S.Lodoysamba C.Pemberton-Pigott
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Transcript of S.Lodoysamba C.Pemberton-Pigott
MITIGATION OF ULAANBAATAR CITY’S AIR POLLUTION – FROM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT TO ULTRA-LOW EMISSION LIGNITE BURNING STOVES
S.Lodoysamba C.Pemberton-Pigott
Domestic Use of Energy Conference, South Africa, 11-13 April 2011.
MONGOLIA
Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters lasting 7 to 8 months. Monthly average temperatures are typically -20°C in January and February, dropping to -40°C at night. The urgent need for space heating in traditional gers (yurts) results in very high ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations, largely the result of burning high moisture, high volatiles lignite in a sheet-metal wood-burning stove.
Climate
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ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR POLLUTION IN ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA.
World Bank Contract 7146873, 2008-2009
Projects
АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХ Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2006-
2008
АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖ БУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА
Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2009-2011
RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,
RAS/7/013, 2004-2007
CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA REGION
RAS/7/015, 2007-2010
ADB ULAANBAATAR CLEAN AIR PROJECT PATA 43177 2010-2011
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Sampling site
numberCharacteristics
Site position
PM size fraction
Height of sampling head
from the ground (m)
Remarks
1
Kosa Monitor (Japanese make), Measures PM10 and PM2.5. Beta
absorption.. Continuous monitoring. Gives hourly values.
106o54,704
47o55,220
PM10 and PM2.5
20
2, 3GENT Sampler, Schulberger Model
250, Measures PM10-2.5 and PM2.5. Polycarbonate (nuclepore) filters.
106o58,311
47o54,811
PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 1.6;6
Elemental analysis, Black carbon determination
4, 7, 8
Dust Trak-8520, measures PM2.5 or PM10. Laser light scattering.
Continuous monitoring; Gives hourly values.
106o54,159
47o54,719PM2.5 3;2;3
5Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC-28SD5 (Japanese make). Measures PM10,
15 l/min, filter.
106o52,967
47o53,64PM10 3
Replaced by EcoTech monitor (beta absorption)
from Nov.2008
6Partisol FRM-Model 2000, Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter (nuclepore).
106o52,167
47o55,582PM10 4
Elemental analysis, Black carbon determination
Used samplers
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Sampling Sites
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MonthsNAMHEM
(1)NRC(2)
Zuun ail (3)
CLEM (5)
3 khoroolol (6)
Average
Jun-08 28.9 160.2 154.3 120.0 187.3 130.2Jul-08 7.2 126.7 112.5 17.6 56.4 64.1Aug-08 238.0 179.1 27.9 85.4 132.6Sep-08 8.0 221.4 131.4 38.8 70.4 94.0Oct-08 37.7 223.1 127.6 79.6 161.2 125.8Nov-08 128.5 365.8 673.2 112.9 800.8 416.2Dec-08 277.5 180.2 926.8 61.4 693.5 427.9Jan-09 173.7 200.1 1850.0 65.8 932.3 644.4Feb-09 115.4 302.1 1007.3 86.0 463.7 394.9Mar-09 62.5 205.2 488.6 63.7 358.2 235.6Apr-09 34.0 316.0 300.2 59.8 272.8 196.5May-09 32.5 501.2 739.3 33.6 183.1 297.9Annual averag
e82.3 253.3 557.5 63.91 355.4 262.5
Months NAMHEM
(1)NRC
(2)Zuun ail
(3)6 buudal
(4)Bayan
hoshuu (7)Airport
(8)Avera
ge
Jun-08 16.9 29.0 25.5 84.6 169.3 65.1Jul-08 1.2 21.7 13.3 12.1Aug-08 5.7 64.9 48.7 39.7Sep-08 8.0 18.8 37.9 37.3 47.0 37.6 31.1Oct-08 38.1 46.3 38.7 281.3 498.3 184.7 181.2Nov-08 81.4 121.6 330.6 527.3 567.5 406.3 339.1Dec-08 224.5 106.9 575.5 1205.1 1421.2 892.9 737.7Jan-09 138.3 121.3 1291.1 858.5 1536.1 514.5 743.3Feb-09 99.6 141.4 358.1 342.4 971.3 413.3 387.7Mar-09 45.3 80.1 345.5 179.3 321.0 207.3 196.4Apr-09 25.2 128.8 119.6 93.9 137.3 91.8 99.4May-09 24.3 279.3 370.8 41.9 58.9 52.9 138.0Annual average
59.1 96.7 296.3 365.2 617.6 297.1 288.6
PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations
PM10 PM2.5
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PM 10 Concentration
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PM 10 Concentration Time Series
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PM 2.5 Concentration
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PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series
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• PM10 • PM2.5
Monthly Average Concentrations
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• Average Concentration Measured
• Average Concentration Calculated
Area РМ10 (g/m3)
РМ2.5 (g/m3) Exceedence
Central part UB
300 150 6
Ger area UB
350-900300-620
7-18
Site No Site name PM2.5 PM10
2 NRC 96.7 253.3
3 Zuun ail 296.3 557.5
4 6 Buudal 365.2 -
6 3 khoroolol - 355.4
7 Bayanhoshuu 617.6 -
8 Airport 297.1 -
Average all stations
334.6 388.7
Monthly Average Concentrations
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Monthly Average Concentrations
350-900
Ulaanbaatar in January
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Chemical Analysis Set-up
Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences
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ElementsArithmetic
MeanStdDev Median Maximum Minimum
Samples > LODa S/N
PM 2.5 51800 91400 28200 1210000 5700 BC 7290 10454 4242 94206 680 235 2.75Na 290 425 112 2642 0 88 0.13Mg 326 276 235 2083 31 200 0.62Al 1150 1224 745 7627 0 227 0.81Si 2305 1740 1871 10554 129 236 17.2S 1969 3978 900 40079 125 236 17.55Cl 139 133 88 849 12 236 2.14K 324 239 243 1558 35 235 7Ca 789 559 652 3194 50 236 11.92Ti 37 33 28 156 0 191 0.27Mn 15 14 11 65 0 178 0.18Fe 523 388 416 2150 26 236 0.62Cu 10 29 3 373 0 105 0.21Zn 44 54 30 400 0 213 0.55Pb 31 73 7 525 0 50 0.08
Elemental Concentrations (ng/m3)
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SourcePM2.5 mass
μg/ m3
Soil 5.0 (0.3)a
Coal combustion 1 12.2(1.6)
Coal combustion 2 11.5(0.9)
Motor vehicles 1.9(0.2)
Biomass burning 1.1 (0.1)
Road dust 2.9 (0.2)
Zinc 0.6(0.1)
Mass Contribution PM2.5 (Example NRC)
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45%
34%
10%
11%Source contribution PM10-2.5 NRC
Soil 1
Soil 2
Combustion
Road dust
3% 5%
91%
1%
Source contribution PM10-2.5 No3
Coal combustion
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Soil
Biomass burning
3%5%
3% 2%
87%
ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Combustion 1
Soil
Biomass burning
Combustion2
Pollution Source Apportionment
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12%
16%
27%
45%
PM10 in 3 khoroolol
Soil
Biomass burning
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Combustion1
Pollution Source Apportionment PM10
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Daily time Series of PM concentrations(Example TV site, GTZ station)
Working days Weekend
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Toxic Elements
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Time Series of Toxic Elements
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Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 150.0 g/m3 PM2.5 200PM10 300.0 g/m3 PM10 173CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0
AQIConditional pollutant PM2.5 200
Average of WORST two 187
Average of ALL 82
Concentrations AQIOzone 14.3 g/m3 Ozone 6PM2.5 500.0 g/m3 PM2.5 500PM10 625.0 g/m3 PM10 582CO 2214 g/m3 CO 21SO2 18.1 g/m3 SO2 10NOx 30.0 g/m3 NOx 0
AQIConditional pollutant PM10 582
Average of WORST two 541
Average of ALL 224
General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk
201 - 300Very Unhealthy
General public at risk; groups at greater risk
151 - 200Unhealthy
Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants
101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)
51 - 100Moderate
No message0 - 50Good
Risk MessageAQIDescriptor
General public at greater risk; groups at greatest risk
201 - 300Very Unhealthy
General public at risk; groups at greater risk
151 - 200Unhealthy
Identifiable groups at risk –different groups for different pollutants
101 - 150Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Unusually sensitive individuals (ozone)
51 - 100Moderate
No message0 - 50Good
Risk MessageAQIDescriptor
Air Quality Index
Center UB Ger Area UB
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Main pollution sources are:• PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Motor vehichle, Biomass burning,
• PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil
Ulaanbaatar is most polluted capital city of the world; @ 50% of PM concentrations corresponds to ignition phase
(cold start) and reloading of stoves;
There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As
in the air;
Pb in the air is below the standard;
AQI is 82 (Moderate) in the Central area and more than
200(Very unhealthy) in the Ger areas;
Conclusion 1
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STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY
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SEET Lab. Diagram
Agile nt 3 00 0 Micro GC
Warn ing Hot su rfaces
1 31 0 0
1 38 2 9
1 38 1 5
1 38 1 8
1 38 1 2
1 36 8 4
To atmosphere
Temperaturemeasurement
Gas analyzer
Ethernet Hub
Dust Trak
Mass recorderElectronic scale
Computeranalysis
Stove
Chimney
Thermocouple
Gas sampling
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MONGOL STOVE
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STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY
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MODIFIED MONGOL STOVE
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GTZ-7.5 STOVE
GTZ-7.5 STOVE
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• PM Emission can be reduced more than 99% using raw coal,
• The PM emissions are so low that for much of the time the improved stove substantially cleans the ambient air that passes through it.
Conclusion 2
Thank You for Your Attention!