Physeal Dysplasia with Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis in Cats
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
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Transcript of Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
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Dr Varun Sapra
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SCFE –
Femoral neck and shaft displace relative to the femoral epiphysis and the acetabulum
Misnomer as neck displaces relative to the epiphysis
Usually, upward & anterior
Head remains posterior and downward in the acetabulum.
INTRODUCTION
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Femoral epiphysis displacing relative femoral neck:-
i) Posterior-a varus relation M.C
ii) Forward (anteriorly)
iii) Laterally (into a valgus position)
DISPLACEMENTS
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Dispalcement
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THE PHYSIS
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PATHO-ANATOMY
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1 Reserve Zone-
Composed of chondrocytes
Type II collagen is present in its highest amount
Oxygen tension is low
2 Proliferative Zone.
Chondrocytes form matrix
Oxygen tension is high
Rich vascular supply.
The majority of the longitudinal growth of the growth plate occurs in this zone.
Growth plate
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The zone is avascular,
low oxygen tension (similar to the reserve zone).
Chondrocytes prepare matrix for mineralization and
calcification.
Slip occurs through the weakest structural area of the plate, the hypertrophic zone.
3 Hypertrophic Zone
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Varies according to race, sex, geography
Estimated 2 per 100,000
Males > females (male to female ratio is 2:1)
left > right
During adolescence, max skeletal growth
boys 13-15 years, avg 14
girls 11-13 years, avg 12
associated with puberty
Bilateral - 20-25 %
When bilateral slips occur, the second slip usually occurs within 12 to 18 months of the initial slip.
Incidence/Epidemiology
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Often unknown
Majority are normal by current endocrine work-up
Etiologic –
Altering the strength of the zone of hypertrophy
Affecting the shear stress to the plate
1)Endocrine
2)Mechanical
ETIOLOGY
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Predisposing features:
-thinning of perichondral ring complex
-retroversion of femoral neck
-change in inclination of prox femoral physis relative to femoral neck/shaft
Mechanical Factors
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Fibrous band that encircles physis at cartilage-bone interface
Acts as limiting membrane,
mechanical support to physis
Thins rapidly with maturation strength
1) Perichondral Ring Thinning
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2) Retroversion of Femoral Neck
Relative or femoral retroversion
Physis more susceptible to AP shearing forces
3)Inclination
Increased slope of proximal femoral physis on both affected
and non-affected sides
Increased obliquity
Patients with a slipped epiphysis have a slope 11 degrees more
on the affected side and 5 degrees more on the unaffected side
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1) Obesity,
2) Hypogonadal males (adiposogenital syndrome)
3) Growth spurt
4) Hypothyroidism (treated or not)
5) GH administration
6) CRF
Growth hormone - stimulate growth of the physis converting cartilage to bone. too much un-ossified cartilage unable to resist stress imposed by increased body weight
No screening unless clinical suspicion
Endocrine Factors
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Periosteum stripped from ant/inf surface of femoral neck
Area btw neck & post periosteum fills with callus & ossifies
Anterosuperior neck forms “hump”(remodel)
Acute slips will have hemarthrosis
PATHOLOGY-GROSS
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-Edematous synovial membrane,periosteum,capsule
Light microscopic - physis is widened and irregular
Resting zone -60 to 70% of the width of the physis, Hypertrophic zone -15 to 30%.
SCFE, the hypertrophic zone may constitute up to 80% of the physis width.
Microscopic
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A,Slipping hypertrophied zone of the physis
B The zone of hypertrophy is widened
C The chondrocytes of the hypertrophied zone at the cleft
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Temporally, according to onsetacuteacute-on-chronicchronic
Functionally, according to ability to WB(weight bear)stable
unstable
Morphologically, according to extent of displacement
CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSIFICATION
Based on Duration of slip
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STABLE UNSTABLE
Weight bearing Possible Not possible
Severity of slip Less severe More severe
Effusion Absent Present
Good prognosis 96% 47%
AVN 0% 50%
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Preslip phase-
i)Weakness in the leg
ii) limping on exertion;
iii)On physical examination,
Lack of medial rotation of hip , hip in extension.
Affected leg is fixed, the thigh goes into abduction and external rotation
CLINICAL FEATURES
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i)The clinical criterion- acute onset of symptoms < 2 weeks
ii)Prodromal symptoms - weakness, limp, and intermittent groin,
medial thigh, or knee pain
Uable to weight bear.
iii) Antalgic gait
iv) An external rotation deformity
v) Shortening
vi) limitation of motion.
The greater the amount of slip, the greater is the restriction of
motion.
Unstable Acute or Acute-on-Chronic Slipped
Capital Femoral Epiphysis
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i)Groin or medial thigh/knee pain for months to years.
ii)Exacerbations and remissions of the pain or limp
iii)Limitation of motion(particularly medial rotation) the leg fixed external rotation
iv) Increased- hip extension
external rotation
adduction
Decreased
flexion , internal rotation ,abduction
CHRONIC SLIP/ STABLE SLIP
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v) Antalgic limp
vi)Local tenderness over the hip joint
vii)Shortening
viii)Thigh or calf atrophy.
ix) Hip flexion contracture -Chondrolysis.
Stable, Chronic Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
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DISORDER AGE SEX BILATERAL
DDH 0-2yrs FEMALES1:4
20%
PERTHES DISEASE
4-6yrs MALES5:1
10%
SCFE 10-15yrs MALES2:1
25-40%
Causes of Limp & Hip, Thigh or Knee Pain in
Children
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1)X-RAY-
Frog-leg lateral accentuate the deformity
Lateral view the best to detect the slip - head is posterior in relation to the neck
DIAGNOSIS
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PRE-SLIP The earliest radiographic change widening and
irregularity of the physis
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Klein's line
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A crescent-shaped area of increased density over the metaphysis of the femoral neck
This density is produced by
overlapping of femoral neck
and the posteriorly displaced
capital epiphysis
Metaphyseal blanch sign-Steel sign
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SCHAM SIGN- A) Normal hip, the inferomedial femoral neck
overlaps the posterior wall of the acetabulum-triangular radiographic density
B) Displacement of the capital epiphysis - dense triangle is lost
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Capeners sign AP view in the normal hip the posterior acetabular margin cuts across the medial corner of the upper femoral metaphysis. With slipping the entire metaphysis is lateral to the posterior acetabular margin
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Acute- little or no of the femoral neck
Chronic-remodeling of the femoral neck
Remodeling
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Southwick Classification
lateral epiphyseal-shaft angle (LESA).
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mild slips- <30 degree
moderate slips -30 - 60 degrees
severe slips- >60 degrees
Normal values 145 degrees - AP
10 degrees posterior on the frog-leg lateral
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Epiphysis relative to the metaphyseal
width
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More accurate in the measurement of the head–neck angle
Demonstrating penetration of the hip joint by fixation devices
Confirm closure of the proximal femoral physis
Assess the severity of residual deformity of the upper femur
II) CT SCAN
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Measurement of the head–neck angle on computed tomography (CT) scan
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3)Technetium-99 Bone Scan
Increased uptake -involved hip,
Decreased uptake -AVN,
Increased uptake in the joint space - chondrolysis.
4) Ultrasonography
5) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Goals in treatment
1)To prevent further displacement of the epiphysis
2)To promote closure of the physeal plate.
Long-term goals of treatment include
1)Restoration of a functional range of motion
2)Freedom from pain
3) Avoidance of aseptic necrosis and chondrolysis
TREATMENT
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1. Absolute Bed Rest
2. Traction
3. Hip Spica Cast
1)NON OPERATIVE TREATMENT
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• Bilateral BK cast
• Holding the hips in Abd & IR
• Weight bearing not allowed usually for 3 - 4 months
Spica Cast immobilization
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i)Percutaneous and open in situ pinning
ii)Open reduction and internal fixation
iii) Epiphysiodesis
iv)Osteotomy
v)Reconstruction by arthroplasty, arthrodesis, or cheilectomy
2)OPERATIVE TREATMENT
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Single
Central pin- the screw in the center of the femoral head
DISADVANTAGE
Persistent pin penetration
.
In Situ Pin or Screw Fixation
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AFTER TREATMENT
Range-of-motion exercises - begun the day.
Unstable slips- partial weight bearing 6 to 8 weeks.
sports and other activities forbidden until physeshave closed.
The screws removed after physeal closure
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A, Anterior approach to hip and H-shaped capsular
incision.
B, Use of hollow mill to create tunnel across physis
C, Sandwiched iliac bone grafts are driven across
physis.
Bone Peg Epiphysiodesis
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A portion of the residual physis is removed and a dowel or “peg” of autologous bone graft (ipsilateraliliac crest) is inserted into the epiphysis.
In unstable slips, supplementary internal fixation, postoperative traction, or spica cast immobilization for 3 to 8 weeks until early stabilization has occurred
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Disadvantages
1)Graft insufficiency
2)Increase in severity of slip
3)Failure of physeal fusion
4)longer operating time, increased blood loss, longer hospitalization, and longer rehabilitation.
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AFTER TREATMENT
In acute slips - spica cast for 6 weeks
In chronic slips weight bearing started at approximately 10 weeks.
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OSTEOTOMY
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There are two basic types of osteotomy:
1)Closing wedge osteotomy through the femoral neck - correct the deformity.
2)Compensatory osteotomy through the trochantericregion - produce a deformity in the opposite direction
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OSTEOTOMY
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To restore the normal relationship of the femoral head and neck
Delay the onset of degenerative joint disease.
Prevent further slippage
Correct preexisting deformity .
INDICATIONS
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1)Curetting the physis and securing the capital epiphysis to the neck
2) Fixing the capital epiphysis with a bone graft epiphysiodesis or metallic implant
2) Inducing fusion by reorienting the plane of the capital physis into a more horizontal position
The goal of preventing further slippage is achieved
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Trapezoidal osteotomy of the femoral neck
Referred as “an open replacement of the displaced femoral head”
should not be done if the physis is closed.
Reduce the capital femoral epiphysis on the femoral neck by resecting a portion of the superior femoral neck.
Advantage - the deformity itself is correctedResults.
High risk of complications, AVN and chondrolysis.
1) Dunn Procedure
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Indicated to correct residual deformity after closure of the physis.
corrects the varus and retroversion components of moderate or severe chronic SCFE.
Pose less risk to interruption of the blood supply to the femoral head than the Dunn procedure
Osteotomy held with threaded Steinmann pins, which extended into the capital epiphysis if the physis is still open
2)Base-of-Neck Osteotomy (Kramer and Barmada Procedures).
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Barmada's group –
Extracapsular base-of-neck osteotomy performed slightly more distally
Recommended for moderate to severe chronic SCFE with a greater than 30-degree head–shaft angle on lateral radiographs.
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Preferable method to correct deformity associated with SCFE
Southwick osteotomy –chronic or healed slips with head–shaft deformities between 30 and 70 degrees
Biplane osteotomy Performed at the level of the lesser trochanter.
Imhauser's procedure - Intertrochanteric
COMPLICATIONSI)Chondrolysis
2)Post operative narrowing of joint space
4)Intertrochanteric Osteotomy(Imhauser/Southwick Procedure).
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Not performed routinely.
Symptomatic slipping of the contralateral slip after unilateral treatment - 12.5%
Asymptomatic slipping of the contralateral hip has -40%.
Prophylactic Pinning of Contralateral Slips
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Indications-
High-risk
Noncompliant patients
Epiphysiolysis from irradiation therapy
Metabolic or endocrinopathic
Renal failure.
Children younger than 10 years at the time of
presentation
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1)CHONDROLYSIS
Occasionally referred to as “acute cartilage necrosis”
NATURAL HISTORY
Symptoms develop between 6 weeks and 4 months after treatment,
Progressive joint space narrowing occurs, maximum reduction - 6 to 12 months of onset of symptoms.
COMPLICATIONS
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
Spontaneously
Depends on mode of treatment
1.5% percutaneous in situ pinning
50% - spica cast.
Pin penetration of the joint
Intertrochanteric osteotomy.
Girls are more likely to be affected than boys.
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CLINICAL FEATURES
Stiffness
Pain in the groin or upper thigh.
Walking affected.
The hip held in flexion, abduction, and external rotation.
There is substantial reduction in the arc of motion of the hip in all planes, and motion is usually painful.
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Radiographically,
Loss of joint space.
The radiographic criterion - loss of more than 50% of the joint space
or an absolute measurement of 3 mm or less.(normal-4-6mm)
A technetium bone scan shows increased uptake in an affected joint space.
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ETIOLOGY
Etiology is not known various theories-
1) Lack of synovial fluid production- failure of nutrition of articular cartilage
2) Autoimmune - Produce an antigen
3) Metallic implant penetration
4) Impingement - labrum and acetabulum by anterior “pistol grip” deformity of the femoral neck
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1)CT of the hip to confirm that no implant encroachment is present.
2) Aspiration of the hip to rule out a low-grade infection.
3)If pin penetration has occurred, the implant must be removed or replaced if the physis is not fused.
4)Supportive care
5) Muscle releases or capsulotomy,
6) Arthrodesis or total joint arthroplasty.
TREATMENT
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Generalized osteopenia
and narrowing of the cartilage space.
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Axhausen in 1924 used the term aseptic necrosis
Without treatment
Acute displacement (unstable slip).
Closed or open reduction of unstable slips
Osteotomy of the femoral neck.
Intertrochanteric osteotomy.
lowest open epiphysiodesis or in situ pinning of stable slips
AVASCULAR NECROSIS
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The blood supply to the femoral head is interrupted,
The lateral epiphyseal arterial system may be damaged
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
Two patterns of distribution are typically seen:
Total head necrosis
Partial (or segmental) necrosis
Affected epiphysis first fails to become osteopenic
Resorption of the necrotic bone
collapse of the affected portion of the epiphysis.
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TREATMENT
1)prevention.
2)Implant removal
3) Joint arthroplasty (total or partial) or hip fusion
4)Hip arthrodesis
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10% to 15% of patients with SCFE
Osteonecrosis is rare in untreated patients
Results from interruption of the retrograde blood supply by the original injury (superior retinacularartery of the medial circumfl ex femoral)
1) unstable (acute) slips,
2) forceful repetitive manipulations
3) open reduction, or
4) osteotomy of the femoral neck.
5) Superolateral placement of pins
3) OSTEONECROSIS
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Anterior physeal separation. a sign indicating a high rise for avascular
necrosis
separation of the anterior lip of the epiphysis from the metaphysis
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ETIOLOGY
i) Fixation of SCFE with multiple pins
ii) Unused drill holes
iii) After nail removal
iv) Thermal injury caused by reaming of the femoral neck
.
Femoral Neck Fracture
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Subtrochanteric fracture,
Transverse fractures
Immediate ORIF with a hip screw and a long side plate
Femoral neck fracture
less common
spica casting
weight relief alone
Vascularized pedicle bone graft
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The complication can be decreased by
avoiding drilling unnecessary holes in the bone
avoiding overzealous reaming of the femoral neck
Untreated Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
i)Severe degree and that degenerative arthritis
ii)AVN
iii)Chondrolysis
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The displacement is either superior and posterior
Increased femoral anteversion.
Clinical picture
In valgus slips there is a restriction of adduction as well as of flexion.
In anterior slips there is a limitation of extension and external rotation
Treatment
1)in situ pinning.
2)limited open approach for in situ pinning-valgus slip
2)Open bone graft epiphysiodesis -if percutaneous pinning is inadvisable or unsuccessful
ANTERIOR AND VALGUS SLIPS
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