Slides day one

Arief Hamdani Gunawan

1.1. Introduction to LTEIntroduction to LTE

2.2. OFDMAOFDMA

3.3. SCSC--FDMAFDMA

4.4. LTE Network and ProtocolLTE Network and Protocol

5. LTE Radio Procedures5. LTE Radio Procedures

6. LTE Uplink Physical Channels and 6. LTE Uplink Physical Channels and

SignalsSignals

7. LTE Mobility7. LTE Mobility

8. LTE Test and Measurement8. LTE Test and Measurement

Arief Hamdani Gunawan

Session 1: Introduction to LTE

•Motivation•Motivation

•Requirements

•Evolution of UMTS FDD and TDD

•LTE Technology Basics

•LTE Key Parameters

•LTE Frequency Bands

Motivation: LTE background storythe early days

Work on LTE was initiated as a 3GPP release 7 study item “Evolved UTRA and UTRAN” in December 2004:

“With enhancements such as HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink, the 3GPP radio-access technology will be highly competitive for several years. However, to ensure competitiveness However, to ensure competitiveness in an even longer time frame, i.e. for the next 10 years and beyond, a long term evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology needs to be considered.”

• Basic drivers for LTE have been:– Reduced latency– Higher user data rates– Improved system capacity and

coverage– Cost-reduction.

Major requirements for LTEidentified during study item phase in 3GPP

• Higher peak data rates: 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink)

• Improved spectrum efficiency: 2-4 times better compared to 3GPP release 6

• Improved latency:– Radio access network latency (user plane UE – RNC - UE) below 10 ms

– Significantly reduced control plane latency

• Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz• Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

• Support of paired and unpaired spectrum (FDD and TDD mode)

• Support for interworking with legacy networks

• Cost-efficiency:– Reduced CApital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) including

backhaul

– Cost-effective migration from legacy networks

• A detailed summary of requirements has been captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 „Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)”.

Evolution of UMTS FDD and TDDdriven by data rate and latency requirements

Note:

•High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA, also known as High-Speed Data Packet Access)

•High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

•High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

3GPP Systems

Building on Releases

Release 99: Key Features

• Functional Freeze: Dec 1999

– CS and PS

– R99 Radio Bearers

– Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

– Location Services

• Functional Freeze: March 2000

– Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD)

• Enhancements to GSM data (EDGE).

• Provides support for GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks.

• Majority of deployments today are based on Release 99.



– Enhancements 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA).

– Multimedia messaging support.

– First steps toward using IP transport in the core

network.

Megachips per second (Mcps) is a measure of the speed with which encoding elements,

called chips (not to be confused with microchips), are generated in Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS) signals. This speed is also known as the chipping rate. A speed of 1 Mcps is

equivalent to 1,000,000, or 106, chips per second.

Typical chipping rates in third-generation (3G) wireless systems are on the order of several

million chips per second. For example, in Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)

systems, the standard rate is 3.84 Mcps.


• Functional Freeze: June 2002

– HSDPA

– IMS: First phase of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).

– Adaptive Multi-Rate - Wideband (AMR-WB) Speech

– Full ability to use IP-based transport instead of just Asynchronous

Transfer Mode (ATM) in the core network.Transfer Mode (ATM) in the core network.

Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) is a patented speech coding standard developed

based on Adaptive Multi-Rate encoding, using similar methodology as Algebraic Code Excited

Linear Prediction (ACELP). AMR-WB provides improved speech quality due to a wider speech

bandwidth of 50–7000 Hz compared to narrowband speech coders which in general are

optimized for POTS wireline quality of 300–3400 Hz. AMR-WB was developed by Nokia and

VoiceAge and it was first specified by 3GPP.

AMR-WB is codified as G.722.2, an ITU-T standard speech codec, formally known as Wideband

coding of speech at around 16 kbit/s using Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB). G.722.2

AMR-WB is the same codec as the 3GPP AMR-WB. The corresponding 3GPP specifications are TS

26.190 for the speech codec and TS 26.194 for the Voice Activity Detector.

3GPP architecture evolution towards flat architecture

GGSN

Release 6

GGSN

Release 7

Direct Tunnel

GGSN

Release 7

Direct Tunnel and

RNC in NB

Release 8

SAE and LTE

SAE GW

SGSN

RNC

NB

SGSN

RNC

NB

SGSN

RNC

NB

MME

eNB

Control Plane User Plane



– HSUPA (E-DCH) / Enhanced Uplink

– Enhanced multimedia support through

Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS).Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS).

– WLAN-UMTS Internetworking: Wireless Local Area

Network (WLAN) integration option

– Performance specifications for advanced

receivers.

– IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.


• Functional Freeze: Dec 2007 \

– Evolved EDGE.

– Specifies HSPA+

– Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation (QAM) in the downlink DL and 16 QAM in the uplink.

– LTE and SAE Feasibility Study– LTE and SAE Feasibility Study

– DL MIMO,

– IMS

– Performance enhancements, improved spectral efficiency, increased

capacity, and better resistance to interference.

– Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient “always-on”

service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity, as well as reductions in

call set-up delay for Push-to-Talk Over Cellular (PoC).

– Optimization of MBMS capabilities through the multicast/broadcast,

single-frequency network (MBSFN) function.

LTE Release 8: Key Features

• Functional Freeze: Dec 2008– Further HSPA improvements / HSPA Evolution,

simultaneous use of MIMO and 64 QAM.

– Includes dual-carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA) where in

two WCDMA radio channels can be combined for two WCDMA radio channels can be combined for

a doubling of throughput performance.

– LTE work item – OFOMA / SC-FDMA air interface

– SAE work item – new IP core network

– Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE.

– Defines EPC.


• High spectral efficiency– OFDM in Downlink

• Robust against multipath interference

• High affinity to advanced techniques

– Frequency domain channel-dependent scheduling

– MIMO

– DFTS-OFDM(“Single-Carrier FDMA”) in Uplink

• Low PAPR

User orthogonality in frequency domain

DFTS-OFDM

• User orthogonality in frequency domain

– Multi-antenna application

• Very low latency– Short setup time & Short transfer delay

– Short HO latency and interruption time

• Short TTI

• RRC procedure

• Simple RRC states

• Support of variable bandwidth– 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

DFTS-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM.

DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform.

DFT-spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM) is a transmission

scheme that can combine the desired properties

for uplink transmission i.e. :

• Small variations in the instantaneous power of

the transmitted signal (‘single carrier’ property).

• Possibility for low-complexity high-quality

equalization in the frequency domain.

• Possibility for FDMA with flexible bandwidth

assignment.

Due to these properties, DFTS-OFDM has been

selected as the uplink transmission scheme for LTE,

which is the long-term 3G evolution.

LTE-Advanced: Key Requirements

LTE-Advanced shall be deployed as an evolution of LTE Release 8 and on new

bands.

LTE-Advanced shall be backwards compatible with LTE Release 8

�� Smooth and flexible system migration from Rel-8 LTE to LTE-Advanced

LTE-Advanced backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8

LTE Rel-8 cell

LTE Rel-8 terminal LTE-Advanced terminal

LTE-Advanced cell

LTE Rel-8 terminal LTE-Advanced terminal

LTE-Advanced backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8

An LTE-Advanced terminal

can work in an LTE Rel-8 cellAn LTE Rel-8 terminal can

work in an LTE-Advanced cell

LTE-Advanced contains all features of LTE Rel-8&9 and

additional features for further evolution


• Small enhancements from LTE Release 8 mainly for higher layer– HeNB (Home eNode B)

• HeNB Access Mode– Rel-8: Closed Access Mode

– Rel-9: Open and Hybrid Mode

• HeNB Mobility between HeNB and macro– Rel-8: Out-bound HO

– Rel-9: in-bound and inter-CSG HO– Rel-9: in-bound and inter-CSG HO

– SON (self-organizing networks)• Rel-8: Self configuration, Basic self-optimization

• Rel-9: RACH optimization, etc

– MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service)• Rel-8: Radio physical layer specs

• Rel-9: Radio higher layer and NW interface specs

– LCS (Location Services)• Rel-8: U-Plane solutions

• Rel-9: C-Plane solutions, e.g. OTDOA


• HSPA and LTE enhancements including

– HSPA dual-carrier operation in combination with

MIMO,

– EPC enhancements, – EPC enhancements,

– femtocell support,

– support for regulatory features such as emergency

user-equipment positioning and Commercial

Mobile Alert System (CMAS), and

– evolution of IMS architecture.

1999

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

1.28Mcps TDD

HSDPA

W-CDMA

HSUPA, MBMS

LTE-Advanced: Motivation

2011

3GPP aligned to ITU-R IMT process

Allows Coordinated approach to

WRC

3GPP Releases evolve to meet:

• Future Requirements for IMT

• Future operator and end-user

Release 7 HSPA+ (MIMO, HOM etc.)

Release 8 LTE

Release 9

Release 10

LTE enhancements

Release 11+

ITU-R M.1457IMT-2000 Recommendation

ITU-R M.[IMT.RSPEC]IMT-Advanced Recommendation

LTE-Advanced

• Future operator and end-user

requirements

Further LTE enhancements

3 Gbps

64QA

M

8x8 MIMO 100MHz

BW


Support of Wider Bandwidth(Carrier Aggregation)• Use of multiple component carriers(CC) to extend bandwidth up to 100 MHz

• Common physical layer parameters between component carrier and LTE Rel-8 carrier

� Improvement of peak data rate, backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8

Advanced MIMO techniques• Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink

• Introduction of single-user MIMO up to 4-layer transmission in uplink

• Enhancements of multi-user MIMO

� Improvement of peak data rate and capacity

Heterogeneous network and eICIC(enhanced Inter-Cell Interference

100 MHz

f

CC

Heterogeneous network and eICIC(enhanced Inter-Cell Interference

Coordination)• Interference coordination for overlaid deployment of cells with different Tx power

� Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage

Relay• Type 1 relay supports radio backhaul and creates a separate cell and appear as Rel. 8 LTE eNB to

Rel. 8 LTE UEs

� Improvement of coverage and flexibility of service area extension

Coordinated Multi-Point transmission and reception (CoMP)• Support of multi-cell transmission and reception

� Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage

LTE-Advanced meeting the requirements set by ITU’s IMT-Advanced project.

Also includes quad-carrier operation for HSPA+.

Spectrum Explosion in 3GPPRecently standardized (Sep. 2011)

• UMTS/LTE 3500MHz

• Extending 850 MHz Upper Band (814 – 849 MHz)

Spectrum to be standardized by Sep. 2012

• LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7

• LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 17




E-UTRA operating bands in 3GPP TS 36.101



• LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation Band 2 and Band 17



• LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 41

• LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 38

• LTE Downlink FDD 716-728MHz

• LTE E850 - Lower Band for Region 2 (non-US)

• LTE for 700 MHz digital dividend

• Study on Extending 850MHz

• Study on Interference analysis between 800~900 MHz bands

• Study on UMTS/LTE in 900 MHz band

E-UTRA operating bandsDuplex Mode: FDD

E-UTRA operating bandsDuplex Mode: TDD

3GPP TS 36.101

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);

User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception

120MHz separation duplex

FDD Uplink FDD DownlinkTDD

2500 26902570 2620 MHz

The 2.6GHz band

Capacity • Unique new band internationally harmonized

• Benefits of future economies of scale

• Capability to offer sufficient bandwidth per operator (20+20MHz)

• Avoid prejudicial interference, optimizing the spectrum use, through clear

definition of FDD (70+70MHz) and TDD (50MHz) spectrum blocks

700MHz band

Coverage

45 45105 3

698 806

70

3

74

8

75

8

80

3

MHz

Coverage• Perfect fit to majority of countries in the region

• The alignment with Asia-Pacific permits the creation of a big market

(economies of scale, availability of terminals, etc.)

• Offer 2 continuous blocks of 45+45MHz (spectrum optimization, flexibility

on license process, better data transmission performance than US 700);

• Tool to bring the mobile broadband to rural and low density population

areas

2.6GHz + 700MHz

• Ideal combination for

– Coverage

– Capacity

– Convergence

– Device availability– Device availability

– Roaming

• Convergence for countries with the legacy US band plan

(850/1900MHz) and the legacy European band plan (900/1800MHz)

• Note: no plans/proposals in 3GPP for LTE in 450Mhz band

LTE Release 11: Key Features(Dec/2012)

Further Downlink MIMO enhancements for LTE-Advanced

Addressing low-power modes, relay backhaul scenarios, and certain

practical antenna configurations

Provision of low-cost M2M UEs based on LTE

Studying LTE Coverage Enhancements

Network-Based Positioning Support for LTE

Further Self Optimizing Networks (SON) EnhancementsFurther Self Optimizing Networks (SON) Enhancements

Mobility Robustness Optimisation (MRO) enhancements

Addressing Inter-RAT ping-pong scenarios

Carrier based HetNet Interference co-ordination for LTE

Carriers in same or different bands in HetNet environments with

mixture of different BTS types

Enhancements to Relays, Mobile Relay for LTE

RF core requirements for relays

Mobile relay: mounted on a vehicle wirelessly connected to the macro

cellsInterworking - 3GPP EPS and fixed BB accesses, M2M, Non voice emergency communications, 8 carrier

HSDPA, Uplink MIMO study

RAN Release 11 Priorities

• Short term prioritization for the end of 2011, between RAN#53 and RAN#54

• The next Plenary - RAN#54 (Dec. 2011) – will discuss priorities beyond March 2012

H S P A Priority Work Items;Latest

WID/SID

RAN

Working Group

Core part: Uplink Transmit Diversity for HSPA – Closed Loop RP-110374 RAN 1

New WI: Four Branch MIMO transmission for HSDPA RP-111393 RAN 1

Core Part: eight carrier HSDPA RP-101419 RAN 1

Core part: Further Enhancements to CELL_FACH RP-111321 RAN 2

New WI: HSDPA Multiflow Data Transmission RP-111375 RAN 2

Proposed WID: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity from UTRAN/GERAN to E-UTRAN/HSPA RP-111334 RAN 3

Core part: Non-contiguous 4C-HSDPA operation RP-110416 RAN 4

New SID proposal: Introduction of Hand phantoms for UE OTA antenna testing RP-111380 RAN 4

Core part: Uplink Transmit Diversity for HSPA – Open Loop RP-110374 RAN 4

UE Over the Air (Antenna) conformance testing methodology- Laptop Mounted Equipment Free Space test RP-111381 RAN 4

RAN Release 11 Priorities

L T E Priority Work Items;Latest

WID/SID

RAN

Working Group

WI/SI Coordinated Multi-Point Operation for LTE RP-111365 RAN 1

Core part: LTE Carrier Aggregation Enhancements RP-111115 RAN 1

Core part: Further Enhanced Non CA-based ICIC for LTE RP-111369 RAN 1

Study on further Downlink MIMO enhancements for LTE-Advanced RP-111366 RAN 1

Provision of low-cost MTC UEs based on LTE RP-111112 RAN 1

Proposed SI on LTE Coverage Enhancements RP-111359 RAN 1

Core part: LTE RAN Enhancements for Diverse Data Applications RP-111372 RAN 2

Study on HetNet mobility enhancements for LTE RP-110709 RAN 2

Enhancement of Minimization of Drive Tests for E-UTRAN and UTRAN RP-111361 RAN 2

New WI: Signalling and procedure for interference avoidance for in-device coexistence RP-111355 RAN 2New WI: Signalling and procedure for interference avoidance for in-device coexistence RP-111355 RAN 2

New WI proposal: RAN overload control for Machine-Type Communications RP-111373 RAN 2

Core part: Service continuity and location information for MBMS for LTE RP-111374 RAN 2

Core Part: Network-Based Positioning Support for LTE RP-101446 RAN 2

Further Self Optimizing Networks (SON) Enhancements RP-111328 RAN 3

Core part: Carrier based HetNet ICIC for LTE RP-111111 RAN 3

New WI: Network Energy Saving for E-UTRAN RP-111376 RAN 3

Proposed WID: LIPA Mobility and SIPTO at the Local Network RAN Completion RP-111367 RAN 3

Study on further enhancements for HNB and HeNB RP-110456 RAN 3

New SI: Mobile Relay for E-UTRA RP-111377 RAN 3

Enhanced performance requirement for LTE UE RP-111378 RAN 4

New SI: Study of RF and EMC Requirements for Active Antenna Array System (AAS) Base Station RP-111349 RAN 4

Study on Measurement of Radiated Performance for MIMO and multi-antenna reception for HSPA and LTE terminals RP-090352 RAN 4

New WI: E-UTRA medium range and MSR medium range/local area BS class requirements RP-111383 RAN 4

Core part: Relays for LTE (part 2) RP-110914 RAN 4

Study on Inclusion of RF Pattern Matching Technologies as a positioning method in the E-UTRAN RP-110385 RAN 4

Plans for LTE-A Release-12

• 3GPP workshop to be held June/2012

– Main themes and strategic directions to be set, e.g.:

• Extreme capacity needs and spectrum efficiency (‘challenge Shannon’

• Flexibility, efficient handling of smartphone diversity

• Offloading to unlicensed radio technologies• Offloading to unlicensed radio technologies

• Power efficiency

• Prime areas of interest, e.g.:– More optimized small cell deployments

– Carrier Aggregation Enhancements (inter-site, LTE/HSPA)

– Cognitive radio aspects

– SON and MDT enhancements

– Local Area optimizations

LTE Key Parameters

Session 2: OFDMA

•OFDM and OFDMA•OFDM and OFDMA

•LTE Downlink

•OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

•LTE Spectrum Flexibility

•LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

•LTE Frame Structure type 2(TDD)

OFDM• Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM Concept: Mengapa OFDM

• Sinyal OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing) dapat mendukung kondisi NLOS (Non

Line of Sight) dengan mempertahankan efisiensi

spektral yang tinggi dan memaksimalkan spektrum

36

spektral yang tinggi dan memaksimalkan spektrum

yang tersedia.

• Mendukung lingkungan propagasi multi-path.

• Scalable bandwidth: menyediakan fleksibilitas dan

potensial mengurangi CAPEX (capital expense).

OFDM Concept: NLOS Performance

37

OFDM Concept: Mutipath Propagation

38

• Sinyal-sinyal multipath datang pada waktu yang berbeda dengan amplitudo dan pergeseran fasa yang

berbeda, yang menyebabkan pelemahan dan penguatan daya sinyal yang diterima.

• Propagasi multipath berpengaruh terhadap performansi link dan coverage.

• Selubung (envelop) sinyal Rx berfluktuasi secara acak.

OFDM Concept: FFT

39

• Multi-carrier modulation/multiplexing technique

• Available bandwidth is divided into several subchannels

• Data is serial-to-parallel converted

• Symbols are transmitted on different subcarriers

OFDM Concept: IFFT

40

Basic ideas valid for various multicarrier techniques:

• OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

• OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM

41

Single-Carrier Mode:

• Serial Symbol Stream Used to Modulate a

Single Wideband Carrier

• Serial Datastream Converted to Symbols

(Each Symbol Can Represented 1 or More

Data Bits)

OFDM Mode:

• Each Symbol Used to Modulate a Separate

Sub-Carrier

OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM

42

Single-Carrier Mode OFDM Mode

• Dotted Area Represents Transmitted Spectrum

• Solid Area Represents Receiver Input

• OFDM mengatasi delay spread, multipath dan ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) secara efisien sehingga

dapat meningkatkan throughput data rate yang lebih tinggi.

• Memudahkan ekualisasi kanal terhadap sub-carrier OFDM individual, dibandingkan terhadap sinyal

single-carrier yang memerlukan teknik ekualisasi adaptif lebih kompleks.

OFDM Concept: Motivation for Multi-carrier Approaches

• Multi-carrier transmission offers various advantagesadvantages over traditional single carrier approaches:

– Highly scalable

– Simplified equalizer design in the frequency domain, also in cases of large delay spread

– High spectrum density

43

– High spectrum density

– Simplified the usage of MIMO

– Good granularity to control user data rates

– Robustness against timing errors

•• WeaknessWeakness of multi-carrier systems:

– Increased peak to average power ratio (PAPR)

– Impairments due to impulsive noise

– Impairments due to frequency errors

OFDM Concept: Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

44

• PAPR merupakan ukuran dari fluktuasi tepat sebelum amplifier.

• PAPR sinyal hasil dari mapping PSK base band sebesar 0 dB karena semua symbol mempunyai daya yang

sama.

• Tetapi setelah dilakukan proses IDFT/IFFT, hasil superposisi dari dua atau lebih subcarrier dapat

menghasilkan variasi daya dengan nilai peak yang besar.

• Hal ini disebabkan oleh modulasi masing-masing subcarrier dengan frekuensi yang berbeda sehingga

apabila beberapa subcarrier mempunyai fasa yang koheren, akan muncul amplituda dengan level yang

jauh lebih besar dari daya sinyalnya.

OFDM Concept: Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

45

• Nilai PAPR yang besar pada OFDM membutuhkan amplifier dengan dynamic range yang lebar untuk

mengakomodasi amplitudo sinyal.

• Jika hal ini tidak terpenuhi maka akan terjadi distorsi linear yang menyebabkan subcarrier menjadi tidak

lagi ortogonal dan pada akhirnya menurunkan performansi OFDM.

Tipe Sub-Carrier OFDM

46

Data Sub-carriers

• Membawa simbol BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Pilot Sub-carriers

• Untuk memudahkan estimasi kanal dan demodulasi koheren pada receiver.

Null Subcarrier

• Guard Sub-carriers

• DC Sub-carrier

Guard Interval (Cyclic Prefix)

47

• Untuk mengatasi multipath delay spread

• Guard Interval (cyclic prefix) : 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32

OFDM Transceiver

48

OFDM & OFDMA

OFDM

• Semua subcarrier dialokasikan untuk satu

user

• Misal : 802.16-2004

OFDMA

• Subcarrier dialokasikan secara fleksibel

untuk banyak user tergantung pada kondisi

radio.

• Misal : 802.16e-2005 dan 802.16m

49

OFDM Parameters used in WiMAX

50

Difference between OFDM and OFDMA

• OFDM allocates users in time

domain only

• OFDMA allocates users in time

and frequency domain

OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

LTE Downlink Physical Layer Design: Physical Resource

The physical resource can be seen as

a time-frequency grid

53

• LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) as its radio technology in downlink

• In the uplink LTE uses a pre=coded version of OFDM, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division

Multiple Access) to reduced power consumption

LTE Downlink Resource Grid

54

• Suatu RB (resource block) terdiri dari 12 subcarrier pada suatu

durasi slot 0.5 ms.

• Satu subcarrier mempunyai BW 15 kHz, sehingga menjadi 180

kHz per RB.

Parameters for DL generic frame structure

55

Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 2.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Subcarrier bandwidth (kHz) 15

Physical resource block (PRB) bandwidth (kHz)

180

Number of available PRBs 6 12 25 50 75 100

Transmission BW 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Sub-frame duration 0.5 ms

Sub-carrier spacing 15 kHz

Sampling frequency192 MHz (1/2x3.84 3.84 MHz

7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz

Parameters for DL generic frame structure

56

Sampling frequency (1/2x3.84 MHz)

3.84 MHz7.68 MHz

(2x3.84 MHz)15.36 MHz

(4x3.84 MHz)23.04 MHz

(6x3.84 MHz)30.72 MHz

(8x3.84 MHz)

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048

OFDM sym per slot (short/long CP)

7/6

CP length (usec/

samples)

Short (4.69/9) x 6,

(5.21/10) x 1

(4.69/18) x 6,

(5.21/20) x 1

(4.69/36) x 6,

(5.21/40) x 1

(4.69/72) x 6,

(5.21/80) x 1

(4.69/108) x 6,

(5.21/120) x 1

(4.69/144) x 6,

(5.21/160) x 1

Long (16.67/32) (16.67/64) (16.67/128) (16.67/256) (16.67/384) (16.67/512)

LTE – Spectrum Flexibility

• LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20

MHz in steps of 180 kHz (resource block).

• Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6 different

system bandwidths.

• All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz.• All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz.

E-UTRA channel bandwidth

Case StudyCase Study

LTE Signal Spectrum (20 MHz case)

59

• The LTE standard uses an over-sized LTE. The actual used bandwidth is controlled by the number of used

subcarriers. 15 kHz subcarrier spacing is the constant factor!

• 18 MHz out of 20 MHz is used for data, 1 MHz on each side is used as guard band.

• LTE used spectrum radio = 90%

• WiMAX used spectrum radio = 82%

TDD & FDD

60

• Time Division Duplex (TDD)

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

• Durasi Frame : 2.5 - 20ms

Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

Generic LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

61

• Untuk struktur generik, frame radio 10 ms dibagi dalam 20 slot yang sama berukuran 0.5 ms.

• Suatu sub-frame terdiri dari 2 slot berturut-turut, sehingga satu frame radio berisi 10 sub-frame.

• Ts menunjukkan unit waktu dasar yang sesuai dengan 30.72 MHz.

• Struktur frame tipe-1 dapat digunakan untuk transmisi FDD dan TDD.

LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

62

• 2 slots form one subframe = 1 ms

• For FDD, in each 10 ms interval, all 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and uplink transmissions.

• For TDD, a subframe is either located to downlink or uplink transmission. The 0th and 5th subframe in a radio frame is

always allocated for downlink transmission.

Downlink LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

Generic LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

64

• Struktur frame tipe-2 hanya digunakan untuk transmisi TDD.

• Slot 0 dan DwPTSdisediakan untuk transmisi DL, sedangkan slot 1 dan UpPTS disediakan untuk transmisi

UL.

LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

65

Mobile WiMAX Frame Structure

66

LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

DL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD frame structure type 1

Downlink

Assumptions

64 QAM

Signal overhead for reference signals and

control channel occupying one OFDM symbol

Unit Mbps in 20 MHz b/s/Hz

Requirement 100 5.0Requirement 100 5.0

2x2 MIMO 172.8 8.6

4x4 MIMO 326.4 16.3

UL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDDframe structure type 1

Uplink

Assumptions

Single TX UE

Signal overhead for reference signals and control

channel occupying 2RB

Unit Mbps in 20 MHz b/s/Hz

Requirement 50 2.5Requirement 50 2.5

16QAM 57.6 2.9

64QAM 86.4 4.3

Peak rates for E-UTRA TDD frame structure type 2

Downlink Uplink

Assumptions 64 QAM, R=1Single TX UE,

64 QAM, R=1

UnitMbps

in 20 MHzb/s/Hz

Mbps

in 20 MHzb/s/Hz

in 20 MHz in 20 MHz

Requirement 100 5.0 50 2.5

2x2 MIMO in DL 142 7.162.7 3.1

4x4 MIMO in DL 270 13.5

3GPP TR 25.912

Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;

Feasibility study for

evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)

and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Release Freeze meeting Freeze date ::Rel-7 RP-33 2006-09-22 ::

event version available

RP-27 0.0.0 2005-03-03

RP-31 0.0.4 2006-03-20

draft 0.1.0 2006-03-20

draft 0.1.1 2006-03-20

post RP-31 0.1.2 2006-03-30

R3-51b 0.1.3 2006-05-02

draft post Shanghai 0.1.4 2006-05-22

draft 0.1.5 2006-07-10

draft 0.1.6 -

draft 0.1.7 2006-05-29

RP-32 0.2.0 2006-06-12

RP-32 7.0.0 2006-06-23

RP-33 7.1.0 2006-10-18

RP-36 7.2.0 2007-08-13

3GPP TR 25.912

Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;

Feasibility study for

evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)

and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Rel-8 SP-42 2008-12-11 :: . ETSI

event version available remarks

SP-42 8.0.0 2009-01-02 Upgraded unchanged from Rel-7RTR/TSGR-

0025912v800

Rel-9 SP-46 2009-12-10 ::

Upgraded to Rel-9 with no technical change to enable

reference related to ITU-R IMT-Advanced submission

(reference in 36.912). .

ETSI

(reference in 36.912). .


RP-45 9.0.0 2009-10-01 Technically identical to v8.0.0RTR/TSGR-

0025912v900

Rel-10 SP-51 2011-03-23 ::Upgraded from previous Release without technical

change .ETSI


SP-51 10.0.0 2011-04-06 Automatic upgrade from previous Release version 9.0.0RTR/TSGR-

0025912va00

Rel-11 SP-57 2012-09-12 ::Upgraded from previous Release without technical

change .ETSI


SP-57 11.0.0 2012-09-26 Automatic upgrade from previous Release version 10.0.0 -

Session 3: SC-FDMA

•Introduction SC-FDMA and UL frame structure•Introduction SC-FDMA and UL frame structure

•How to generate SC-FDMA

•How does SC-FDMA signal look like

•SC-FDMA Signal Generation

•SC-FDMA PAPR

•SC-FDMA Parameterization

LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme: SC-FDMA

• Pemilihan OFDMA dianggap optimum untuk memenuhi persyaratan LTE pada arah downlink, tetapi OFDMA memiliki properti yang kurangmenguntungkan pada arah Uplink.

• Hal tsb terutama disebabkan oleh lemahnya peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) dari sinyal OFDMA, yang mengakibatkan buruknya coverage uplink.

• Oleh karena itu, skema transmisi Uplink LTE untuk mode FDD maupun TDD didasarkan pada SC-FDMA, yang mempunyai properti PAPR lebih baik.

74

didasarkan pada SC-FDMA, yang mempunyai properti PAPR lebih baik.

• Pemrosesan sinyal SC-FDMA memiliki beberapa kesamaan denganpemrosesan sinyal OFDMA, sehingga parameter-parameter DL dan UL dapat diharmonisasi.

• Untuk membangkitkan sinyal SC-FDMA, E-UTRA telah memilih DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).

OFDMA and SC-FDMA• The symbol mapping

in OFDM happens in

the frequency

domain.

• In SC-FDMA, the

symbol mapping is

done in the time

domain.

75

domain.

• Appropriate

subscriber mapping

in the frequency

domain allows to

control the PAPR.

• SC-FDMA enable

frequency domain

equalizer approaches

like OFDMA

Comparison of how OFDMA and SC-FDMA

transmit a sequence of QPSK data symbols

76

Creating the time-

domain waveform of an

SC-FDMA symbol

Comparison of how OFDMA and SC-FDMA

transmit a sequence of QPSK data symbols

77

Baseband and shifted

frequency domain

representations of an

SC-FDMA symbol

How to generate SC-FDMA?

• DFT “pre-coding” is performed on modulated data symbols to transform them into frequency domain,

• Sub-carrier mapping allows flexible allocation of signal to available sub-carriers,

• IFFT and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion as in OFDM,

• Each subcarrier carries a portion of superposed DFT spread data symbols, therefore SC-FDMA is also referred to as DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).

How does a SC-FDMA signal look like?

• Similar to OFDM signal, but…

– …in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information

related to one specific symbol,

– …in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL

transmitted symbols.transmitted symbols.

SC-FDMA signal generationLocalized vs. distributed FDMA

SC-FDMA – Peak-to-average Power Ratio (PAPR)

Comparison of CCDF of PAPR for IFDMA, LFDMA, and OFDMA with M = 256 system subcarriers,

N=64 subcarriers per users, and a = 0.5 roll factor; (a) QPSK; (b) 16-QAM

Source:

H.G. Myung, J.Lim, D.J. Goodman “SC-FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission”,

IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER 2006

SC-FDMA parameterization (FDD and TDD)

LTE FDD

•Same as in downlink

82

TD-LTE

•Usage of UL depends on the selected UL-DL configuration (1 to 8), each

configuration offers a different number of subframes (1ms) for uplink

transmission,

•Parameterization for those subframes, means number of SC-FDMA symbols

same as for FDD and depending on CP,

Improved UL Performance

SC-FDMA compared to ordinary OFDM

83

Single-carrier transmission in uplink enables low PAPR that gives more 4 dB better link

budget and reduced power consumption compared to OFDM

LTE Uplink SC-FDMA Physical Layer Parameters

84

Physical Channel Processing

• Scrambling: Scramble binary information

• Modulation Mapper: Maps groups of 2, 4, or 6 bits onto QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM symbol constellation points

85

• Transform Precoder: Slices the input data vector into a set of symbol vectors and perform DFT transformation.

• Resource Element Mapper: Maps the complex constellation points into the allocated virtual resource blocks

and performs translation into physical resource blocks.

• SC-FDMA Signal Generation: Performs the IFFT processing to generate final time domain for transmission.

Single Carrier

Constellation

Mapping

S/P

Convert

M-Point

DFT

Subcarrier

MappingN-Point

IDFT

Cyclic

Prefix &

Pulse

Shaping

RFEBit

Stream

Channel

Symbol

Block

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Signal Chain

Have a High Degree of Functional Commonality

86

Const.

De-mapS/P

Convert

M-Point

IDFT

Freq

Domain

Equalizer

N-Point

DFT

Cyclic

Prefix

RemovalRFE

Bit

Stream

Symbol

Block

SC

Detector

Functions Common to OFDMA and SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Only

Session 4: Network and Protocol

•Network architecture•Network architecture

•Protocol Stack – User plane

•Protocol Stack – Control plane

•Mapping between logical and transport channel

•LTE UE Categories

LTE Network Architecture

GGSN

UMTS 3G: UTRAN

SGSN

MMEMME

SS--GW / PGW / P--GWGW

MMEMME


EPC

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node

RNC: Radio Network Controller

NB: Node B

RNC RNC

NB NB NB NB

eNB

eNB eNB

eNB

E-UTRAN

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

MME : Mobility Management Entity

S-GC : Serving Gateway

P-GW : PDN Gateway

PDN : Packet Data Network

eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B

E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN

Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces3GPP TS 36.300 : Overall Architecture

MMEMME


MMEMME


EPC

EPC: Evolved Packet Core

Radio Side: LTE – Long Term Evolution

• Improvements in spectral efficiency, user

throughput, latency.

• Simplification of the radio network

• Efficient support of packet services

• Main Components:• MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and

security parameters.

• S-GW = Node that terminates the interface

towards E-UTRAN.S1

eNB

eNB eNB

eNB

E-UTRAN

towards E-UTRAN.

• P-GW = Node that terminates the interface

towards PDN

E-UTRAN : Evolved-UTRAN

Network Side : SAE – System Architecture Evolution

• Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput

• Simplification of the core network

• Optimization for IP traffic services

• Simplified support and handover to non-3GPP

access technologies

• Main Components: • eNB = All radio interface-related functions

X2

S-GW P-GW

MME

Operator’s

IP ServicesLTE-Uu SGi

RxGx

S5 / S8

S6a

S1-MME

S1-U

EPS Network Elements

E-UTRAN EPC

• UE, E-UTRAN and EPC together represent the Internet Protocol (IP) Connectivity Layer.

• This part of the system is also called the Evolved Packet System (EPS).

• The main function of this layer is to provide IP based connectivity, and it is highly optimized for that purpose only.

• All services will be offered on top of IP, and circuit switched nodes and interfaces seen in earlier 3GPP architectures are not present in E-UTRAN and EPC at all.

• IP technologies are also dominant in the transport, where everything is designed to be operated on top of IP transport.

eNB

UE

S-GW P-GW IP Services

(e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,)

LTE-Uu SGiS5 / S8S1-U

System architecture for E-UTRAN only network

Services

• The IP Multimedia Sub-System

(IMS) is a good example of service

machinery that can be used in the

Services Connectivity Layer to

provide services on top of the IP

connectivity provided by the connectivity provided by the

lower layers.

• For example, to support the voice

service, IMS can provide Voice

over IP (VoIP) and

interconnectivity to legacy circuit

switched networks PSTN and

ISDN through Media Gateways it

controls.

EPC

• Functionally the EPC is equivalent to the packet switched domain of the existing 3GPP networks.

• Significant changes in the arrangement of functions and most nodes and the architecture in this part should be considered to be completely new.

• SAE GW represents the combination of the two gateways, Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) defined for the UP handling in EPC.

• Implementing them together as the SAE GW represents one possible deployment scenario, but represents one possible deployment scenario, but the standards define the interface between them, and all operations have also been specified for when they are separate.

• The Basic System Architecture Configuration and its functionality are documented in 3GPP TS 23.401.

• We will learn the operation when the S5/S8 interface uses the GTP protocol. However, when the S5/S8 interface uses PMIP, the functionality for these interfaces is slightly different, and the Gxc interface also is needed between the Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF) and S-GW.

One of the big architectural changes in the core network area is that the EPC does not contain a circuit switched domain, and no direct connectivity to traditional circuit switched networks such as ISDN or PSTN is needed in this layer.

E-UTRAN

• The development in E-UTRAN is

concentrated on one node, the

evolved Node B (eNodeB).

• All radio functionality is collapsed

there, i.e. the eNodeB is the

termination point for all radio

related protocols. related protocols.

• As a network, E-UTRAN is simply

a mesh of eNodeBs connected to

neighbouring eNodeBs with the

X2 interface.

User Equipment

• UE is the device that the end user uses for

communication.

• Typically it is a hand held device such as a smart

phone or a data card such as those used

currently in 2G and 3G, or it could be

embedded, e.g. to a laptop.

• UE also contains the Universal Subscriber

Identity Module (USIM) that is a separate

module from the rest of the UE, which is often module from the rest of the UE, which is often

called the Terminal Equipment (TE).

• USIM is an application placed into a removable

smart card called the Universal Integrated

Circuit Card (UICC).

• USIM is used to identify and authenticate the

user and to derive security keys for protecting

the radio interface transmission.

• Maybe most importantly, the UE provides the

user interface to the end user so that

applications such as a VoIP client can be used to

set up a voice call.

Functionally the UE is a platform for communication

applications, which signal with the network for setting

up, maintaining and removing the communication links

the end user needs.

This includes mobility management functions such as

handovers and reporting the terminals location, and in

these the UE performs as instructed by the network.

User Equipment Capabilities

• Support Spectrum flexibility– Flexible bandwidth

– New and existing bands20 MHz1.4 MHz

AnalogAnalog1G DigitalDigital2G PacketsPackets3G True

Broadband

True

Broadband4G

Downlink physical layer parameter values

set by the field UE-CategoryUE Category Maximum number of

DL-SCH transport block

bits received within a

TTI (Note)

Maximum number of

bits of a DL-SCH

transport block

received within a TTI

Total number of

soft channel bits

Maximum number of

supported layers for

spatial multiplexing

in DL

Category 1 10296 10296 250368 1

Category 2 51024 51024 1237248 2

Category 3 102048 75376 1237248 2

Category 4 150752 75376 1827072 2

Category 5 299552 149776 3667200 4

Category 6 301504 149776 (4 layers) 3654144 2 or 4Category 6 301504 149776 (4 layers)

75376 (2 layers)

3654144 2 or 4

Category 7 301504 149776 (4 layers)

75376 (2 layers)

3654144 2 or 4

Category 8 2998560 299856 35982720 8

NOTE: In carrier aggregation operation, the DL-SCH processing capability can be shared by the UE with that of MCH

received from a serving cell. If the total eNB scheduling for DL-SCH and an MCH in one serving cell at a given

TTI is larger than the defined processing capability, the prioritization between DL-SCH and MCH is left up to

UE implementation.

TTI = Transmission Time Interval

3GPP TS 36.306 V11.1.0 (2012-09)3rd Generation Partnership Project;

Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);

User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

UL-SCH = Uplink Shared Channel

DL-SCH = Downlink Shared Channel

UE = User Equipment

TTI = Transmission Time Interval

Transmission Time Interval

• Transmission Time Interval: Transmission Time Interval is defined as the inter-arrival time of Transport Block Sets, i.e. the time it shall take to transmit a Transport Block Set.

• Transport Block Set: Transport Block Set is defined as a set of Transport Blocks that is exchanged between L1 and MAC at the same time instance using the same transport channel. An the same time instance using the same transport channel. An equivalent term for Transport Block Set is “MAC PDU Set”.

• Transport Block: Transport Block is defined as the basic data unit exchanged between L1 and MAC. An equivalent term for Transport Block is “MAC PDU”.

3GPP TR 21.905 V11.2.0 (2012-09)3rd Generation Partnership Project;

Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects;Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications

(Release 11)

Uplink physical layer parameter values

set by the field UE-Category

UE Category Maximum number of UL-

SCH transport block bits

transmitted within a TTI

Maximum number of

bits of an UL-SCH

transport block

transmitted within a TTI

Support for 64QAM

in UL

Category 1 5160 5160 No


Category 3 51024 51024 NoCategory 3 51024 51024 No


Category 5 75376 75376 Yes


Category 7 102048 51024 No

Category 8 1497760 149776 Yes

3GPP TS 36.306 V11.1.0 (2012-09)3rd Generation Partnership Project;

Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);

User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

eNB

Functional split between E-UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN

aGW

• Paging origination

• LTE_IDLE mode management

• Ciphering of the user plane

• Header Compression (ROHC)

eNodeB

• All Radio-related issues

• Decentralized mobility

management

• MAC and RRM

• Simplified RRC

aGW

Internet

S1

The E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, providing:

• The E-UTRA U-plane (RLC/MAC/PHY) and

• The C-plane (RRC) protocol terminations

towards the UE.

• The eNBs interface to the aGW via the S1

RRM : Radio Resource Management

RRC: Radio Resource Control

MAC : Medium Access Control

ROHC: RObust Header Compression

RLC: Radio Link Control

PHY: Physical Layer

eNB

Protocol

Inter Cell RRM

RB Cont.

Connection Mobility Cont.

Radio Admission Cont.

eNB Measurement

Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource

Allocation (Scheduler)

MME

NAS Security

Idle State Mobility Handling

EPS Bearer Cont.

SAE GW

EPC

E-UTRAN

RRM : Radio Resource Management

RB : Radio Bearer


PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol

RLC : Radio Link Control


PHY : Physical Layer

Allocation (Scheduler)

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE IP Address

Allocation

Packet Filtering

P-GW

Mobile Anchoring

S-GW

SAE GW

NAS : Non Access Stratum

EPS : Evolved Packet System

UE : User Equipment

IP : Internet Protocol

Internet

S1

eNB

LTE Control Plane

NAS

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

S1

UE

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

NAS

aGW Non Access Stratum (NAS) is a

functional layer in UMTS

protocol stack between Core

Network and User Equipment

(UE).

The layer supports signaling and

traffic between two elements.

eNB

LTE User Plane

IP

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

S1

UE

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

IP

aGW

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

(PDCP) is a one of the layers of

Radio Traffic Stack in UMTS

and perform as IP header

compression and

decompression, transfer of

user data and maintenance of

sequence numbers for Radio

Bearers which are configured

for lossless Serving Radio

Networks Subsystems (SRNS)

relocation.

LTE Protocol Stacks (UE and eNB)


PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol

RLC : Radio Link Control


PHY : Physical Layer

RRC

PDCP

Control-Plane

L3

User-Plane

L2

Radio Bearers

RLC

MAC

PHY:

Physical Channels

Physical Signals

L1

Transport Channels

Logical Channels

Control plane protocol stack in EPS

The topmost layer in the CP is the Non-Access Stratum (NAS), which consists of two

separate protocols that are carried on direct signaling transport between the UE

and the MME.

The content of the NAS layer protocols is not visible to the eNodeB, and the eNodeB is

not involved in these transactions by any other means, besides transporting the

messages, and providing some additional transport layer indications along with the

messages in some cases.

NAS layer protocolsThe NAS layer protocols are:

• EPS Mobility Management (EMM): The EMM protocol is responsible for handling the UE mobility within the system. It includes functions for attaching to and detaching from the network, and performing location updating in between. This is called Tracking Area Updating (TAU), and it happens in idle mode. Note that the handovers in connected mode are handled by the lower layer protocols, but the EMM layer does include functions for re-activating the UE from idle mode. The UE initiated case is called Service Request, while Paging represents the network initiated case. Authentication and protecting the UE identity, i.e. allocating the initiated case. Authentication and protecting the UE identity, i.e. allocating the temporary identity GUTI to the UE are also part of the EMM layer, as well as the control of NAS layer security functions, encryption and integrity protection.

• EPS Session Management (ESM): This protocol may be used to handle the bearer management between the UE and MME, and it is used in addition for E-UTRAN bearer management procedures. Note that the intention is not to use the ESM procedures if the bearer contexts are already available in the network and E-UTRAN procedures can be run immediately. This would be the case, for example, when the UE has already signaled with an operator affiliated. Application Function in the network, and the relevant information has been made available through the PCRF.

User plane protocol stack in EPS

The UP includes the layers below the end user IP, i.e. these protocols form the Layer 2

used for carrying the end user IP packets.

The protocol structure is very similar to the CP.

This highlights the fact that the whole system is designed for generic packet data

transport, and both CP signaling and UP data are ultimately packet data. Only the

volumes are different.

Summary of interfaces and protocols in Basic

System Architecture configuration

Protocol Architecture

LTE MAC Layer Functions

LTE Channel Architecture

Downlink layer 2 structure

Uplink layer 2 structure

LTE Downlink Channels

LTE Downlink Logical Channels 1

LTE Downlink Logical Channels 2

LTE Downlink Transport Channels 1

LTE Downlink Transport Channels 2

LTE Downlink Physical Channels 1

LTE Downlink Physical Channels 2

LTE Uplink Channels

LTE Uplink Logical Channels

LTE Uplink Transport Channels

LTE Uplink Physical Channels

End of

Thank You

See you again at

Slides day one

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