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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology

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38–1 Food and Nutrition


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Food and Energy

(Food and Energy

You need to eat food to obtain energy.

The energy in food is measured in Calories

(capital C). One Calorie is equal to 1000 calories.

One calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise

the temperature of one gram of water by one

degree Celsius.)


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Food and Energy

Caloric needs vary for each person.

*Food labels based on 2000 Calories per day

*An average-sized female teenager needs about

2200 Calories a day.

*An average-sized male teenager needs about 2800

Calories a day.

If you exercise regularly, your energy needs may be

higher.


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Nutrients

1. Nutrients

substances in food that supply the energy and raw

materials your body uses for growth, repair, and

maintenance.


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Nutrients

What are the nutrients your body needs?


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Nutrients

2. The nutrients that the body needs are:

• water

• carbohydrates

• fats

• proteins

• vitamins

• minerals


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Nutrients

Water

Why is water such an important nutrient?


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Nutrients

3. Every cell needs water because many

of the body's processes take place in

water.


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Nutrients

A. makes up blood, lymph, bodily fluids.

B. lost during sweating, (when it evaporates to

cool the body.)

C. lost from the body with every breath you

exhale and in urine.

d. drink at least 1 liter of water each day.


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Nutrients

4. Carbohydrates

main source of energy for the body.

A. 2 types of carbohydrates:

1. simple:

*found in fruits, honey, sugar

*do not need to be broken down

http://www.sugarstacks.com/beverages.

htm

http://www.sugarstacks.com/beverages.htm




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Nutrients

2. complex:

*starches-found in grains, potatoes,

Veggies

*Need to be broken down, before they can be used

*contain cellulose, or fiber.


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Nutrients

B. Fiber is needed in diet.

1. helps muscles keep food and

wastes moving through

digest. and excretory systems.

2. Whole-grain breads, many fruits,

vegetables


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Nutrients

5. Fats

(Fats, or lipids, are an important part of a healthy

diet.

Fats are formed from fatty acids and glycerol.)


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Nutrients

a. Fats are needed:

1. produce cell membranes, myelin

sheaths around neurons, and

certain hormones.

2. help body absorb fat-soluble

vitamins.

3. protect body organs and insulate

the body.


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Nutrients

b. classified as saturated or unsaturated.

1.Most saturated fats

* solids at room temperature

* butter and other animal fats.

(When there are only single bonds between carbon

atoms in the fatty acids, the fat is saturated)


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Nutrients

2. Unsaturated fats usually liquids at room

temperature.

(Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in a

fatty acid chain

Because many vegetable oils contain more than one

double bond, they are called polyunsaturated. )


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Nutrients

6. Proteins

a. supply materials for growth and repair of

structures such as skin and muscle.

b. regulatory and transport functions.


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Nutrients

c. polymers of amino acids.

d. body can synthesize only 12 of the 20 amino acids

used to make proteins.


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Nutrients

e. Essential Amino Acids:

1. other 8 amino acids

2. they must come from food.

3. Animal products- meat, fish, eggs, milk

4. plants products do not.

(Therefore, people who don’t eat animal products

must eat a combination of plant foods to obtain all of

the essential amino acids.)


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Nutrients

7. Vitamins

a. organic molecules help regulate body

processe, (often working with enzymes.)

b. Most vitamins obtained from food.

c. diet lacking certain vitamins can have

serious, even fatal, consequences.


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Nutrients

D. 2 types:

1. fat-soluble

*A, D, E, K can be stored in fatty

tissues of the body.


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Nutrients

Fat-Soluble Vitamins


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Nutrients

2.water-soluble

*dissolve in water

* cannot be stored in the body.

(Eating a diet containing a variety of foods will supply

the daily vitamin needs of nearly everyone.)


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Nutrients

Water-Soluble Vitamins


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Nutrients

Water-Soluble Vitamins


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Nutrients

8. Minerals

a. Inorganic nutrients that the body needs, in small

amounts.

(By eating a variety of foods, you can meet your

daily requirement of minerals.)


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Nutrients


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Nutrients


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Nutrition and a Balanced Diet

(Nutrition and a Balanced Diet

The new food pyramid classifies foods into six

categories:

• grains

• vegetables

• fruits

• milk

• meat and beans

• fats, sugars, and salts


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Resources/ActiveArt/food_pyramid.html


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The figure climbing up the side of the pyramid

represents exercise.

You should get at least 30 minutes of exercise each

day.


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A food label provides information about nutrition.

Daily values are based on a 2000-Calorie diet, and

nutrient needs are affected by age, gender, and

lifestyle.


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When choosing foods, you should compare similar

foods on the basis of their proportion of nutrients to

Calories.

When you choose a food, it should be high in

nutrition and low in Calories.)

- or -

Continue to: Click to Launch:

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38–1

Resources/ActiveArt/index.html

Resources/ch38_sectn01_quiz.qtb

Resources/ch38_sectn01_quiz.qtb

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38–1

Which nutrient is found in fruits, sugars, and

whole-grain breads?

a. protein

b. fat

c. carbohydrates

d. vitamins

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38–1

Organic molecules that help regulate body

processes and often work with enzymes are

a. fats.

b. minerals.

c. vitamins.

d. amino acids.

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38–1

Which two vitamins can be made by the body?

a. vitamins A and B

b. vitamins C and D

c. vitamins A and K

d. vitamins D and K

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38–1

The most important nutrient is

a. fat.

b. water.

c. vitamins.

d. protein.

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38–1

The foods that should make up the largest part

of your diet are

a. fats and sweets.

b. meat, poultry, and fish.

c. milk, yogurt, and cheese.

d. breads, cereals, rice, and pasta.

END OF SECTION

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