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Chapter 1Chapter 1

Information Systems Overview

Introduction to Information Systems

Judith C. Simon

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Chapter 1 Major TopicsChapter 1 Major Topics

Developments leading to today’s technology Effects of information technology (IT) on our

lives Components of information systems (IS) Additional terms and related concepts

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Computational Technology in the PastComputational Technology in the Past

16th Century and earlier: Abacus and other manual devices

17th Century: Mechanical calculator

18th Century: Punched card machine

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20th Century Developments in IT20th Century Developments in IT

1940s: Stored-program concept developed

1950s: Business applications began to be used

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20th Century Developments in IT20th Century Developments in IT

1960s: Business programming languages developed Minicomputers developed

1970s: Personal computers introduced Intel memory and processor chips developed

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20th Century Developments in IT20th Century Developments in IT

1980s: Multiprocessors with multitasking developed Apple Macintosh introduced

1990s: Intel processor chips estimated to be 5000 times faster

than 1970s chips Explosive growth of the Internet

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Changes in Business & Professional ActivitiesChanges in Business & Professional Activities

Use of chip technology in automobile manufacturing, as well as for many other consumer products

Use of computer-based simulations for medical training

Use of automated load and destination systems for airline flight management systems

Use of sensors and speech synthesizers for disabled workers

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Professional Activities Affected by ITProfessional Activities Affected by IT

ArchitectAccountant

Engineer

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Personal Activities Affected by ITPersonal Activities Affected by IT

Travel

Transportation

HouseholdAppliances

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Changes in Career OptionsChanges in Career Options

Increase in careers available in information technology/information systems, such as system operators, programmers, Web site developers

Increase in use and required knowledge of IT/IS by business employees in all fields and at all levels of the organization

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Information System ComponentsInformation System Components

System: Combination of related elements that work together to achieve some goal

Information system: components that work together to provide desired information in the proper format at an appropriate time, including: people (human resources) procedures (instructions for the people) information technology (hardware, software, data)

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Information SystemsInformation Systems

+ +

Hardware Software Data

+

Procedures People

= InformationSystems+

Information Technology

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Digital ComputersDigital Computers

Supercomputers

Mainframes

Minicomputers

Microcomputers

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Operating Systems = IntermediaryOperating Systems = Intermediary

Application Application ProgramsPrograms

Operating Operating System System

ProgramsPrograms

HardwareHardware

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Fields and Records in a FileFields and Records in a File

File

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3

Record 1

Record 2

Record 3

data

data

data

data

data

data

data

data

data

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Data vs. Information vs. KnowledgeData vs. Information vs. Knowledge

Data: raw facts that are collected e.g., customer name, address, purchasing history

Information: result(s) after data is processed into something meaningful e.g., purchasers of a specific product, who might be

contacted about a related product

Knowledge: combination of methods for using or sharing information e.g., customers worthy of special promotions or ratings,

usually based on a set of designated criteria

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Data Flow vs. Information FlowData Flow vs. Information Flow

“Data Flow” and “Information Flow” both refer to the process in which data enters a system, is processed, and information is output. Differences in terminology are based on whether the discussion refers to the beginning or the end of the process.

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Data/Information FlowData/Information Flow

InputInput

ProcessingProcessing

OutputOutput

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Flow of Data/InformationFlow of Data/Information

Feedback

Input Processing Output

Data Information

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