Slide 1 PAX ROMANA Major Carlos Rascon. Slide 2 SOURCES Jones, The Art of War in the Western World,...

PAX ROMANAPAX ROMANA

Major Carlos Rascon

SOURCESSOURCES

Jones, Jones, The Art of War in the Western World,The Art of War in the Western World, pp. 34-45, 72-86pp. 34-45, 72-86

Montrossm, Montrossm, War Through the Ages, War Through the Ages, pp. 70-pp. 70-8888

Preston and Wise, Preston and Wise, Men in Arms,Men in Arms, pp. 39-49 pp. 39-49Bradford, Bradford, Julius Caesar,Julius Caesar, pp.113-164 pp.113-164Blois, Blois, The Roman Army and Politics in the The Roman Army and Politics in the

First Century B.C.,First Century B.C., pp. 6-21 pp. 6-21

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

Know and identify the changes made in the Know and identify the changes made in the Roman military organization after the Third Roman military organization after the Third Punic War and the causes of these changesPunic War and the causes of these changes

Know and describe the civil wars between Know and describe the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey, with emphasis on the Caesar and Pompey, with emphasis on the reasons for Caesar’s success militarilyreasons for Caesar’s success militarily

Comprehend and explain the power struggle Comprehend and explain the power struggle after the death of Caesar, with emphasis on after the death of Caesar, with emphasis on the Battle of Actiumthe Battle of Actium

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

Know and recall the key changes in the Know and recall the key changes in the Roman military system from Actium to Roman military system from Actium to Adrianople and the causes of these changesAdrianople and the causes of these changes

Comprehend and explain the concept of Pax Comprehend and explain the concept of Pax RomanaRomana

ROMAN MILITARY ROMAN MILITARY CHANGES AFTER THIRD CHANGES AFTER THIRD

PUNIC WARPUNIC WARLegions shift to composition of RomanLegions shift to composition of Romanand non-Roman citizensand non-Roman citizens

– Scarce Recruits Scarce Recruits – Voluntary enlistment replaced Voluntary enlistment replaced

compulsorycompulsory– Military becomes less popular with the Military becomes less popular with the

very richvery rich– Video 8min (Roman legions)Video 8min (Roman legions)

ROMAN MILITARY CHANGES ROMAN MILITARY CHANGES AFTER THIRD PUNIC WARAFTER THIRD PUNIC WAR

Triarii, Principes and Hostati abolished in favor Triarii, Principes and Hostati abolished in favor of “Light” and “Heavy” troopsof “Light” and “Heavy” troops

Professional Army EmergesProfessional Army Emerges Rome’s key factor- DisciplineRome’s key factor- Discipline

Enlistments and LoyaltyEnlistments and Loyalty– Enlistments averaged 6 years (16 year Enlistments averaged 6 years (16 year

max)max)– Soldiers swear allegiance to their Soldiers swear allegiance to their

general over the state of Rome general over the state of Rome – Proconsuls (governors of territories) Proconsuls (governors of territories)

gained virtually unlimited power gained virtually unlimited power – Head of Army less answerable to Head of Army less answerable to

senatesenate

ROMAN MILITARY ROMAN MILITARY CHANGES AFTER THIRD CHANGES AFTER THIRD

PUNIC WARPUNIC WAR

Caius MariusCaius Marius

–Allowed proletarians (men with out Allowed proletarians (men with out land) to join legionland) to join legion

–Improved training making full-time Improved training making full-time soldierssoldiers

–Made the cohort his major tactical Made the cohort his major tactical unit (vice the maniple)unit (vice the maniple)

– Interval between cohorts Interval between cohorts decreased, resembling a phalanxdecreased, resembling a phalanx

–Ten Cohorts still made a LegionTen Cohorts still made a Legion

ROMAN MILITARY CHANGES AFTER THIRD PUNIC WAR

Greatest Roman political generalGreatest Roman political general– Military GeniusMilitary Genius– Quick, sure judgmentQuick, sure judgment– Indomitable energy (Charisma)Indomitable energy (Charisma)– Personal interest in his menPersonal interest in his men– Willingness to under go every hardship his Willingness to under go every hardship his

soldiers enduredsoldiers endured

JULIUS CAESARJULIUS CAESAR


– Age 40, set out to learn “Art of War”Age 40, set out to learn “Art of War”– 61 - 60 B.C. - proconsul of Spain, 61 - 60 B.C. - proconsul of Spain,

suppressed barbarian uprisingssuppressed barbarian uprisings– 60 B.C. - formed 1st Triumvirate 60 B.C. - formed 1st Triumvirate

W/Pompey and CrassusW/Pompey and Crassus– 58 B.C. - Triumvirate appointed Caesar 58 B.C. - Triumvirate appointed Caesar

proconsul of Gaulproconsul of Gaul– By 51 B.C. - expanded Roman power in By 51 B.C. - expanded Roman power in

Gaul, quelled all revoltsGaul, quelled all revolts

Caesar’s LegionCaesar’s Legion– Preceded by a Vanguard of cavalry Preceded by a Vanguard of cavalry

and heavy footand heavy foot– Main body plus baggage in centerMain body plus baggage in center– Rear guard disposed for immediate Rear guard disposed for immediate

actionaction– Light infantry flank guardsLight infantry flank guards


The Civil WarThe Civil War– Crassus was killed in battle - 53 B.C.Crassus was killed in battle - 53 B.C.– Pompey, jealous of Caesar, had Senate pass law Pompey, jealous of Caesar, had Senate pass law

taking away Caesar’s political & Military power in taking away Caesar’s political & Military power in March of 49 B.C.March of 49 B.C.

– Caesar then “Crossed the Rubicon” in Dec of 50 or Caesar then “Crossed the Rubicon” in Dec of 50 or Jan of 49 B.C.Jan of 49 B.C.• Act of War (By law needed senate consent to cross Act of War (By law needed senate consent to cross

Rubicon (Italy north border) w/forces)Rubicon (Italy north border) w/forces)• Caesar had previously only fought barbarians, now he Caesar had previously only fought barbarians, now he

would fight Roman legionswould fight Roman legions


Popular sympathy was with CaesarPopular sympathy was with CaesarPompey & Senate fled to Epitus (West Pompey & Senate fled to Epitus (West

coast of modern Greece)coast of modern Greece)Caesar was in Rome in less than two Caesar was in Rome in less than two

months, master of all Italymonths, master of all Italy It took Caesar 5 years to defeat Pompey It took Caesar 5 years to defeat Pompey

and his supportersand his supporters


Ilerda CampaignIlerda Campaign– Initially two unsuccessful frontal assaults on Initially two unsuccessful frontal assaults on

IlerdaIlerda– Followed by harassment, marches, Followed by harassment, marches,

countermarches, cutting off suppliescountermarches, cutting off supplies– Forces enemy into weak defensive position, Forces enemy into weak defensive position,

then refused battlethen refused battle– Pursued and harassed enemy continually Pursued and harassed enemy continually

cutting off suppliescutting off supplies– Again refused battleAgain refused battle


Ilerda CampaignIlerda Campaign– Made rapid countermarch to cut off enemy Made rapid countermarch to cut off enemy

from retreat into Ebro defilesfrom retreat into Ebro defiles– Another rapid countermarch cuts off faltering Another rapid countermarch cuts off faltering

enemy from obtaining water at Sigorisenemy from obtaining water at Sigoris– Cuts off foes from their last resort of regaining Cuts off foes from their last resort of regaining

the fortified camp at Ilerdathe fortified camp at Ilerda


Ilerda CampaignIlerda Campaign– Gained unconditional surrenderGained unconditional surrender– Gained respect by sparing Romans from Gained respect by sparing Romans from

slaughter and for his expert generalshipslaughter and for his expert generalship– Offered 70,000 prisoners liberty and safe Offered 70,000 prisoners liberty and safe

escort to Rome if they immediately enlisted in escort to Rome if they immediately enlisted in his rankshis ranks


DyrrhachiumDyrrhachium– 49 B.C. - Caesar had 12 legions @ Brundisium to 49 B.C. - Caesar had 12 legions @ Brundisium to

seek out Pompeyseek out Pompey– Sailed for GreeceSailed for Greece

• Ships were scarce, only 7 legions initially (violated Ships were scarce, only 7 legions initially (violated principle of mass?)principle of mass?)

• Pompey controlled seaPompey controlled sea• Mid-winter - Pompey less vigilant (surprise?)Mid-winter - Pompey less vigilant (surprise?)

– Avoided Hostile Fleet, landed @ PalaesteAvoided Hostile Fleet, landed @ Palaeste– Ships returned for Mark Anthony & 20,000 men of Ships returned for Mark Anthony & 20,000 men of

his armyhis army


Apsus RiverApsus River– Caesar & Pompey made contactCaesar & Pompey made contact– Pompey superior #’s, but inferior QualityPompey superior #’s, but inferior Quality– Neither wanted to take offensiveNeither wanted to take offensive

• Caesar - waiting for AnthonyCaesar - waiting for Anthony• Pompey hoped his fleet would block Anthony, forcing Pompey hoped his fleet would block Anthony, forcing

Caesar to yieldCaesar to yield– Anthony landed north of DyrrhachiumAnthony landed north of Dyrrhachium– Pompey failed at preventing join-upPompey failed at preventing join-up– Pompey fell back to DyrrhachiumPompey fell back to Dyrrhachium


Apsus RiverApsus River– Caesar sent three legions for supplies and Caesar sent three legions for supplies and

decided to contain Pompeydecided to contain Pompey– Both generals built lines (embankments) facing Both generals built lines (embankments) facing

each othereach other• Caesar couldn’t totally blockade (Pompey controlled Caesar couldn’t totally blockade (Pompey controlled

sea)sea)• Pompey broke out along coast, then pursued Caesar for Pompey broke out along coast, then pursued Caesar for

three daysthree days– Had Pompey pursued harder, history may have Had Pompey pursued harder, history may have

been differentbeen different


PharsalusPharsalus– Caesar regrouped in Thessaly with about 30,000 Caesar regrouped in Thessaly with about 30,000

infantry & 1,000 cavalryinfantry & 1,000 cavalry– Met Pompey with disadvantage in #’s (1:2 infantry, Met Pompey with disadvantage in #’s (1:2 infantry,

1:3 or 4 cavalry) on plains of Pharsalus1:3 or 4 cavalry) on plains of Pharsalus– Pompey’s plan:Pompey’s plan:

• Secure his right flank along Enipeus RiverSecure his right flank along Enipeus River• Use superior cavalry to flank Caesar on his Use superior cavalry to flank Caesar on his

right, sweep around and attack his rearright, sweep around and attack his rear


PharsalusPharsalus– Caesar grasped Pompey’s planCaesar grasped Pompey’s plan

• Brought up cavalry to face Pompey’s cavalryBrought up cavalry to face Pompey’s cavalry• Took 3rd line from Infantry and formed 4th line behind Took 3rd line from Infantry and formed 4th line behind

Cavalry (decisive point)Cavalry (decisive point)– Pompey left initiativePompey left initiative

• Caesar launched counter attack; Pompey met with Caesar launched counter attack; Pompey met with Cavalry, Archers, Slingers; Caesar had 4th line attack; Cavalry, Archers, Slingers; Caesar had 4th line attack; 4th line had such vigor Pompey’s cavalry retreated4th line had such vigor Pompey’s cavalry retreated


PharsalusPharsalus– Infantry now fully engagedInfantry now fully engaged– Caesar flanked Pompey on his left with 4th lineCaesar flanked Pompey on his left with 4th line– Caesar ordered 3rd Line (reserves) into fight Caesar ordered 3rd Line (reserves) into fight

(timely use of reserves)(timely use of reserves)– Pompey fled and his forces surrendered in the Pompey fled and his forces surrendered in the

hills after being surroundedhills after being surrounded


RuspinaRuspina– Africa, Oct 47 B.C., Caesar surrounded by superior Africa, Oct 47 B.C., Caesar surrounded by superior

force near Ruspinaforce near Ruspina– Formed single line of cohorts in favor of protecting Formed single line of cohorts in favor of protecting

flanksflanks– Single line was pushed together with cavalry in Single line was pushed together with cavalry in

gapsgaps– Faced alternating cohorts to rear forming two back Faced alternating cohorts to rear forming two back

to back lines and pushed outto back lines and pushed out– Imaginative action salvaged defeat Imaginative action salvaged defeat


Further operations in Africa/Spain were Further operations in Africa/Spain were successfulsuccessful

Caesar assassinated 15 March, 44 B.C.Caesar assassinated 15 March, 44 B.C.


BATTLE OF ACTIUMBATTLE OF ACTIUM

Anthony and Cleopatra Anthony and Cleopatra ruled from Egypt ~200 ruled from Egypt ~200 shipsships

Octavian Ruled from Octavian Ruled from Rome had ~200 shipsRome had ~200 ships

Sea Battle conducted in Sea Battle conducted in Ionian SeaIonian Sea

Over 400 galleys and Over 400 galleys and 80,000 men involved80,000 men involved

Deserters informed OctavianDeserters informed OctavianAnthony’s Fleet sailed outAnthony’s Fleet sailed outAgrippa formed up seaward and waited for Agrippa formed up seaward and waited for

the wind alsothe wind alsoSeparation of the SquadronsSeparation of the SquadronsAnthony and Cleopatra defeated and Anthony and Cleopatra defeated and

betrayed, Anthony fledbetrayed, Anthony fled


Established Roman Navy as the premier Established Roman Navy as the premier navy of the timenavy of the time

Combined with army to secure frontiers and Combined with army to secure frontiers and to police Mediterraneanto police Mediterranean

Octavian reaches Alexandria in July, 30 Octavian reaches Alexandria in July, 30 B.C. ; Anthony and Cleopatra commit suicideB.C. ; Anthony and Cleopatra commit suicide

Octavian takes the title of Caesar AugustusOctavian takes the title of Caesar Augustus



The period from Caesar Augustus (27 B.C.) The period from Caesar Augustus (27 B.C.) to the battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.)to the battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.)

Longest period of Longest period of peace Roman empire peace Roman empire had experiencedhad experiencedThe EmpireThe Empire

– Internally PacifiedInternally Pacified– Secure FrontiersSecure Frontiers

13 B.C. Augustus reduced the army of the 13 B.C. Augustus reduced the army of the Roman Empire to 25 Legions (about Roman Empire to 25 Legions (about 300,000 soldiers)300,000 soldiers)

In 6 A.D. he established a permanent In 6 A.D. he established a permanent retirement fundretirement fund

Encouraged retired soldiers to settle in the Encouraged retired soldiers to settle in the provinces near their former legionprovinces near their former legion

16 year tours (later 20 year enlistments)16 year tours (later 20 year enlistments)


Defensively OrientatedDefensively OrientatedCavalryCavalryWar EnginesWar Engines

– By 4th Century 10 Catapults and 60 By 4th Century 10 Catapults and 60 Ballistae were assigned to each legionBallistae were assigned to each legion

– This is one of the highest rations of “guns” This is one of the highest rations of “guns” to soldiers in historyto soldiers in history


DECLINE OF ROMEDECLINE OF ROME

Riot accelerated by decline in farmingRiot accelerated by decline in farmingThe small farmsThe small farms

– Free peasants were forced to become coloniFree peasants were forced to become coloni– Proved insufficient, barbarians invited to workProved insufficient, barbarians invited to work

Exhaustion of the soilExhaustion of the soilLack of AgricultureLack of Agriculture

– More people drifted into the citiesMore people drifted into the cities– UnemploymentUnemployment

Professional politiciansProfessional politiciansReduced discipline and trainingReduced discipline and training Increasing lack of confidence between Increasing lack of confidence between

commander and troopscommander and troopsSending units from one portion of the frontier Sending units from one portion of the frontier

to reinforce units engaged elsewhereto reinforce units engaged elsewhere

DECLINE OF ROMEDECLINE OF ROME

THE BATTLE OF ADRIANOPLETHE BATTLE OF ADRIANOPLE

The VisigothsThe Visigoths– Originally friendly to the empireOriginally friendly to the empire– The local Roman officials allowed the Visigoths The local Roman officials allowed the Visigoths

to retain their weapons in return for certain to retain their weapons in return for certain “favors”“favors”

– For over a year the Roman officials abused the For over a year the Roman officials abused the GothsGoths

The Emperor ValensThe Emperor ValensLegion weakened by increasing number of Legion weakened by increasing number of

light foot and cavalrylight foot and cavalry

Valens came upon the Gothsen campValens came upon the Gothsen campHe drew up his armyHe drew up his armyBelieving that all the enemy were inside the Believing that all the enemy were inside the

Laager, he attackedLaager, he attacked


The Bulk of the Gothic Horsemen were The Bulk of the Gothic Horsemen were foragingforaging

As the battle raged, the Gothic horsemen As the battle raged, the Gothic horsemen charged down on the Roman leftcharged down on the Roman left

The Roman cavalry disintegrated quicklyThe Roman cavalry disintegrated quicklyThe Roman right fled, and the infantry was The Roman right fled, and the infantry was

slaughteredslaughtered


THE BATTLE OF ADRIANOPLETHE BATTLE OF ADRIANOPLEValens and 40,000 Valens and 40,000 infantry annihilatedinfantry annihilated

Battle of Adrianople Battle of Adrianople signified the end of the signified the end of the

Roman military tradition Roman military tradition

Collapse of RomeCollapse of RomeA revolution in tacticsA revolution in tactics

– Cavalry was now the chief armCavalry was now the chief arm– Light Infantry would prepare and support the Light Infantry would prepare and support the

attack by their fireattack by their fire– Heavy infantryHeavy infantry

• Base for defenseBase for defense• Offense - ready reserveOffense - ready reserve


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Their were many changes to the Roman Their were many changes to the Roman military after the Third Punic Warmilitary after the Third Punic War

Caesar won the civil wars against PompeyCaesar won the civil wars against PompeyPax Romana was the longest period of Pax Romana was the longest period of

peace in Rome, during this period the army peace in Rome, during this period the army was oriented to defensewas oriented to defense

Rome dividesRome divides

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

Slide 1 PAX ROMANA Major Carlos Rascon. Slide 2 SOURCES Jones, The Art of War in the Western World,...

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Transcript of Slide 1 PAX ROMANA Major Carlos Rascon. Slide 2 SOURCES Jones, The Art of War in the Western World,...