Slide 13.1 Alan Melville, International Financial Reporting, 3rd Edition, © Pearson Education...

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Alan Melville, International Financial Reporting, 3rd Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011

Chapter 13 - REVENUE RECOGNITION

(IAS18)

ACTG 6580

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Executive summary► General:

► Under both IFRS and US GAAP, revenue is not recognized until it is both realized (realizable) and earned.

► The preponderance of the accounting guidance on revenue recognition for IFRS is contained in IAS 18 and IAS 11. Under US GAAP, there is a large volume of guidance on revenue recognition, including numerous industry standards. Although IAS 18 and IAS 11 contain the IFRS general guidance for revenue recognition, there is a lack of specific guidance in relation to industry-specific issues and multiple-element arrangements.

► Revenue recognition at the time of sale: under IFRS, there is no specific requirement that persuasive evidence of a sale must exist before revenue is recognized as there is under US GAAP.

► Revenue recognition at the time of service: IFRS allows the use of the percentage-of-completion model for service contracts. This model is prohibited for service contracts under US GAAP.

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Executive summary► Departures from recognition at the time of sale (sales with right of

return): IFRS generally allows revenue recognition at the time of sale as long as the seller can reliably estimate the amount of future returns.

► US GAAP, in addition to the requirement to be able to reasonably estimate returns, has more detailed guidance. This guidance includes, among other conditions, that the buyer’s payment is not contingent on the buyer reselling the product and that the buyer has economic substance apart from the seller.

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Executive summary

► Accounting for multiple elements:

► IFRS does not include specific guidance for determining when a contract should be separated into multiple units of accounting. US GAAP does provide detailed guidance. IFRS specifies that the allocation of revenue be based on relative fair values, whereas US GAAP specifies that the allocation be done on relative selling price.

► IFRS may allow contingent consideration to be included when allocating total revenue to the components of a transaction. However, when such circumstances are encountered, it should be viewed with a great deal of skepticism, with a thorough review of the facts and circumstances in order to reach an appropriate conclusion.

► Under US GAAP, contingent consideration is not recognized until the contingency is resolved.

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Progress on convergence

• The Boards are currently conducting a joint project to develop concepts for revenue recognition and a standard based on those concepts.

• The Boards issued an Exposure Draft (ED), Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in June 2010 that describes a model to determine the appropriate amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue recognition consisting of the following steps:

1) Identify the contracts(s) with the customer

2) Identify the separate performance obligations in the contract

3) Determine the transaction price

4) Allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations

5) Recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied.► 986 ED public comments were received by October 22, 2010. In June 2011, the

Boards decided to issue a new ED for public comment because they made significant changes to the proposal during re-deliberations. The new ED is expected to be issued by the end of September, 2011, with a 120 day comment period.

► The industries most likely to be impacted by the proposed guidance are software, entertainment, telecommunications, real estate, retail (depending on right of return) and construction.

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Definition of Revenue (IAS18)

• revenue arises from ordinary activities such as the sale of goods or services;

• revenue excludes borrowings;• revenue excludes amounts contributed by

shareholders.

IAS18 defines revenue as "the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants". This definition makes it clear that:

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Measurement of Revenue

• If the consideration for a sale transaction takes the form of cash, the amount of revenue is generally equal to the amount of cash receivable, net of any trade discounts.

• If goods are sold or services rendered in return for other goods or services, the amount of revenue is the fair value of the goods or services received.

• If the consideration for a sale is not receivable until some time after the date of the sale transaction, the fair value of the consideration is determined by discounting future receipts to their present value.

IAS18 states that revenue should be measured "at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable".

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Revenue recognition general guidelines

Revenue is not recognized until it is both realized (or realizable) and earned.

Revenue should be recognized when the risks and rights associated with the goods or services provided are transferred and the earnings process is complete.

Similar

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP

Revenues must be reliably measured to qualify for recognition.

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable.

Similar

Similar

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Revenue recognition general guidelines

IFRS► Although IAS 18 and IAS 11 contain general guidance for

revenue recognition, there is a lack of specific guidance in relation to industry-specific issues and multiple-element arrangements.

► As IFRS does not include as much guidance on specific transactions or events as US GAAP, some companies may choose to take advantage of the hierarchy set out in IAS 8, paragraph 11. This guidance allows companies to use other GAAP (e.g., US GAAP) to the extent it would not contradict guidance contained in IFRS. However, it is important to understand that the IAS 8 hierarchy does not require companies to refer to US GAAP.

► Based on the parameters for adopting IFRS, it is possible that a transaction or event will be accounted for differently under IFRS than when a company uses US GAAP.

US GAAP► There is a

large volume of guidance on revenue recognition, including numerous industry standards.

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Revenue recognition at time of sale

Four revenue recognition criteria:

1. Delivery has occurred.

2. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists.

3. The seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable.

4. Collectibility is reasonably assured.

Four revenue recognition criteria:

1. The entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods.

2. The entity does not retain continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership or effective control over the goods sold.

3. The amount of revenue and the costs associated with the transaction can be measured reliably.

4. It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity.

IFRSUS GAAP

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With respect to service contracts, the specific-performance method is allowed. Generally, under this approach, performance consists of the execution of a single act and revenue is recognized when that act takes place. In addition, if the services are performed by an indeterminate number of acts over a specified period of time, revenue can be recognized on a straight-line basis.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP

Revenue recognition at time of service

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IFRS

► Costs with respect to service contracts may be expensed as incurred depending on a company’s policy for recognizing revenue for service contracts, but they could be deferred if the company is using the percentage-of-completion method.

US GAAP

► Costs with respect to service contracts are expensed as incurred. The percentage-of-completion model is prohibited by US GAAP under ASC 605-35.

Revenue recognition at time of service

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Comparison of general revenue recognition

US GAAP IFRS Difference

Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered.

Risks and rewards have transferred to the buyer.

No continuing managerial involvement.

Under IFRS, might be able to demonstrate transfer of risks and rewards without delivery (bill and hold).

Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists.

None. US GAAP contains criteria that IFRS does not.

Price is fixed or determinable.

Revenues and costs can be reliably measured.

No significant differences.

Collectibility is reasonably assured.

Probably that economic benefits will flow to the entity.

No significant differences.

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Example 1 – revenue recognition when rendering services

Advisco, a strategic advisory firm, contracted with Temple Manufacturing Company (Temple) on January 1, 2010, to provide services to help compare Temple’s business to peer groups, determine leading practices and develop strategic alternatives for performance improvements.

The services provided by Advisco will include subscription offerings that provide a mix of on-demand leading practice research, advisor access, benchmarking and business transformation services over a period of 18 months for a fixed fee of $180,000.

Advisco is unable to specify the type and number of items that will be delivered to Temple through its services as of January 1, 2010. However, based on past experience, Advisco can make reasonable estimates of the costs that will be incurred to fulfill its contractual obligations and each stage of completion. Advisco estimates that it will cost $144,000 to complete its obligations under this contract.

Revenue recognition when rendering services example

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March 31,

2010

June 30,

2010Sept.

30, 2010Dec. 31,

2010March

31, 2011June 30,

2011

Costs incurred $7,200 $28,800 $50,400 $ 36,000 $ 14,400 $ 7,200

Cumulative costs incurred

$7,200 $36,000 $86,400 $122,400 $136,800 $144,000

Cumulative percentage complete

5% 25% 60% 85% 95% 100%

Example 1 (continued):

Costs incurred and progress toward completion by quarter (in dollars).


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Using US GAAP:

► Assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met for the year ended December 31, 2010, how much will Advisco record as revenue related to its arrangement with Temple (SAB 104)?

► Assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met, how much revenue should Advisco record through the end of the project in 2011?

Using IFRS:

► Assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met for the year ended December 31, 2010, how much will Advisco record as revenue related to its arrangement with Temple?

► Assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met, how much revenue should Advisco record through the end of the project in 2011?


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Example 1 solution:

US GAAP:

► Advisco should record revenue of $120,000 ($180,000 x 12 months /18 months) based on the straight-line method of recognizing revenue.

Under US GAAP (as stated by the SEC staff in SAB 104), service revenue should be recognized on a straight-line basis, unless evidence suggests that revenue is earned or obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. Consistent with this view, since Advisco is not able to determine a pattern of performance (other than by applying a percentage-of-completion model, which is prohibited by US GAAP for service contracts), revenue should be recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period.

► Advisco should record revenue of $60,000 ($180,000 x 6 months /18 months) or the remaining portion of the contracted amount.


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Example 1 solution (continued)

IFRS:

► Advisco should record revenue of $153,000 ($180,000 x 85%), or 85% of the total revenue, based on the stage of completion of the transaction (or percentage-of-completion method).

Unlike US GAAP, IAS 18 allows companies to account for service contracts using a stage/percentage-of-completion model, provided the stage/percentage-of-completion can be reasonably estimated, which is the case in this example.

► Advisco should record revenue of $27,000 ($180,000 x 15%), or the remaining portion of the contracted amount, based on the stage of completion of the transaction (or percentage-of-completion method).


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Example 2 – expensing costs when rendering services

Andy’s Consulting Company (ACC) just won a three-year consulting contract with ABC Inc. Management expects this contract will result in $2.0 million in profits. Based on past experience, Andy’s management is able to reasonably estimate the stage of completion as of each year-end, as shown below (all amounts are in millions):

Expensing costs when rendering services example

► What cost will be expensed each year under US GAAP and IFRS, assuming ACC wants to defer costs as long as possible?

YearCosts

incurred Percentage complete

One $ 4.0 30%

Two 3.5 70%

Three 2.5 100%

$10.0

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Example 2 solution:

Expensing costs when rendering services example

YearUS

GAAP IFRS

One $ 4.0 $ 3.0

Two 3.5 4.0

Three 2.5 3.0

$10.0 $10.0

Under US GAAP, costs must be expensed as incurred.

Under IFRS, ACC has the option to expense the costs as incurred or defer costs using the stage of completion. The stage of completion would be used for IFRS since it results in deferring costs of $1.0 million in year one and $500,000 in year two. At the end of year three, the cumulative costs expensed would be the same.

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A sale with a buyback arrangement generally does not result in the recognition of revenue.

IAS 18, appendix paragraph 5, states: “For a sale and repurchase agreement on

an asset other than a financial asset, the terms of the agreement need to be analyzed to ascertain whether, in substance, the seller has transferred the risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer and hence revenue is recognized. When the seller has retained the risks and rewards of ownership, even though legal title has been transferred, the transaction is a financing arrangement and does not give rise to revenue.”

IFRSUS GAAP

Departures from recognition at time of sale

Sales with buyback agreements

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Focuses on the need to reliably estimate future returns before revenue can be recorded for sales with a right of return.

ASC 605-15-25-1 includes the ability of the seller to be able to reasonably estimate future returns as one of the six criteria for revenue recognition.

Similar. IAS 18 allows revenue recognition at the time of the sale as long as the seller can reliably estimate the amount of future returns.

IFRSUS GAAP


Sales with right of return

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► Only specifies the criteria that future returns can be reasonably estimated.

► In addition to the criterion that future returns can be reasonably estimated, there are five other criteria for recognition:

1. The selling price is fixed or determinable.

2. The buyer’s payment is not contingent on the buyer reselling the product.

3. The buyer has the risks of ownership.

4. The buyer has economic substance apart from the seller.

5. The seller does not have significant obligations related to the buyer reselling the product.


Sales with right of return

US GAAP IFRS

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Example 3 – revenue recognition when a right of return exists

Identify for which of the following situations, if any, it would be inappropriate to recognize revenue under US GAAP. Also, identify for which situations it would be inappropriate to recognize revenue under IFRS. Provide an explanation of your answers.

Revenue recognition when right of return exists example

► Company A introduced a new product that had sales of $1.0 million in the first month. Total returns in the first month were $200,000.

► Company B wanted to sell its product in Mexico. It contacted a local businesswoman in Mexico City and established a joint venture. Company B provided the initial financing and the businesswoman agreed to broker the product to local companies. In the first month, Company B sold $2.0 million of product to the joint venture to cover anticipated sales. Assume that Company B properly concluded that this is not a consignment sale. Company B has extensive experience selling its product and believes it can reliably estimate future returns.

► Company C has a long history of selling small motors to Company D. Company D mounts these motors on its lawn mowers and sells the completed lawn mowers to hardware stores. When Company D receives payment from the hardware stores it pays Company C for the motors. Company D has the right to return any unused motors at the end of the year. Historically, these returns have averaged 2% of sales.

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Example 3 solution:

• Company A — Because this is a new product, it is unlikely Company A could reliably estimate future returns. Therefore revenue should not be recorded currently under either US GAAP or IFRS.

• Company B — Under US GAAP, the requirement that the buyer has economic substance separate from the seller does not appear to have been met so no revenue should be currently recorded. It is possible that under IFRS the conclusion might be to record the revenue since Company B can reliably estimate returns. The question that would need to be addressed is whether sales returns in Mexico will follow the same pattern as historical experience.

• Company C — It appears the buyer’s payment is dependent on the buyer selling the lawn mower. Therefore under US GAAP it would appear that revenue should not be currently recognized. Under IFRS at first glance it would appear that the revenue would be recorded because it is probable that the economic benefits from the sale of the motors will flow to the seller and the returns can be reliably determined. One of the specific criteria for revenue recognition under IAS 18 is that Company C has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods. However since the payment for the motors is only made if Company D is able to sell its lawn mowers, it appears significant risk of ownership has been retained by Company C and, therefore, revenue should not be recognized.

Revenue recognition when right of return exists example

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Revenue recognition after delivery

When there is no reasonable method for estimating collectibility, income should not be recognized until cash is collected.

Only allows the use of the installment method or the cost-recovery method in limited circumstances.

Similar

Similar, although IFRS refers to the installment method only as it relates to the discounting of receivables when considering the time value of money. IFRS does not refer to the cost-recovery method; however, IAS 18.18 states in part “revenue is recognized only when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. In some cases, this may not be probable until the consideration is received.”

IFRSUS GAAP

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Accounting for multiple elementsBackground – US GAAP

► ASC 605-25 provides guidance about multiple deliverable transactions:

► How to separate deliverables into units of accounting.

► How to allocate consideration to the units of accounting.

► ASC 605-25 does not address when revenue should be recognized for deliverables determined to be a separate unit of accounting. The applicable revenue recognition guidance (such as SAB 104 or other guidance) should be used to determine when revenue is recognized related to each separate unit of accounting.

► For a deliverable to qualify as a separate unit of accounting, the following criteria must be met:

► The delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis.

► If a general right of return exists relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor.

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► How to allocate considerations to units of accounting:

► Consideration generally should be allocated to the separate units of accounting based on their relative selling prices (ASC 605-25-25-2).

► The best evidence of selling price vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE), which is the price of a deliverable when it is regularly sold on a stand-alone basis. If VSOE does not exist, then third-party evidence of selling price should be used. If neither of these exist, then the entity should use the best estimate of selling price (ASC 605-25-30-2).

► Deliverables in an arrangement that meet the separation criteria in ASC 605-25-25-5 must be treated as a separate unit of accounting for purposes of revenue recognition. Deliverables in an arrangement that do not meet the separation criteria must be combined into one unit of accounting. The appropriate revenue recognition literature then should be applied to each unit of accounting.

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► Although ASC 605-25-25 is silent as to what revenue recognition method should be applied to a combined unit of accounting, there is a rebuttable presumption that the revenue recognition model applicable to the final deliverable included in the arrangement is the model that should be followed for the combined unit of accounting.

► The final deliverable model dictates that revenue is recognized only once the last item has been delivered, or over a performance period if the last deliverable is a service, assuming the other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

► This presumption may be overcome in certain circumstances.

► Any contingent consideration is not included in the allocable arrangement consideration and is not recognized until the contingency is resolved.

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Accounting for multiple elementsBackground – IFRS

► IAS 18.13 states that the recognition criteria usually are applied separately to each transaction.

► It goes on to say that “in certain circumstances, it is necessary to apply the recognition criteria to the separately identifiable components of a single transaction to reflect the substance of the transaction.”

► This means that transactions have to be analyzed in accordance with their economic substance in order to determine whether they should be combined or segmented for revenue recognition purposes. The basic revenue recognition criteria are then applied to each component to determine when to record revenue.

► IAS 18, Appendix A.11 provides guidance on servicing fees included in the price of the product:

► “When the selling price of a product includes an identifiable amount for subsequent servicing (for example, after sales support and product enhancement on the sale of software), that amount is deferred and recognized as revenue over the period during which the service is performed. The amount deferred is that which will cover the expected costs of the services under the agreement, together with a reasonable profit on those services.”

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Accounting for multiple elements

Contracts executed concurrently or in close proximity are presumed to be one overall arrangement.

Similar: Parts of contracts are considered together when they are linked in such a way that the whole commercial effect cannot be understood without reference to the series of transactions as a whole.

IFRSUS GAAP

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IFRS

► Does not provide detailed guidance.

US GAAP

► Provides detailed hierarchical guidance for determining when a contract should be separated into multiple units of accounting.

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IFRS► The total revenues are allocated to the components

based on their relative fair value. IAS 18.7 contains the following definition: “Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.”

► IFRS does not specify the method to determine fair value. However, IFRIC 13 provides guidance for measuring fair value for award credits that are being utilized in practice for multiple elements allocation, such as: (a) costs plus a reasonable profit margin, (b) third-party evidence and (c) VSOE (essentially the price for which the vendor has sold the goods on a stand-alone basis). From a practical standpoint, the use of these factors achieves the same results as under US GAAP.

US GAAP

► The total revenue is allocated to the units of account based on their relative selling prices. The best evidence of selling price is VSOE. If VSOE does not exist, then third-party evidence of selling price should be used. If neither of these exist, then the entity should use the best estimate of selling

price.

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IFRS► Contingent amounts may be included

when allocating total revenues to the components of the transaction. However, IAS 18.18 indicates that revenue is recognized only if it is probable that economic benefits of a transaction will flow to an entity and, in some cases, it may not be probable until an uncertainty is resolved. Therefore, when circumstances are encountered where contingent consideration is being allowed, it should be viewed with a great deal of skepticism and a thorough review of the facts and circumstances should be made in order to reach an appropriate conclusion.

US GAAP► ASC 605-25-30-5 restricts the amount

of revenue recognized, with respect to any component, to the amount that is not contingent on the delivery of additional items or other specific performance criteria. Contingent consideration is not recognized until the contingency is resolved.

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Accounting for multiple elements exampleExample 4 – accounting for multiple elements

On January 1, 2010, Robots Inc. (Robots) sold Wings Company (Wings) its packaging machine and other services for $500,000. The sales arrangement includes the packaging machine, installation services, training on the machine for a period of 18 months and three years of maintenance services.

The maintenance agreement is not separately priced and is not within the scope of paragraphs 1 through 6 of ASC 605-20-25 which deals with Accounting for Separately Priced Extended Warranty and Product Maintenance Contracts. The packaging machine is never sold without the related installation services; however, it is sold exclusive of training and maintenance services. In addition to being included in the original sales of the packaging machine, training contracts are sold on a stand-alone basis and maintenance contracts are sold on a stand-alone basis as renewals of existing contracts. The installation services do not have any stand-alone value as they are never sold separately and no other vendors provide these services.

Based on vendor-specific objective evidence, the selling price of the packaging machine, including installation services, is $420,000, the selling price of the training sessions is $60,000 and the selling price of three years of maintenance services is $120,000.

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The packaging machine was installed at Wings and operational on June 30, 2010, at which time the training services commenced. The training sessions are held weekly at Wings for the entire 18-month period. In addition, per the contract, the maintenance service period starts upon the completion of the installation (i.e., June 30, 2010). Management of Robots wants to report as much revenue as possible on the contract with Wings in 2010 so they earn their bonuses.

► Under US GAAP and IFRS, answer the following three questions:

1. How many units of accounting are included in this arrangement?

2. If there is more than one accounting unit, how should the $500,000 arrangement fee be allocated to the accounting units?

3. How much revenue for each accounting unit should be recorded as of December 31 of each year?

► How much total revenue would be reported in 2010 under IFRS compared to US GAAP?

Accounting for multiple elements example

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Example 4 solution:

US GAAP:

1. There should be three units of accounting. Robots applies the separation criteria of ASC 605-25 and determines that the packaging machine and installation services represent one unit of accounting (installation does not have stand-alone value to the customer) , the training sessions represent a second unit of accounting and the maintenance services represent a third unit of accounting.

2. The $500,000 arrangement fee should be allocated to the different units of accounting based on their selling price (VSOE). The allocation would be as follows:


VSOE (fair

value)

Percent of

relative fair value

Allocated discount

Allocated arrangement consideration

Packaging machine and installation services

$420,000 70% $ (70,000) $350,000

Training 60,000 10% (10,000) 50,000

Maintenance 120,000 20% (20,000) 100,000

Total $600,000 $(100,000) $500,000

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(1) The training session began weekly starting once the installation was complete (June 30, 2010) for 18 months; therefore, six months of training has lapsed by year-end (6 months/18 months * $50,000 = $16,667). The remaining sessions are completed by the end of 2011 and the remaining revenue related to the session would be recognized.

(2) The maintenance program coincides with the completion of the installation and runs for three years; therefore, at Dec. 31, 2010, six months of the contract had run its course and the remaining amounts are recognized for the remaining three-year period. [2010 - (6/36) x $100,000 = $16,667; 2011 and 2012 - (12/36) x $100,000 = $33,333; 2013 - (6/36) x $100,000 = $16,667]


2010 2011 2012 2013

Packaging machine and installation $350,000

Training (1) 16,667 $33,333

Maintenance (2) 16,667 33,333 $33,333 $16,667

3. Under the proportional-performance method, the outputs are used to measure the proportional performance of the contract. Therefore, based on the timing of the installation and commencement of the training and maintenance contracts, the following illustrates when the units of accounting should be recognized into revenue for each year ended December 31:

Example 4 solution (continued):

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Example 4 solution (continued):

IFRS:

The solution under IFRS is the same as for US GAAP. However, it should be noted that the standards under US GAAP are explicit and structured for determining allocation of multiple elements, while there is very limited guidance under IFRS. Likewise, IFRS does not provide guidance on how to determine fair value other than some analogous guidance contained in IFRIC 13, which is being used in practice for multiple element arrangements overall. The guidance in IFRIC suggests that some measures to determine fair value include: the amount for which items may be sold separately (selling price), amounts paid to third parties plus a reasonable profit margin (cost plus profit margin = selling price) or an estimated amount. This guidance is very similar to US GAAP with the end result being the same. However, students should be cautioned that a thorough analysis needs to be made for multiple-element arrangements under IFRS due to a lack of specific guidance, but generally there are no differences in accounting under either US GAAP or IFRS (excluding multiple-element arrangements for software).


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Example 5 – contingent revenue in multiple-element arrangements

Plumbing Supplies, Inc. (PSI) has agreed to sell a bathtub for delivery on December 15, 2010, and a kitchen sink for delivery on January 15, 2011, to a general contractor. The total purchase price is $1,100. If these items were purchased separately, they would cost $600 each. The cost to PSI for the bathtub and kitchen sink is the same. The general contractor is under pressure to complete construction on time. For this reason, the general contractor has agreed to pay an additional $100, representing the full cost, if both items are delivered on a timely basis. PSI has a

Contingent revenue in multiple-element arrangements example

► Assuming prompt delivery and payment by the general contractor, how much revenue should PSI record in December and January under US GAAP and IFRS?

superior shipping department, and there have been no late deliveries in the last three years. The general contractor has agreed to pay $600 for prompt delivery on each delivery date.

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Example 5 solution:

US GAAP: None of the contingent consideration (the $100 potential revenue reduction) can be recorded until the contingency is fully resolved. Thus the amount to be allocated is $1,200 - $100 = $1,100. Therefore, revenue of $550 would be recorded in December and $650 in January ($550 allocated plus the $100 contingent amount).

IFRS: It is possible that two different answers may be reached under IFRS.

1. The same answer as determined for US GAAP. The logic in arriving at the same answer as US GAAP is that IAS 18.18 states “Revenue is recognized only when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. In some cases, this may not be probable until the consideration is received or until an uncertainty is removed.” Accordingly, until the second item is received, which doesn’t occur until after year-end, a contingency exists and a strict reading of the guidance would indicate that revenue would not be recognized.

2. The relative fair value of each delivery is $600 since the contingency is very remote. Thus, $600 could be recorded in both December and January.

Likewise, since the IFRS guidance is not definitive for all cases, if the answer in 2. above is used, it would be necessary to thoroughly review the facts and circumstances. In practice, this situation should and would raise the skepticism of accountants to make sure the appropriate conclusion was reached.

Contingent revenue in multiple-element arrangements example

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Interest, Royalties and Dividends

• Interest. Interest is recognized on the accruals basis, using an interest rate which takes into account all of the amounts to be paid and received over the life of the financial instrument concerned.

• Royalties. Royalties are recognized on the accruals basis.

• Dividends. Dividends are recognized when the shareholder's right to receive the payment is established.

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Main Disclosure Requirements of IAS18

• The accounting policies adopted for the recognition of revenue, including the methods adopted to determine the stage of completion of transactions involving the rendering of services

• The amount of each significant category of revenue recognized during the accounting period

• The amount of revenue arising from exchanges of goods or services included in each significant category of revenue.

IAS18 requires that entities should disclose:

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