SLIPP

Shuswap LakeIntegrated PlanningProcess (SLIPP)

Public Advisory Committee,

Steering Committee and Technical

Team Meeting

June 16, 2010

- 2 -

Presentation Outline

Shuswap Lakes Greywater Reportpresented by Northwest Hydraulic ConsultantsPart 1: Greywater ReportPart 2: What is Greywater?Part 3: Greywater Dispersion ModelingPart 4: Greywater Report Recommendations

Welcome and Update

PART 1: Shuswap Lakes Greywater ReportPART 1: Shuswap Lakes Greywater Report

Ken Ashley, Ph.D. and Barry Chilibeck, P. Eng, nhc

Ken Hall, Ph.D., UBC

Greg Lawrence, Ph.D., P. Eng., UBC

Don Mavinic, Ph.D., P. Eng., UBC

Tony Priestley, Ph.D., CSIRO, Australia

June 16, 2010: Quaaout Lodge

Part 1: Greywater Report Presentation OutlinePart 1: Greywater Report Presentation Outline

• SLIPP Vision, Goal and Strategies for water quality

• Shuswap Lakes greywater report

• Water quality in the Shuswap lakes

• Greywater characterization - Dr. Ken Hall

• Greywater treatment technology - Dr. Don Mavinic

• Greywater dispersion modeling - Dr. Greg Lawrence• Greywater report conclusions and recommendations• Questions

Working together to sustain the health and prosperity of the Shu swap and Mara lakes

Development that respects environmental, economic and

social interests

Water quality that supports public and environmental health

Desirable recreational experiences that are safe and

sustainable

Strategies

• Create a comprehensive foreshore

and upland area site sensitivity map

for Shuswap and Mara lakes

• Form the Inter -Agency Technical

Committee to manage cross -agency

development applications and lake

issues

• Improve the development application

review process

• Create a model for assessing

cumulative impact

Strategies

• Develop an inter -agency water quality

monitoring program

• Eliminate boat discharge on the lakes

Cross -Cutting Strategies

Strategies

• Develop a recreation management

plan for the Shuswap and Mara lakes

• Develop a recreation use monitoring

program

• Create the Professional and

Scientific Advisory Group

• Establish a coordinated annual

education, compliance and

enforcement planning process

• Create the Shuswap Lake

integrated response process

• Engage stakeholders in

education, compliance and

enforcement initiatives

Vision

Goals

SLIPP Vision:

SLIPP GoalSLIPP Goal: : Water quality that supports publicWater quality that supports publicand environmental healthand environmental health

• Good water quality is critical to public and environmentalwell being

• As human density in Shuswap and Mara lakes increases, sotoo have demands on water for people, fish and wildlife

• The ability of the lakes to provide high quality water isthreatened by discharges from numerous sources, andincreasing lake shore and upland development

The following positive changes will occur as a result ofachieving SLIPP water quality goals on the Shuswap lakes:

• Protection and improvement of water quality by eliminating thedischarge of black and greywater

• Improvement in public health by reducing transmission of water bornediseases and exposure to known and emerging wastewater contaminants

• Increased public awareness and engagement in water quality and liquidwaste management issues

• Increased coordination in the prohibition of black and greywaterdisposal

• Provision of additional discharge facilities

2010Full compliance with BC and Canadian discharge regulations

Spring 2010Research study on best practices for implementing dischargeprohibitions

2008/09 (tba)Implement capital infrastructure incentive program

OngoingIncrease private provision of discharge facilities

Summer 2009Voluntary compliance program for discharge seals

Summer 2008Research study on future demand for discharge facilities

Summer 2008Undertake compliance survey

Ongoing,starting inSummer 2008

Conduct coordinated education, compliance and enforcementactivities

ProjectedCompletionImplementation Step

Implementation steps for eliminating vessel discharges

Shuswap Lake Greywater ReportShuswap Lake Greywater ReportOur review of the private and commercial watercraft greywaterdischarge issue followed a logical path that asked three core questions:

1. Are there any contaminants in greywater that could be deleterious topublic health and/or the environment? Dr. Ken Hall

2. If greywater is a contaminant, is there a process for treating greywateron-board private and commercial watercraft in order to minimize risk topublic health and water quality? Dr. Don Mavinic

3. If greywater can be deleterious to public health and water quality, andthere is no suitable commercially available technology at present for on-board treatment, what are the implications of releasing greywater into theenvironment? Dr. Greg Lawrence…………then reviewed by Dr. Tony Priestley, CSIRO, Australia

Water quality in the Shuswap lakesWater quality in the Shuswap lakes

Morphometric features of the Shuswap lakes

51o 15’119o 30’

50o 56’119o 17’Location 00 00 N; 000 00 W

42.3149.521.21,430Shoreline length (km)0.13100.032.1Residence time (years)

n/a7.5n/a10Thermocline depth (m)357.75 x 10623.19 x 109260.66 x 10619.13 x 109Volume (m3)

347407347347Elevation (m)18.316914.361.6Mean depth (m)45.739759.4161.5Maximum depth (m)

466.630.1n/a49.7Drainage basin/surface arearation

9,0654,144Incl.15,354Drainage basin area (km2) 1,942.613,7601,813 30,960Surface area (ha)

Mara LakeAdamsLake

LittleShuswap

ShuswapLake

Major arms and tributaries of Shuswap Lake

Adams River, Scotch Creek, RossCreek

West Arm

Seymour Creek, Two Mile Creek,Five Mile Creek, BlueberryCreek, Celista Creek

Seymour Arm

Anstey River, Four Mile Creek,Queest Creek, Hunakwa Creek

Anstey ArmShuswap River, Eagle RiverSicamous Arm

Salmon River, Tappen Creek,White Creek, Canoe Creek

Salmon ArmMajor tributariesShuswap Lake basin

Lake Trophic States

Dense algae and macrophytesNoticeable odorFish kills possible

Hypereutrophic> 70

Warm water fisheryLow transparencyAnoxic hypolimnion insummer

Eutrophic50 – 70

Warm water fisheryModerately clear waterPossible anoxia in summerMesotrophic30 – 50

Trout possible in deeplakes

Clear waterLow productionOxygenated hypolimnion

Oligotrophic< 30

Aquatic lifeAttributesTrophic stateTSI

Summary of trophic statusSummary of trophic statusand water quality trends inand water quality trends in

Shuswap and Mara lakes deepShuswap and Mara lakes deepwater stationswater stations

Increasing total nitrogen andtotal phosphorus in someareas

OligotrophicMara Lake

Slightly increasing totalnitrogen, total phosphorusconstant or increasingslightly over time

OligotrophicWest Arm

Increasing total nitrogen andtotal phosphorus

OligotrophicSicamous Arm

Increasing total nitrogen andtotal phosphorus

OligotrophicSeymour Arm

Slightly increasing totalnitrogen and totalphosphorus

Mesotrophic to eutrophicSalmon Arm/Tappen Bay

Increasing total nitrogen andtotal phosphorus

OligotrophicAnstey ArmTrend directionDeep water trophic statusLake Area

Total Phosphorus Main Arm Shuswap Lake 1970 to 2005

Jan-7

0

Jan-7

2

Jan-7

4

Jan-7

6

Jan-7

8

Jan-8

0

Jan-8

2

Jan-8

4

Jan-8

6

Jan-8

8

Jan-9

0

Jan-9

2

Jan-9

4

Jan-9

6

Jan-9

8

Jan-0

0

Jan-0

2

Jan-0

4

Jan-0

6

Tota

l Phosphoru

s (u

g/L

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Armstrong Point epi

Armstrong Point hypo

West of Sorrento epi

West of Sorrento hypo

McBride Point epi

McBride Point hypo

Eutrophic

Salmonids

Oligotrophic

Total Phosphorus Salmon Arm Shuswap Lake 1986 to 2005

Jan-8

0

Jan-8

2

Jan-8

4

Jan-8

6

Jan-8

8

Jan-9

0

Jan-9

2

Jan-9

4

Jan-9

6

Jan-9

8

Jan-0

0

Jan-0

2

Jan-0

4

Jan-0

6

To

tal P

ho

sp

ho

rus (u

g/L

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Sandy Point epi

Sandy Point hypo

Fraser's Beach epi

Fraser's Beach hypo

Canoe Wharf epi

Canoe Wharf hypo

Eutrophic

Oligotrophic

Salmonids

In summary, most deep water stations in Shuswap Lake remainoligotrophic, with the exception of Salmon Arm/Tappen Bay, which hasbeen mesotrophic/eutrophic since at least the 1970s.

However, the trend analysis indicates the concentration of limitingnutrients is increasing lake-wide, even in the deep water stations, whichhave previously been unaffected.

This finding is disturbing given the large volume and rapid flushing ratein Shuswap Lake and Mara Lake, and indicative of the requirement toprotect the water quality of these important lakes

Shuswap Lake algal bloom – June, 2008

Mara Lake algal bloom – May, 2010

Lake Winnipeg…

PART 2:PART 2:What is Greywater?What is Greywater?

Ken Hall, Professor Emeritus, UBC

June 16, 2010

Contents of Greywater PresentationContents of Greywater Presentation

• What is greywater, sources?• Water use in households• Contaminants in greywater• Toxic contaminants• Environmental occurrence of contaminants• Greywater relative contributions• Trace metals in greywater• Organic contaminants in greywater• Shuswap houseboat greywater• Loadings to Shuswap Lake• Conclusions

What is Greywater?What is Greywater?

• The terms greywater and blackwateroriginate from the separation of the toiletwaste (blackwater) from the rest of ourwastewater discharges (greywater)

Blackwater

Greywater

• Kitchen sink Compostable household waste (kitchen garberator), fats, oils, salt,flavours, preservatives, nutrients, soil, food particles, biocide residues, detergents,soaps, other cleaning agents

• Dishwasher Fats, oils, flavours, preservatives, detergents, soaps, salt, nutrients, foodparticles, oils and grease, cleaning agents.

• Laundry/Washing machine Hair, soil & sediment, detergents, washing powders,soap, salt, softeners, bleach, dyes, cleaning agents, fabric whiteners, preservatives, oiland grease, personal care products, perfumes, fecal/urine contamination, clothingmaterials and fibers.

• Hand basin Soap, shampoo, detergents, preservatives, hair dyes, toothpaste, otherpersonal care products, hair, soil, sediment, organic matter, fecal/urine contamination,cleaning agents.

• Shower Soap, shampoo, hair dyes, toothpaste, other personal care products,preservatives, soil, sediment, organic matter, fecal/urine contamination, cleaning agents.

• Bathtub Soap, shampoo, hair dyes, other personal care products, preservatives,soil, sediment, organic matter, hair, fecal/urine contamination, cleaning agents.

Sources ofSources of Greywater &Greywater &ContaminantsContaminants

Compounds in Household Chemicals &Compounds in Household Chemicals &Personal Care ProductsPersonal Care Products

• Compound Category Number of Compounds• Surfactants 53• Emulsifiers 26• Fragrances & Flavours 48• Preservatives 20• Softeners & Plasticizers 3• UV Filters 4• Solvents 10• Dyes 11• Miscellaneous 62

Water UseWater Use in Householdsin Households

Water Use Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

PersonalHygiene

35-37% 25% ND

Kitchen 17-25% 8% NDLaundry 13-15% 8% NDMixedGreywater

ND ND 53-81%

ToiletFlushing

20-27% 40% 19-47%

Other 5-7% 7% ND

Contaminants inContaminants in GreywaterGreywater

• Nutrients- Nitrogen and Phosphorus• Pathogens• Degradable Organic Matter (BOD)• Toxic Substances• (1) Trace Metals• (2) Organic Contaminants

ToxicToxic Contaminants Contaminants• Trace Metals – essential metals (copper, zinc) non-

essential metals (cadmium, mercury, arsenic)• Organic Contaminants:• - POP (Persistant Organic Pollutants) PCBs, PBDEs

(flame retardants), some pesticides.• -PCPs (Personal Care Products), fragrances, soaps,

detergents, tooth paste, deodorants, antibiotics etc.• - EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds) steroid,

birth control medication, hormone mimics.

Contaminantsfound in 139 U.S.streams.

Surveyed for 95differentchemicals.

50% of streamshad 7 or morechemicals

Data Sources on GreywaterData Sources on Greywater

• Houseboats• Cruise Ships• Condos (with wastewater separation)

Greywater ContaminantGreywater ContaminantContributions to WastewatersContributions to Wastewaters

Contaminant Study 1 Study 2BOD 63% 51-80%Nitrogen 8% NDPhosphorus 37% NDLead 59% NDCadmium 38% NDMercury 15% NDSuspendedsolids

ND 23-64%

Characteristics of GreywaterCharacteristics of Greywater from fromHouseboat Sources (mg/L)-1Houseboat Sources (mg/L)-1

QualityParameter

Shower Laundry KitchenSink

Dishwasher

BOD 320 340 230 1000

SuspendedSolids

60 180 140 260

Oil &Grease

45 14 140 210

Phosphorus 16 82 21 71

Characteristics of GreywaterCharacteristics of Greywater from fromHouseboat Sources (mg/L)-2Houseboat Sources (mg/L)-2

QualityParameter

Shower Laundry Kitchensink

Dishwasher DomesticWastewater(medium)

BOD 320 340 230 1000 190

Suspendedsolids

60 180 140 260 210

Oil &Grease

45 14 140 210 90

Phosphorus 16 82 21 71 7

Trace Metals in Cruise ShipTrace Metals in Cruise ShipGreywater (Greywater (ug/Lug/L)- Averages)- Averages

Ship Copper Lead Zinc

Large ship(n=15)

103 4 179

Large ships(n=16)

97 2 291

Small ships(n=8)

146 3.7 442

FreshwaterGuideline

2-4 1-7 30

Selected Organic Contaminants inSelected Organic Contaminants inGreywater (Greywater (ug/Lug/L))

Contaminant Use MixedGreywater

ShipGreywater

Guideline

Acetone Solvent ND <3-400 none

BenzoicAcid

Preservative ND <0.5-740 none

Chloroform DBPs 250 0.1-170 1.8 (HH)

DEHP Plasticizer 8.4-160 5.6-183 16 (FAL)

Nonylphenol Detergent 0.4-6 ND 1.0 (FAL)

Triclosan Antibacterial .56-5.9 ND none

ParabensParabens

Esters of parahydroxy benzoic acid

Used as preservatives in cosmetics andpharmaceutical products- deodorants,shampoos, moisturizers, shaving gels,toothpaste etc.

In 215 products found in 99% of leave-onproducts & 77% of rinse-off products.

High levels detected in breast tumors.

Found up to 40 ug/L in Greywater

Greywater Quality on ShuswapGreywater Quality on ShuswapHouseboatsHouseboats

Characteristic Minimum(mg/L)

Maximum(mg/L)

S. AustraliaRegulation

BOD 2090 4120 No Reg.

SuspendedSolids

98 1300 <50

Nitrogen 6.4 111 <10

Phosphorus 3.6 105 <1.0

E. coli <1 100,000 <40

Oil/Grease ND ND <25

Loadings of Contaminants to Shuswap LakeLoadings of Contaminants to Shuswap Lakein Summer (June 14 - Sept 14)in Summer (June 14 - Sept 14)

ContaminantSource

BOD Nitrogen Phosphorus

SalmonArmSTP

1212 6811 407

Houseboats(Greywater)

4224 211 352

Values expressed as kg/period when houseboats on water

Conclusions: 1Conclusions: 1• Greywater is an important source of a variety of

environmental contaminants• Greywater can contribute contaminants at

concentrations equal to or higher than blackwater.

• Greywater is an important source of thetraditional water contaminants including BOD,phosphorus, oil & grease, pathogen indicators.

• Both trace metals & organic contaminants arepresent in greywater and may exceedregulations.

Conclusions: 2Conclusions: 2

• Personal Care Products from kitchen andbathroom activities have been identified inhousehold greywater- most of them have nodischarge regulations.

• Summer discharges of degradable organicmatter (BOD) and phosphorus in greywater fromhouseboats in Shuswap Lake are comparable toSalmon Arm STP loadings & could have impactsin enclosed bays with poor circulation.

PART 3: Greywater DispersionModeling

Dr. Greg Lawrence

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NEAR-FIELD MIXING

PREDICTED NEAR-FIELD FECALCOLIFORM COUNTS WITH SOURCECONCENTRATION AND DISTANCE

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Distance from source (m)

Fecal colifo

rms in

lake (

cfu

/1

00

ml)

FAR-FIELD DISPERSION STUDY

PREDICTED FAR-FIELD FECALCOLIFORMS COUNTS

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Distance along shoreline (m)

FC

/1

00

mL

10 20 30 40 50 70 100

PART 4: Greywater report conclusionsPART 4: Greywater report conclusions

1. Are there any contaminants in greywater that could be deleterious topublic health and/or the environment?

The answer to this question was clear: greywater is oftenindistinguishable from blackwater; hence greywater releases pose arisk to public health and water quality.

This report clearly demonstrates not only the great variability in qualityof greywater, but also the significant amounts of pathogens, organicmatter, nutrients and heavy metals contained in it.

This information is in line with limited Australian data and confirms thepotential for greywater discharge to pose significant risks to bothpublic health and receiving water quality;

2. Since greywater is a contaminant, is there a process for treatinggreywater on-board private and commercial watercraft in order tominimize risk to public health and water quality?

A detailed review of the literature, plus consideration of the sanitaryengineering requirements to design, manufacture and reliably operatesuch a mechanism, indicate there is no commercially availabletechnology in Canada, or elsewhere, at this time that could providesuitable on-board treatment of greywater.

The operational aspects of small scale on-board treatment systems istheir ‘Achilles heel’. While Australian examples can be shown ofwell designed and well operated treatment systems which meet theirperformance goals, the logistical and regulatory efforts required toensure effective long term operation of the many small scale treatmentsystems installed in a large variety of leisure and commercial craft areoverwhelming.

3. Since greywater can be deleterious to public health and water quality,and there is no suitable commercially available technology at present foron-board treatment, what are the implications of releasing greywater intothe environment?

The answer to this question revealed a wide array of regulated and non-regulated contaminants would be released into the environment, some ofwhich would exceed of the Canada Shipping Act regulations forDesignated Waters and BC Water Quality Criteria for primary contactrecreation, in addition to a wide array of emerging contaminants whichwould often include suspected and known endocrine disruptors andpotentially carcinogenic compounds.

The logical conclusion is that greywater discharges from private andcommercial watercraft pose an unacceptable risk to public health andwater quality in Shuswap and Mara lakes.

We found that similar conclusions have been reached in California andSouth Australia, and their responses are applicable to the Shuswap lakes,in addition to adhering to existing Canada Shipping Act Regulations forDesignated Waters and BC Water Quality Criteria for MicrobialIndicators.

We believe that effective, on-board treatment of greywater on ShuswapLake houseboats and other recreational craft, followed by directdischarge, may eventually be possible, but the issue of “practicality”cannot be ignored (based on the Australian experience, to date) – whenone considers ALL aspects of what may be required (including legalissues) to “make it work”, over what is essentially a 3-4 month boatingseason.

1. Mandatory greywater storage and pump-out, is the most “realistic”option for the Shuswap Lake System, although, it, too, has it’s ownissues and controversies.

None-the-least of these is a “fail-safe” system installed on board,preventing (and making it a chargeable offence under the EMA andCanada Shipping Act) deliberate discharge into the local water bodydirectly from any size greywater holding tank.

Greywater report recommendations

2. A phase-in period is called for, requiring newer vessels to design“appropriate sized” holding tanks into the basic structure. Older vesselscould be “grandfathered” as they are phased out of usage during adefined period established by the Ministry Environment, Interior Health,Shuswap First Nations and the Regional Governments (i.e. TNRD andCSRD) via SLIPP.

This would be concurrent with additional actions such as an increase inthe number of pump-out stations (strategically located around ShuswapLake), flow restriction devices on-board (e.g. low volume shower headsand toilets), new limited size fresh water holding tanks (per person ,daily limitations based), on-board grey water hookup to toilet facilitiesfor black water usage requirements, and others.

3. During the phase-in period, a temporary system of “floating barge”,pump-out stations could be put in place in various bays and arms.

This interim system, along with the expansion of the on-shore pump-outstations, could be financed by a local, environmental levy (or somethingakin to a Shuswap watershed levy) and a greywater user fee on thecommercial houseboat industry.

4. For enforcement and compliance, on the water, “spot inspections” ofprivate and commercial watercraft, by Provincial, Federal and FirstNations authorities, would be a logical expectation, to ensure complianceuptake with this entire procedure.

Taken in its entirety, this option may be the most “feasible” forpermanent adoption on the Shuswap Lake system, especially inconsideration of “stakeholder buy-in”.

5. An intensive education program should become an important part ofmanaging contaminants from greywater.

To effectively manage greywater, one core objective is to reduce thevolume of any one of these uses and to reduce the variability with whichthis volume enters a treatment system.

While onboard retention of greywater appears to be the safest option atthe present time, it does lead to the obvious problem of the need to storelarge volumes of heavy water with significant implications for vesseldesign and stability.

Consequently, minimisation of greywater volume becomes of greatimportance.

Removing automatic dish washers and laundry facilities from houseboatswould reduce the greywater volume significantly and would reduce someof the detergent components (phosphates, nonylphenols etc.) ingreywater that create some of the environmental concerns with dischargeto the aquatic environment.

SLIPP:Water quality that supports public andSLIPP:Water quality that supports public andenvironmental healthenvironmental health

Questions?

Terms of Reference: NHC contract with Fraser BasinTerms of Reference: NHC contract with Fraser BasinCouncil to conduct greywater management reviewCouncil to conduct greywater management review

Project Scope: An assessment of the potential impacts to Shuswapand Mara Lakes that may result from discharged greywater treated tothe proposed South Australia EPA standard or a suitable alternative.

It is anticipated that in order to more fully address this question, thefollowing elements will be included in the analysis:

1. An overview of the unique value of the Shuswap system, a review ofthe present circumstances including existing legislation and thepotential impact to both drinking water and environmental waterquality from raw grey water discharge.

Compare the current practices and plans for sewage and greywatermanagement on land and water;

2. Review the proposed South Australia greywater standards for possibleapplication to BC inland waters in general and the Shuswap systemspecifically.

Provide a professional opinion of whether these standards aresufficiently protective of public health or the environment, along withqualitative (e.g. relative risk) and quantitative (e.g. otherguidelines/standards) considerations for this opinion.

3. Consider how the magnitude of potential water quality impactscompare to similar regulated discharges to surface water bodies and non-point source impacts from land based discharges.

4. If the South Australia standards are not sufficiently protective,recommend discharge requirements that would be appropriate.Standards and requirements applied must consider the addedcomplexities of a moving point of discharge and the broad range ofpotential contaminants associated with domestic greywater.

Recognizing that conventional standards for BOD, TSS, fecal coli. etc.are for parameters that are only indicators of sewage treatment,determine if there are other specific standards that should be applied.

5. Evaluate the potential treatment technologies and whether or not theseare feasible for effective on- board treatment of greywater to bedischarged to Shuswap Lake.

Evaluate whether on-board treatment systems are effective to treat allidentified hazards associated with domestic greywater discharges.

These would include bacteriological and chemical contaminants andphysical characteristics.

6. Assess how discharge practices such as the location (near beach oropen water) and conditions for discharge might affect the potentialimpacts, with recommendations for best practices to be considered forthe Shuswap system.