slides L4 phon acquisition.ppt - University Of...
Transcript of slides L4 phon acquisition.ppt - University Of...
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Homework 1
• Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
• Arguments for mental grammar ≠ Arguments for innate knowledgeArguments for innate knowledge
• Creativity / expressivity
• Hypothesis testing
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Review of phonology
• Phonemes vs. allophones• Phonemic analyses (two steps)Phonemic analyses (two steps)• Contrastive (distinctive) vs.
complementary distributioncomplementary distribution
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Examine the distribution of [x] and [ç]. [x] = voiceless velar fricative[ ] i l l l f i i[ç] = voiceless palatal fricative
Apply the two steps of phonemic analyses. If pp y p p ythe two sounds are in complementary distribution, then
a) list the environments (neighboring sounds)b) state a generalization (x occurs in y, a
i b)occurs in b)c) state a rule.
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Ling 240Ling 240
Acquisition of phonemic categoriesg
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phonetic and phonemic categories
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Categorization of speechCategorization of speech sounds
• difference between physical level p yand mental level
• how are mental categories used in speech perception?p p p
• how are mental categories acquired?
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Physically (phonetically)t d¬
dph
thd
pb
t¬
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Mentally (phonologically):C t i i E li hCategories in English
t d¬d
ph
thd
pb
t¬
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English Sindhi
/p/ /p/ /ph/p
[p] [ph] [p] [ph]
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Categories are not determined by the physical properties of theby the physical properties of the speech sounds
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Physically: a continuum
Voicing continuum
ph p bph …………. p …………. b
th ………….. t …………. d
Mentally: discrete categoriesMentally: discrete categories
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Physically: a continuum
Voicing continuum
ph p bph …………. p …………. b
th ………….. t …………. d
Mentally: discrete categoriesMentally: discrete categories
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Gradient vs. Categorical
tall - short vs. pass - failhappy - sad vs dead - alivehappy sad vs. dead alive
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Gradability
tall or short?• gradability: in betweengradability: in between• comparison: X is taller than Y
d d i l X• dependence on a comparison class: X can be tall in one context but short in
thanother
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Discreteness
dead or alive
• X is either dead or not no in between• X is either dead or not -- no in between
• X cannot be more dead than Y
• X cannot be dead in one context but not in anotherin another
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Going back to speech sounds
Voicing continuum
ph p bph …………. p …………. b
th ………….. t …………. d
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Voice onset time
• VOT = the interval between the release of a closure and the start of the voicingg
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Voice Onset Time (VOT)
60 msec
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English VOT production
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Discrimination
D 0ms 20msD D
20ms 40msD T
40ms 60msT T
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Perceiving VOT
‘Categorical Perception’
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Categorical PerceptionCategorical Perception
Humans perceive phonemes categoricallyHumans perceive phonemes categorically
DA1 DA2 TA1 TA2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in milliseconds
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Categorical perception
• The mind imposes discrete, abstract categories which do not exist in the gphysical world
• Gradations in the phonetic categoriesGradations in the phonetic categories are ignored
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Any questions so far?
• Mental vs. physical• Categorical vs gradientCategorical vs. gradient• VOT
C t i l ti• Categorical perception
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But wait a second…
• What about children?• They need to learn these abstract y
phonological constructs, but they are only exposed to the actual physical instances of sounds – they don’t have direct access to phonemes (which are in adult’s lexicon)adult’s lexicon)
• So, how can they learn phonemes of their native language?their native language?
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Do they have phonemicDo they have phonemic categories?
Wh t biliti hild b ith?• What abilities are children born with?• What abilities are specific to humans?• What abilities are specific to the
linguistic system?g y
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Is phoneme discrimination innate or
l d?learned?
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Is phoneme discriminationIs phoneme discrimination innate?
• Hypothesis A: Innate ability to discriminate all possible phoneme distinctions (in any language)
• Hypothesis B: children learn to discriminate the contrasts in their language
• Hypothesis C: Something in between… some contrasts are innate, others learnedlearned
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Do newborns perceiveDo newborns perceive phonemes categorically?p g y
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Eimas et al 1971Eimas et al., 1971
Can newborns perceive categorically?
BA PA1 PA2BA PA1 PA2
0 20 40 60 800 20 40 60 80VOT in milliseconds
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How do newborn babiesHow do newborn babies perceive speech sounds?
• Speech perception is innate: infants perceive categorically (Hyp. Ai)p g y ( yp )
• Untuned sensitivity: infants perceive diff b t t t i ll (Hdifferences but not categorically (Hyp. Aii)
• Infants are insensitive to differences between speech sounds (Hyp B)between speech sounds (Hyp. B)
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But how can you test what infants perceive?perceive?
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High AmplitudeHigh Amplitude Sucking Procedure
• Pacifier contains sensor to monitor sucking rates
• Each time infantEach time infant sucks pacifier, a stimulus is playedstimulus is played
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StimulusStimulus
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Hi h A lit dHigh Amplitude Sucking Procedureg
• Initially sucking rate increases (novelty)
• Then decreases• Decline in response
= habituationhabituation
LSCP Infant Lab
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High AmplitudeHigh Amplitude Sucking Procedure
When sucking rate declines to a setdeclines to a set point (habituation criterion)criterion),auditory stimulus is changed
LSCP Infant LabLSCP Infant Lab
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TestTest
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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High Amplitude S kiSucking
ProcedureIf sucking rate
increases, ,then we know the
infant has detectedinfant has detected the change
• The renewed• The renewed response = is dishabituationdishabituation
LSCP Infant Lab
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Predictions: Hypothesis A(i)Predictions: Hypothesis A(i) ? ?
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Predictions: Hypothesis A(i)Predictions: Hypothesis A(i) iRemain
habituateddishabituate
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Predictions: Hypothesis A(ii)Predictions: Hypothesis A(ii) ? ?
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Predictions: Hypothesis A(ii)Predictions: Hypothesis A(ii) di h bi di h bidishabituate dishabituate
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Predictions: Hypothesis BPredictions: Hypothesis B ? ?
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Predictions: Hypothesis BPredictions: Hypothesis B i iRemain
habituatedRemain
habituated
BA PA1 PA21 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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Results
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phonemic acoustic
High Amplitude kiSucking
Eimas et al. 1971
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Results = Hypothesis A(i)Results = Hypothesis A(i) iRemain
habituateddishabituate
BA1 BA2 PA1 PA21 2 1 2
0 20 40 60 80VOT in millisecondsVOT in milliseconds
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ConclusionsConclusions
Newborns perceive speech sounds categorically
Categorical perception of h d i i tspeech sounds is innate
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Newborns are universal listeners
Newborns are sensitive to every phonological distinction yet testedphonological distinction yet tested
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Is categorical perception of speech sounds unique tospeech sounds unique to
humans?Or do other animals do this too?
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Do other animals perceiveDo other animals perceive phonemes categorically?
K hl & Mill 1978 t t hi hillKuhl & Miller 1978: test chinchillas and humans with identical stimuli
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ChinchillasChinchillas
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Avoidance Conditioning Procedure
Sh k i d ith h d tShock paired with speech sound at one end of continuum (A)
0 80PAVOT in milliseconds
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Avoidance Conditioning Procedure
Sound at other end (B) paired with safety
0 80VOT in milliseconds
BA
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Avoidance Conditioning Procedure
Animal learns to run to other side of cageAnimal learns to run to other side of cage when it hears sound A but stay after B
What will they do for sounds in between?
Sta R n? ? ? ?Stay Run? ? ? ?
PABA
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Predictions
100Categorical Perception
708090
ed [b
]
Categorical PerceptionGraded Perception
405060
nt la
belle
10203040
Perc
en
010
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Voice Onset Time (ms)
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Results
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Kuhl & Miller, 1978
100
8090
100
[b]
English Speakers
50
6070
labe
lled
2030
40
Perc
ent l
010
20P
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Voice Onset Time (ms)
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Kuhl & Miller, 1978
100
8090
100
[b]
English SpeakersChinchillas
50
6070
labe
lled
2030
40
Perc
ent l
010
20P
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Voice Onset Time (ms)
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ConclusionsConclusions
Categorical perception of speech sounds is not species-specificspecific (even chinchillas can do it!)
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Becoming a Native Listener
What develops in speech perception?perception?
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Universal Phonetic Spacep
EnglishJapanese EnglishJapanese
French
Universal phonetic inventoryp y
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Languages differ in their g gphonetic inventories
In English /r/ and /l/ are separateIn English /r/ and /l/ are separate phonemes
Ex: rate vs. lateN t i JNot so in Japanese
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Languages differ in their g gphonetic inventories
I E li h th diff b tIn English the difference between (alveolar) /d/ and retroflex /D/ is ( )not phonemic
In Hindi it isIn Hindi it is
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Cross-Language Differences
English vs HindiEnglish vs. Hindi
alveolar [d]?
retroflex [D] ?
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Newborns are universal listeners
English infants can distinguish Hi di /d/ d /D/Hindi /d/ and /D/Japanese infants can distinguishJapanese infants can distinguish between /l/ and /r/
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Newborns are universal listeners
Infants perceive speech t i llcategorically
Newborns are sensitive to almostNewborns are sensitive to almost every phonological distinction yet t t dtested
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Newborns are universalNewborns are universal listeners
In contrast, adults have difficulty , ydiscriminating speech sounds that are not contrastive in their nativeare not contrastive in their native language
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Studies by Werker et alStudies by Werker et al
• Goals?
• Methodology?
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Testing Across the LifespanTesting Across the Lifespan
• HAS works only with infants from birth to 4 monthsbirth to 4 months
• Adults & children can be asked to detect a change
• The Conditioned Head Turn• The Conditioned Head Turn Paradigm can be used for 6-12
th ld i f tmonth-old infants
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Experimenter p(headphones)
Infant
Parent(headphones)
Experimenterp
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Visual ReinforcerVisual Reinforcer (VR)
Toy that lights up y g pand moves at the experimenter’s commandcommand
C t l fControls for sound stimuli and the VR
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Conditioned Head Turn Paradigm
Kuhl Lab, U Washington, 1992
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C di i i H d TConditioning Head Turn
• Infant Trained with 2 clearly different auditory stimuli (bell anddifferent auditory stimuli (bell and whistle)
h ti th d h th–each time the sound changes the toy is activated
–next, toy is activated only if the sound changes AND the babysound changes AND the baby turns to look at it
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Conditioned Head TurnConditioned Head Turn
• Child hears Stimulus 1 (/ba/)• Child hears Stimulus 1 (/ba/) repeatedly
• Then Stimulus 2 is presented (/da/)• If child detects difference they• If child detects difference, they
should turn to look at the toy when the stimulus changesthe stimulus changes
• If they do not detect it, they y yshouldn’t turn
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Conditioned Head Turn Paradigm
Kuhl Lab, U Washington, 1992
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Conditioned Head Turn Paradigm
Kuhl Lab, U Washington, 1992
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Werker 1995Werker 1995
Subjects: Hindi adultsEnglish AdultsEnglish AdultsEnglish 6-8 month-olds
Testing /ba/ vs. /da/g/Ta/ vs. /ta//th / /dh //tha/ vs. /dha/
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Werker 1995Werker 1995
/ba/ vs. /da/ Hindi and Englishg
/T / /t / O l Hi di/Ta/ vs. /ta/ Only Hindi
/tha/ vs. /dha/ Only Hindi
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Results
Werker, 1995
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Conclusions English-speaking infants could
d t t diff i tidetect differences in non-native contrasts
English-speaking adults were very b d t itbad at it
When does decline in performance take place?performance take place?
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Werker 1995Werker 1995
Testing the same group of infants at different points in timeinfants at different points in time
• 6-8 months• 8-10 months
10 12 months• 10-12 months
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ResultsResults
Werker, 1995
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Werker studies: Conclusion
Ability to perceive non-Ability to perceive nonnative contrasts
declines in 1st yearWerker and Tees 1984
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What is responsible for theWhat is responsible for the change?
How do babies become adults?How do babies become adults?
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First proposal:First proposal: Maintenance/loss Hypothesis
• role of experience is to maintain pperceptual sensitivitiesl k f l d t l f• lack of exposure leads to loss of perceptual abilityp p y
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Maintenance/loss in vision
• In visual cortex, cells specifically designed to respond to certain g pkinds of input (vertical lines, horizontal lines))
• Cells atrophy if deprived of relevant input during critical periodinput during critical period
Hubel and Wiesel 1965
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Maintenance/loss forMaintenance/loss for perception of speech sounds
• Does a lack of exposure to certain contrasts lead to permanent loss of sensitivity topermanent loss of sensitivity to these contrasts?
• (atrophy of specialized neurons)
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Problems for theProblems for the Maintenance/loss Hypothesis
• Prediction: decline in sensitivity• Prediction: decline in sensitivity following lack of exposure h ld b dshould be permanent and
absolute
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Problems for theProblems for the Maintenance/loss Hypothesis
Predictions are not borne out: (1)( )• Adults CAN perceive non-native
contrastscontrasts -- but only in non-speech tasksy
(bucket study, Zulu clicks)
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Problems for theProblems for the Maintenance/loss Hypothesis
Predictions are not borne out: (2)( )• Children older than 12 months
can mo e to a ne co ntr andcan move to a new country and acquire native phonology gy(without accent)
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Alternative Hypothesis:Alternative Hypothesis: Functional Reorganization
• no absolute hardware changes in dit tauditory system
• development of a linguistic system p g ythat imports a subset of the contrasts from the auditory systemcontrasts from the auditory system
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Conclusions
• As babies (become ready to) acquire a linguistic systemacquire a linguistic system (words) in their first year, they “learn” which distinctions need to be represented in thatto be represented in that system
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Conclusions
• Other distinctions do not get used in the linguistic systemused in the linguistic system (though they are still available in non-linguistic domains)
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Conclusions
So, what changes during the first year?what changes during the first year?
answer:answer: the baby starts to acquire a linguistic system i e the phonemic inventorysystem, i.e., the phonemic inventory of their target language
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Conclusions
thus, universal discrimination of speechuniversal discrimination of speech sounds is not specific to linguistic
tsystem
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Categorical perception ofCategorical perception of phonemic contrasts
• Innate? Yes
• Unique to humans? No
• General cognition or specific to linguistic system? Bothg y Both
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Other issues
• critical period
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If you want to learn more about these issues, read this book!
Jusczyk 1997. MIT Press
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For tomorrow
• Review for exam• HW2 due!HW2 due!• Come to class with questions
A d th ’ll h (1 h )• And then we’ll have an exam (1 hour)