 61–2, 67, 68Ransano, Pietro 56Rapant, Daniel 31Rastislav 18Rasın, Alois 148Ratio educationis 91Rayger, Karol 84Razi, Stanislav 325re-Slovakisation 274, 275, 277–9Reformation 256

cultural developments 67–70cultural impact 55, 63–5, 72–3,80–1, 86

legal and political thought 61–3reformist Communists 351–6, 360‘regeneration process’ see Prague Spring

regional government, Communist control287–9

religion 82, 99–100, 292, 296–7freedom of 75–6, 78preaching, use of Slovak language 65religious persecution 315revival, Prague Spring 313toleration, Reformation 73see also individual religions

Renaissance 54–60, 65, 69–70Republican Party of Agricultural and Small

Peasant-Farming People see AgrarianParty

Rerum novarum 132resistance movements 223, 274Second World War 200–5Slovak National Uprising 211Slovak Republic 191–2

Revolutionary Trade UnionMovement 288Rewa (Reva, Revay), Peter de 66, 104Rezık, Jan 85Rheticus, Joachim 69Ribbentrop, Joachim von 166fig. 11, 170Rodobrana 147Roma 141, 175, 179, 295Roman Catholic Church and Roman

Catholics 72, 92, 238and April Agreement 238n. 6Communist persecution 292Counter-Reformation policies 73–80and Czechoslovakism 262decline 70and Democratic Party 241educational policies 81, 83–4, 92and Hussitism 256n. 18opposition to neo-Stalinism 362, 363Prague Spring 313and Slovak national identity 87, 93–4,

107, 123Slovak Republic 179

Romania and Romanians 193, 377n. 16Romanticism 120Roser, Jakub 83Rotthal, Jan 77Royal Academies 90n. 9royal free towns 38, 42, 43, 44culture 67feudalism 47population (sixteenth century) 55reactions to Hungarian Diet 73see also towns

Roznava 47Rubigall Pannonicus, Pavol 66Rudabanya 47Rudavsky, Andrej 348

Index 407






Rudolf II 74, 75Rufus, Milan 345n. 36Ruskov forced labour camp 294Russia and Russians

attitudes towards 105, 117international fears of tsarist Russia 378and Kvacala 134n. 21and Slovak Slavism 108, 109, 110and Stur 111, 112, 114, 115–17, 127

Russophilism 378Ruthenians 6, 102, 141, 175, 179Ruttkay, Alexander 31Ruzomberok 214, 219, 389Rycheza 23

Sabinov 39, 47, 52, 73, 75Sadovsky, Stefan 325, 328St Emeram church 33Saint Germain Treaty 270St Martin’s Abbey 33n. 10Salzberg Slovak–German summit 177Sambuccus Tyrnaviensis, Jan 66, 68Samo 6, 6n. 7Samuel Aba 23, 25Sartorius, Andrej 86Sartre, Jean-Paul 311Satu Mare 79Saxons 45, 51–2Schemnitium (Schemnitz) 372, 373, 373n. 7Schomberg, George 57schools 81, 89–92

see also educationSchremmel, Abraham 81Schwartz, Jan 83, 85Schwarz, Karl-Peter 376Sclavi see SlaviSclavonia see SlovakiaScotland 375Second Language Act 270, 271Second Prague Agreement 237, 265Second Vatican Council 299Second World War 3, 8, 181, 200–5Sedlakova, Maria 328Seifert, Jaroslav 344seminaries, state control 296Senate 229Senica 85Serbs 6, 110servientes sancti regis (royal officials) 36Seton-Watson, R. W. 134Seyss-Inquart, Arthur 171, 173show trials 310, 343, 381Sidor, Karol 162, 170–3, 197, 201n. 34Sigismund 45, 46, 256n. 18

Little Decree 41

Silesia 150, 320–1Silvan, Jan 68silver

amalgamation 375mining 45, 47, 54n. 1

Simon of Keza 32n. 6Simonides, Jan 85Skalica 18, 83Sklenar-Banovsky, Ondrej 83Skleno/Sklenne Teplice 373n. 7, 375Slansky, Rudolf 292, 300‘Slav’ 5n. 6Slavi 6, 103Slavic Congress 114, 115‘Slavic language’ 104Slavic liturgy 8‘Slavic nation’ 107Slavic reciprocity (slovanska vzajomnost’)

101, 108–11, 117Slavic script 8Slavik, Juraj 194Slavism 248Slavonia 15, 16, 19

see also Nitra, Duchy ofSlavophilism 378Slnko v sieti 348n. 40Slovak Academy of Sciences 303

Institute of History 10–12Slovak Academy of Sciences and Arts

10, 191Slovak Agrarians 144Slovak autonomy and autonomists 159–60,

251, 257–63Slovak–Czech relations 155, 232–3, 242–6,

337, 368–9, 387–8constitution 243–4, 245–6demands for federalism during PragueSpring 315, 316–17

democratisation and federalisation 319negotiations over 234–5parliamentary elections 237–40post-Second World War 337, 381–6Prague Agreements 236–7recognition of Slovak autonomy 159–60

Slovak emigrant communities 134Slovak ethnicity 376, 378–81

see also nationalism‘Slovak’ (ethnonym) 103Slovak historiography 9–13Slovak–Hungarian relations 182Slovak Land National Committee 224Slovak Land Representation (zastupitel’stvo)

146Slovak language 10, 254, 389

Bernolak’s codification 94n. 17, 121

408 Index






codifications 94n. 17, 121, 123, 125,125n. 8, 249, 258, 260

colloquial 88educational use 90, 91, 92, 151and Language Act (1920) 253literary development 8political standing 141Renaissance 65use 50, 127, 128written forms 93–5

Slovak League 153Slovak Learned Society 99Slovak–Magyar relations 269–76, 280–3Slovak National and Peasant-Farmers’

Party see Agrarian PartySlovak National Council (1848), formation

126Slovak National Council (1917) 135fig. 6,

136–7, 139–40Slovak National Council (1943) 3, 216,

227n. 40, 230, 239–40, 317, 325, 381authority recognised 234Communist control 287composition 240n. 9creation 197, 204, 207, 210Czechoslovakism 264–5declaration of principles 225, 226Decree no. 4 274Decree no. 33 277disagreements with Soviet partisans 205education policies 275federalism 304, 316–17, 320, 322, 323legislative powers 235Magyar and German policies 273Magyarisation 283normalisation 327–8Prague Agreements 236–7relations with Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London 222–7

Slovak National Uprising 192, 212–14,220

views on Slovak–Czech relations 232–3,234, 235, 236

Slovak National Front, Action Committees287

Slovak National Party 5, 119, 131, 133,144, 146

alliance with Hlinka’s Slovak People’sParty (1932) 153

opposition to Czechoslovakism 251opposition party 168

Slovak National Theatre 152Slovak National Uprising 3, 8, 206–8,

215fig. 15, 220–2abolition of Magyar National Party 273

Allied military strategy 208–10defeat 219digging of anti-tank ditches 210fig. 14German occupation 216–19preparations for 210–12Slovak–Czech relations 232, 233Slovak ethnicity 378–81Soviet Union’s involvement 212–15

Slovak nationalismearly nineteenth century 124–7First World War 250late nineteenth century 127–33proto-political phase 121–3religious divisions 123–4

Slovak Organisation for Defence of HumanRights 313

Slovak People’s Party 144, 251see also Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party

Slovak question 149, 196, 203Slovak reciprocity 122–3Slovak Republic (Slovak state; 1939–45)

xviii map 1, 174, 175–80, 176map 5anti-Semitism 156, 158–9, 164, 182,

184, 185, 187, 188–90, 202, 337n. 17armed forces reorganised 211Axis Powers 181collapse 192cultural and educational life 191declares war on Great Britain and USA

199domestic politics 182–5economic developments 186–8, 190establishment 264foreign affairs 180–2German occupation 184, 185, 227–8Great Britain’s diplomatic relations 196historiography 13international recognition 193–200joins German attack on Soviet Union

198martial law 205nationalism 190Office of Propaganda 162, 178resistance movements against 191–2,

200–5State Secretariat for German Minority

Affairs 179strategic importance 218Treaty of Protection 180

Slovak Republic (1993–) 7, 366, 368–9,388

Slovak Slavism 101–2, 118Kingdom of Hungary 102–3, 106sixteenth/eighteenth centuries 104–8and Slavic reciprocity 108–11

Index 409






Slovak Slavism (cont.)Stur’s views 111–15

Slovak Social Democrats 132Slovak social history 13Slovak Socialist Republic 324–6Slovakdom, regionalism 389Slovakia 71, 250

administrative history 3–4concept 372and Czechoslovakism 267historiography 1, 2within Kingdom of Hungary 54industrialisation 374–6medieval townships 43nationalism 66–7Old Magyars 18Sclavonia 372, 373settlement 15

Slovakisation 50–1, 163–5Slovaks 247

apologias for 1, 106ethnography 5–7, 8, 224historical development 7–8historiography 1, 2Hungarian population 179, 377n. 16linguistic history 6national consciousness 4–5, 232–3, 248,370–1

nationalism 121social standing in towns 50–1

Slovan (ethnonym) 103Slovenska L’upca 46Slovenska narodna rada see Slovak National

CouncilSlovensky prestolny prosbopis (Slovak petition

to the throne) 124n. 7Smith, Adam 387Smolnık 47, 69, 373n. 7, 374Smrkovsky, Josef 324, 352Snem Slovenskej krajiny (Diet of the Slovak

Land) 160, 161, 169, 175Social Democratic Party 143, 146, 160,

161, 211, 221, 244, 287, 313social engineering 330socialism, reforms 299‘socialism with a human face’ see Prague

Spring‘Socialist bloc’ 203socialist realism 337, 341, 344Societat der Bergbaukunde, Die 375sociology 340n. 25Sokol, Koloman 342, 342n. 31Sokol, Martin 169, 170, 201Sokol gymnastic society 153Solan, Peter 349

Solomon 26Somogy 33, 36Sonnenfels, Joseph von 90n. 9Sopron 36Sopron, Diet of 78, 79Soukup, Frantisek 160Soviet Bloc, conflict with Yugoslavia, and

political trials 292Soviet Union 208, 221, 244, 276, 280, 305,

332, 350n. 42, 351n. 1, 379diplomatic relations 154, 181, 193–5,198–200, 305–7

influence 286, 300, 321, 326, 352, 360perestroika 361Slavic solidarity 378Slovak National Council sendsdelegation 226

Slovak National Uprising 204–5, 209,212–15, 217, 219, 220

suppression of Prague Spring 313–14see also Prague Spring; Warsaw Pact

Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty (1943) 200Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty (1944) 200Sovietisation 191Spain, copper imports 374Spanish Civil War 390Sperfogel, Konrad (Swiss humanist) 59Spis copper 47Spis 39, 44–5, 51–2, 69, 73, 219Spis province of eleven Spis royal towns

(Communitas XI regalium civitatemterrae Scepusiensis) 45

Spisska Nova Ves 47Spisske Podhradie, Synod of 75Spisske Vlachy, town charter 39Spytihnev 31n. 4Stalin, Iosif V. 194, 200, 292Stary Tekov 39State Council, Slovak Republic 177State Defence Guard 154State Security 241, 289–92, 294Steffani, Jan 91Stein, E. 366n. 10Steinbeck, John 340Steinhardt, Lawrence 194n. 5Stephen I, St 4, 19, 21, 24, 33–4, 35, 36, 96Stephen II 35Stephen V 44Sternberg, Joachim von 376Stockel, Leonard 61, 73, 81Strmen, Karol 342n. 31Sturmius, Johann 64Subcarpathian Ruthenia 155Sudeten German Party 154–5suffrage 132

410 Index






Sur 32Svatopluk I 18, 258Svatopluk II 18‘Svatopluk’s people’ 121Svoboda, General Ludvık 240n. 8, 313,

324–6Synapius-Horcicka, Daniel 104Szanto, Ladislav 338Szatmary, Ladislav 195Szekesfehervar 28Szentivanyi, Martin 84Szollosi, Benedikt 85

Safarik, Pavol Jozef 10, 102, 108, 111, 122,122n. 6, 248

Safarik Learned Society 152Sal’a nad Vahom 81Sasov 46Sebesta, Stefan 328Sik, Ota 307, 318, 320, 335Simecka, Milan 363–4Siroky, Viliam 246, 302Skultety, Jozef 259, 261Smahel, Frantisek 388Smidke, Karol 203, 213, 214, 220, 302Spitzer, Juraj 344n. 34Srobar, Vavro 137, 141, 142fig. 8, 201,

204, 220Stefanik, General Milan Rastislav 134,

134n. 24, 137, 139fig. 7, 378,379n. 20

Stefansky, Vaclav 380Stola Monastery 59Strougal, L’ubomır 261, 357Stur, L’udovıt 102, 124–5, 125n. 8, 126,

249, 261, 377Demands of the Slovak Nation 128Panslavismus a nasa krajina 113Slavdom and the World of the Future 112,116–17, 118, 127

Slovak language 389Slovak Slavism 111, 112, 113,114–15

Surany 167

Tablic, Bohuslav 107Tabula Hungariae see Lazar’s MapTacitus 17Tajovsky, Jozef Gregor 174Taksony 32Tatarka, Dominik 311, 341, 344, 345n. 36taxation, medieval 41, 48, 52Tazky, Ladislav 311Teichova, Alice 384n. 29Tekov 37

Telgart 219Telkibanya 47Temporary National Assembly 229, 237Teplansky, Pavol 160, 167Tesar, Eduard 290Tesın district, disputes over 140textbooks 90, 90n. 9, 91n. 13, 97–8, 255Thatcher, Margaret 387n. 38theatre 85, 89, 311, 342, 342n. 30Third Prague Agreement 239, 242,

243, 265Thirty Years War 76–7Thokoly, Emerich 78‘Through music to musicalness’ 342Thurzo, Alexi 61Thurzo, George 75Thurzo, Jan 45, 374Thurzo, Stanislav 64Thurzo–Fugger Company 45, 54n. 1, 374Timon, Samuel 84Tisa region 79Tiso, Frano 194n. 5, 196Tiso, Jozef 166fig. 11, 169, 171, 175, 177,

184, 185, 200anti-Semitism 163appointed head of autonomous

Slovakia 160appointed prime minister 177constitutional views 170declaration of Slovak independence 173dismissed as head of autonomous

Slovakia 172execution 241German occupation 205, 216, 218, 227and Hitler 186fig. 12, 198Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party’s control

of Slovak Republic 178and Magyar question 165Slovak autonomy 160Slovak nationalism 155–6

Tiso, Stefan 228tithes 41topography 84Torun, copper trade 47totalitarianism 371Tots 6townsadministration 49, 50charters 39–41defence, Middle Ages 51–3ethnic composition 50–1fortifications 41–3political importance, Renaissance

period 70small towns, and free towns 43

Index 411






towns (cont.)social structures 43n. 12, 47–9town captains 49town houses, Renaissance period 70see also individual towns; medieval towns;mining towns; royal free towns

trade unions 163, 190, 241, 288, 308Tranovsky, Juraj, Cithera Sanctorum 85Transylvania 127Trebisov 31Trencın (county) 37Trencın (town) 73, 83, 85Trent, Council of (1545–1563) 64, 81Trianon, Treaty of 140, 143Trnava 31, 43, 50, 66, 74, 81, 84, 86

cultural importance 153military obligations 51population (Middle Ages) 43population (sixteenth century) 55printing presses 82, 85Slovak National Uprising 218Synod of (1560) 82Synod of (1611) 75town charter 39

Trnava University 55n. 3, 75Tuka, Vojtech 147, 162, 170–1, 177,

184–5, 198, 228Tunega, Anton 290Turciansky Svaty Martin 128, 131, 135,

137, 215Turiec 214Turks see Ottoman EmpireTvarozek, Zivodar 291typographus Confessionalis 57

Uher, Jan 310Uher, Stefan 348n. 40Ukrainians see RutheniansUna 34‘undesirable’ people, resettlement 297unemployment 150, 368Unhost meeting 172unification congress 221Union of Czechoslovak Writers 341,

343n. 32, 344‘Union of independent Slavic communes’

114Union of Journalists, congress 310Union of Slovak Partisans 241Union of Slovak Writers 310, 348United Magyar Party 272United Nations, Security Council 351n. 1United States of America

recognition of Czechoslovakgovernment-in-exile 199

Slovak National Uprising 208and Slovak Republic 193, 194,199n. 25

war declared on 181universities 55n. 3, 56, 58, 58n. 11, 67,

68, 82, 84Upper Hungarian Mining Towns

(Oberungarische Bergstadte; Oppidamontana Partium superiorum)47, 374

Upper Hungary 3urbanisation 38Urbanovsky, Matus 83Ursıny, Jan 203, 289Ursulines 84USSR see Soviet Union

Vac 28Vah river valley, industrialisation, interwar

years 151Vajansky, Svetozar Hurban 131Valek, Miroslav 348Vatican–Slovak relations 182Vazul 21, 23, 24Vegesius, Pier Paolo Vergerio 56n. 6Velecky, Vladimır 291Velichko, Piotr A. 215Vel’ka Morava see Great MoraviaVel’ky Saris 39, 52‘velvet divorce’ 4, 364–9Velvet Revolution 267–8, 283Verbocius, Stephen see Werboczy, StephenVerejnost’ proti nasiliu (Public Against

Violence/PAV) 364–5Verner (Wernher), George 69Vesel, Major Milan 379n. 20Vesel, Major Milos 379n. 20Vesel, Lieutenant-Colonel Mirko 379n. 20Veszprem, battle 33Viching 18Vienna 79, 126Vienna, Treaty of 74, 76Vienna Arbitration 2, 3, 163, 166, 166fig.

11, 272Vienna University 58, 80, 82Viest, General Rudolf 174, 220, 227,

379n. 20Vıgl’as 46Visegrad 33Vitez of Sredna, John 56n. 6, 57Vladislav II Jagiello 43, 45Voice of America 362Vojtassak, Jan 293Vojtech (Adalbert), St 21Vrancic, Anton 64

412 Index






Vrancic, Faustus 84Vydra, Emil 313

Warsaw Pact 321–3, 336, 346–50, 351,352, 357

see also Prague Spring, Soviet UnionWeber, Jan (physician) 84Wends 6Werboczy (Verbocius), Stephen 42Wernher, George see Verner, GeorgeWesselenyi, Francis 77Western Europe 350n. 42Westphalia, Peace of 77White Legion 290–1white money 148White Mountain, Battle of the 259wholesale prices, reforms 336Wilhelm family 30Winant, John G. 199Witiska, Josef 216, 227Wittenberg University 64n. 19, 80, 82Wladislaus see Ladislas the BaldWoermann, Ernst 158women, execution 49Work of Conciliar Renewal 313workers’ collectives 308writers 339n. 22, 342, 342n. 31

Union of Czechoslovak Writers 341,343n. 32, 344

Union of Slovak Writers 310, 348

Yalta talks 275Year of Revolutions (1848–1849) 8, 114,

125–7‘Young Slovaks’ 124youth culture, Czechoslovak Socialist

Republic 311Yugoslavia 292

Zacchio, Laudivio 58Zahorie (Bratislava) 82Zapolya, John 72Zeman, Borivoj 341Zemplın 36Zhukov, Marshal Georgi K. 209Zibrın, Michal 291Zipser Willkuhr 44Zobor Abbey 33, 33n. 7, 34Zobor charters 34Zrak, Jozef 328Zvolen 37, 39, 46, 70, 149, 153, 220Zvolen Manifesto 153Zvrskovec, Jozef 198Zarnov, Andrej 342n. 31Zarnovica 218Zilina 50, 73, 85, 103, 153, 206, 228Synod of 73, 75

Zilina Agreement 156, 160, 170,171, 263

Zingor, Viliam 292Zivena 153

Index 413






Slovakia in Historyassets.cambridge.org/.../02536/index/9780521802536_index.pdfAntonov, General...

Documents

Transcript of Slovakia in Historyassets.cambridge.org/.../02536/index/9780521802536_index.pdfAntonov, General...