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AP U.S. History: Unit 4.5
Student Edition
Slavery in Antebellum America
I. The Rise of "King Cotton"
A. Prior to 1793, the Southern economy was weak: depressed prices,
unmarketable products, soil-ravaged lands, and an economically
risky slave system.
Some leaders, such as Jefferson (who freed 10% of his slaves),
believed slavery would gradually die out but it could not be done
immediately. "We have a wolf by the ears."
B. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)
1. Impact: Cotton production became profitable; 50x more effective
than picking cotton by hand.
a. Resulted in an explosion in slavery
b. Cotton came to surpass tobacco, rice, and indigo production.
2. A “Cotton Kingdom” developed into a huge agricultural factory.
a. Western expansion into lower gulf states: Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama
b. Slaves were brought into new regions to cultivate cotton.
3. A huge domestic slave trade emerged.
Importation of slaves from Africa was abolished in 1808
C. Trade
1. Cotton exported to England; revenues from sale of cotton used to
buy northern goods
Britain heavily dependent on U.S. cotton for its textile factories;
80% came from U.S.
2. Prosperity of both North and South rested on slave labor
3. Cotton accounted for 57% of all American exports by 1860.
The South produced 75% of the world’s cotton.
II. The Three Souths
A. Generalizations
1. The further North, the cooler the climate, the fewer the slaves,
and the lower the commitment to maintaining slavery..
2. The further South, the warmer the climate, the more the slaves,
and the higher the commitment to maintaining slavery.
3. Mountain whites along Appalachian Mountains would mostly
side with the Union during the Civil War.
Lived in western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, northeastern
Kentucky, western South Carolina, northern Georgia and
Alabama.
Use space below for notes
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Unit 4.5: Slavery in Antebellum America
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4. Southward flow of slaves (from sales) continued from 1790 to
1860
5. There was not a unified South except for a common trait of
resistance to the perceived outside interference of the federal gov’t.
B. Border South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri
1. Plantations were more scarce; cotton cultivation was almost
nonexistent; tobacco was the main crop (as in the Middle South);
and more grain production existed (as in the Middle South).
2. Unionists would overcome Disunionists during and after the Civil
War.
3. 1850, slaves = 17% of population.; avg. of 5 slaves per slaveholder
4. 1850, over 21% of the Border South’s blacks were free; accounted
for 46% of the South’s free blacks
5. 22% of white families owned slaves.
6. Comprised 6% of all southerners who owned more than 20 slaves
in the South; comprised only 1% of the South’s ultra-wealthy
7. Produced over 50% of the South’s industrial products
C. Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
1. Each state had one section resembling the Border South and
another resembling the Lower South.
Some industrial production: Tredegar Iron Works in Virginia
used slave labor
2. Unionists prevailed after Lincoln was elected; Disunionists
prevailed after the war began.
3. Many plantations existed in eastern Virginia and western Tennessee
4. 1850, slaves = 30% of population; avg. of 8 slaves per slaveholder
5. 36% of white families owned slaves.
6. Comprised 32% of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South and
14% of the ultra-wealthy
D. Lower South: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas
1. Most slaves lived in the “cotton belt” or "black belt" of the
Deep South along river valleys.
2. Plantations were prevalent; cotton was king; accounted for 95% of
the South’s cotton and almost all sugar, rice, and indigo.
3. Disunionists (secessionists) would prevail after Lincoln was
elected.
4. 1850, slaves = 47% of population; avg. of 12 slaves per slaveholder
5. Less than 2% of blacks were free; only 15% of South’s free blacks
6. 43% of white families owned slaves
7. Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%; Ultra-
wealthy = 85%
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8. Produced less than 20% of South’s industrial products
III. The "Peculiar Institution"
A. The Planter "Aristocracy"
1. The South was ruled politically and economically by wealthy
plantation owners.
a. In 1850, only 1,733 families owned more than 100 slaves yet
they dominated southern politics.
b. The South was the least democratic region of the country.
A huge gap between rich and poor existed.
Poor public education (planters sent kids to private schools)
2. Planters carried on the "cavalier" tradition of early Virginia.
a. This was reflected in its military academies.
b. Its elite culture included chivalry among a landed genteel-class.
B. Plantation system
1. Required heavy investment of capital in slave labor
2. Risky: slaves might die of disease, injure themselves, or escape.
3. One-crop economy (e.g. cotton, tobacco)
a. Discouraged diversification of agriculture, especially
manufacturing
b. Southerners resented the North’s huge profits at their expense.
Complained of northern middlemen, bankers, agents, and
shippers
Resented being so dependent on northern manufactures and
markets
4. Repelled large-scale European immigration
a. Only 4.4% of foreign-born Americans were part of the South’s
population in 1860; 18.7% in the North.
b. Slave labor was far cheaper; fertile land was too expensive for
most immigrants; immigrants were not familiar with cotton
production.
c. The South was the nation’s most Anglo-Saxon (English) region.
C. Plantation slavery
1. Nearly 4 million slaves lived in the U.S. by 1860; quadrupled in
number since 1800.
a. Legal imports of slaves ended in 1808.
Thousands of slaves were smuggled into the South despite the
death penalty for slave traders.
b. The increased population was due to natural reproduction.
Over-breeding of slaves was not encouraged.
o Owners often still rewarded slave women for multiple
children
White slave owners often fathered a sizable mulatto
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population (e.g. Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings had
six children together, four of whom survived)
o Most remained as slaves.
2. Slaves were seen as valuable assets and a primary source of wealth.
a. Slave auctions were one of the most revolting aspects of slavery.
Families were often separated due to a plantation owner’s
division of property or bankruptcy
Slavery’s greatest psychological horror
3. Punishment was often brutal to intimidate slaves not to defy the
master’s authority.
4. New western areas were harshest for slaves: (LA, TX, MS, AL)
5. Slaves were denied education: a literate slave was seen as a
potentially dangerous slave.
D. An Afro-American slave culture developed
1. Elements of West African culture—such as languages, oral
traditions, music, religious practices and family patterns—
remained part of the American slave community.
2. Family ties were often informal and extended family ties were
important
a. This was the outgrowth of slave families being broken up
regularly due to members being sold
b. “Fictive kin”: members of a community might be considered
“family” even though they were not related by blood.
c. Children were primarily raised by their mothers, who often
dominated the home in slave quarters
This pattern continued after slavery was abolished.
d. Children were often looked after by many members of the
community (“fictive kin”).
3. Oral traditions were valuable in maintaining the African heritage.
a. Teaching slaves to read was illegal in much of the South so
alternate ways of spreading culture was necessary.
b. After the work day was over, slaves would often get together
on large plantations and share stories or their hopes of eventual
liberation.
c. Oral traditions were passed on in several languages including
Gullah, pidgin English, and Creole.
d. Certain stories, such as Br’er rabbit, were popular; they were
instructive on how to survive slavery’s oppressive nature.
4. Religion
a. A call and response tradition from Africa was a strong
component of slave religious meetings.
b. Religion in slave communities was often a blend of various
forms of Christianity mixed with African traditions (such as
voodoo)
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c. In some areas, slaves attended segregated white churches.
d. Certain elements of Christianity were very appealing (e.g.
everyone is equal in heaven, Christ ministering to the poor)
e. The book of Exodus in the Bible was particularly popular
(Jews led by Moses had escaped Egypt)
5. Music
a. Rhythmic complexities of Africa were incorporated into music
and drum rhythms played by slaves.
Slave owners sometimes banned the use of drums fearing
that slaves were sending subversive messages
Clapping and “patting juba” (slapping various parts of the
body along with clapping) was popular
b. The banjo, an African instrument, was used regularly.
c. The European violin (fiddle) was adapted by slaves and
became a staple instrument.
d. Call and response singing was a popular element of slave
music.
e. Musical elements employed by slaves later influenced the
development of blues, jazz, and rock n’ roll.
E. Burdens of slavery
1. Slaves were deprived of dignity and sense of responsibility that free
people have, suffered cruel physical and psychological treatment,
and were ultimately convinced that they were inferior and
deserved their lot in life.
2. Slaves were denied education as it was seen as dangerous by slave
owners to give slaves ideas of freedom.
3. Slaves often insidiously sabotaged their master’s system
Poisoned food, stole supplies, broke equipment, and worked
slowly
4. Many attempted to escape: Border South slave attempts were more
successful; it was next to impossible to escape the Lower South
F. Slave Revolts
1. Stono Rebellion, 1739
a. South Carolina slaves fled toward Florida killing whites on the
way but did not succeed.
b. Led to a more oppressive slave system in the South during the
colonial period
2. Gabriel Prosser, 1800
a. A slave blacksmith in Virginia planned a military slave revolt
and recruited 150 men.
b. The rebellion did not materialize and Prosser and 26 others were
hanged.
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3. Denmark Vesey, a mulatto in Charleston, planned the largest ever
revolt in 1822 but it never materialized.
a. A slave informer advised his master of the plot.
b. Vesey and 30 others publicly hanged
4. Nat Turner’s revolt, 1831 (most significant of the 19th century)
a. Sixty Virginians were slaughtered, mostly children and women.
The wave of killing slowed down the revolt’s aim of capturing
weapons at the local armory and fomenting a larger rebellion.
Largest slave revolt ever in the South
b. Over 100 slaves were killed in response; Turner was hanged.
c. Significance: Produced a wave of anxiety among southern
plantation owners that resulted in harsh laws clamping down
further on the slave institution.
G. Southern white paranoia
1. Feared more reprisals by slaves (like Nat Turner’s revolt)
2. Infuriated by abolitionist propaganda in the North they saw it
inciting slaves.
3. Saw biological racial superiority as a justification for slavery.
IV. The White Majority
A. By 1860, only 1/4 of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to
slave-owning families
1. Over 2/3 of slave owners owned less than ten slaves each.
2. Small slave owners made up a majority of masters.
B. 75% of white southerners owned no slaves at all.
1. Located in the backcountry and mountain valleys
2. Mostly subsistence farmers; didn’t participate in market economy.
3. Raised corn, hogs
4. Poorest were called "white trash", "hillbillies", "crackers", "clay
eaters" by planters
Suffered from malnutrition and parasites, especially hookworm.
5. Fiercely defended the slave system as it proved white superiority
a. Poor whites took comfort that they were "equal" to wealthy
neighbors
b. Social status was determined by how many slaves one owned:
poor Southern whites someday hoped to own slaves.
c. Slavery proved effective in controlling blacks; ending slavery
might result in race mixing and blacks competing with whites
for work.
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C. Mountain whites
1. Lived in the valleys of the Appalachian Mountain range.
2. Independent small farmers lived far from the cotton kingdom.
3. Lived in a rough frontier environment
4. Hated wealthy planters and slaves
5. During the Civil War they supported Unionists; significant in
crippling the Confederacy
V. Free African Americans
A. Numbered about 250,000 in the South by 1860
1. In the Border South, emancipation increased starting in the late 18th
century.
2. In the Lower South, many free blacks were mulattos.
3. Some bought their freedom with earnings from labor after hours.
4. Some owned property; New Orleans had a large prosperous mulatto
community.
A few even owned slaves (although this was rare).
5. Petersburg, Virginia, had the largest free black population in the
South by 1860.
B. Discrimination in the South
1. Blacks were prohibited from certain occupations and from
testifying against whites in court.
2. They were always in danger of being forced back into slavery by
unscrupulous slave traders.
C. About 250,000 free blacks lived in the North.
1. Large communities existed in certain northern cities, especially
Philadelphia.
2. Free black communities were often centered around churches
such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church, first founded
by Richard Allen in Philadelphia in 1794.
3. Allen became one of the most influential black leaders in the
antebellum period
He founded Sabbath schools to teach literacy and supported
political organizations that sought to help blacks (e.g.
abolitionism)
D. Discrimination in the North
1. Some states forbade African American entrance or denied them
public education
2. Most states denied them suffrage.
3. Some states segregated blacks in public facilities.
4. Especially hated by Irish immigrants against whom they competed
for jobs
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5. Much of northern sentiment against spread of slavery into new
territories due to intense race prejudice, not humanitarianism.
Racist feelings were often stronger in the North than in the
South.
VI. Abolitionism
Definition: Abolitionism—movement in the North that demanded an
immediate end to slavery
A. First abolitionist movements began during the Revolutionary Era;
especially Quakers
B. American colonization Society (founded in 1817)
1. Sought practical solutions vis-à-vis free blacks if slavery was
abolished.
Recolonization: supported by many prominent Northerners and
Southerners who were afraid that manumission (freeing slaves)
would create a surplus of free blacks in the U.S.
2. Liberia was founded on the West African Coast for former slaves
in 1822.
a. 15,000 freed blacks were transported over the next four decades
b. Most U.S. blacks were not eager to go because they saw
themselves as Americans, not Africans.
Believed they were part of America’s growth and culture
By 1860, virtually all southern slaves were native-born
Americans.
3. Colonization appealed to most Northerners (including Lincoln)
who felt blacks and whites could not coexist in a free society.
a. Some feared the “mongrelization” of the white race.
b. Others thought blacks were inferior and didn't want them in large
numbers in their states.
C. Abolitionism became the dominant reform movement of the
antebellum period
1. The Second Great Awakening convinced abolitionists of the sin
of slavery.
2. Abolitionists were inspired that Britain freed their West Indian
slaves in 1833.
D. Radical Abolitionism
1. Radical abolitionists sought the immediate and uncompensated
end of slavery.
Influenced heavily by the perfectionism of the Second Great
Awakening
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2. William Lloyd Garrison
a. Published the first issue of The Liberator, a militant antislavery
newspaper, in Boston in1831
Symbolized the beginning of the radical abolitionist
movement
b. He demanded that the "virtuous" North secede from the
"wicked" South.
Yet, he offered no practical solutions for ending slavery.
c. Inspired abolitionists to found the American Anti-Slavery
Society
3. American Anti-Slavery Society
a. Founded by radical abolitionists who sought to achieve more
political influence
b. Theodore Dwight Weld
Evangelized by Charles Grandison Finney in NY’s “Burned-
Over District” in the 1820s and appealed to rural farmers in
the Ohio Valley.
American Slavery As It Is (1839): Among most effective
abolitionist works ever written
Married Angelina Grimke, a southern abolitionist.
c. Wendell Phillips -- ostracized Boston patrician; "abolition’s
golden trumpet"
Perhaps most important abolitionist; had a major impact on
politics during the Civil War as he argued for emancipation.
One of the finest orators of the 19th century
Product the 2nd Great Awakening
Followed Garrison but was more politically practical in the
1860s
d. Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Only white southern women to become leading abolitionists
Also involved in the women’s rights movement.
Angelina was married to Theodore Weld; Sarah remained
part of their household.
e. Lydia Maria Child
Became perhaps the first white person to write a book
favoring the immediate emancipation of slaves without
compensation to slave owners
Believed women’s rights could not be achieved until slavery
was abolished
Sought equal membership for women in the American Anti-
Slavery Society
f. Arthur and Lewis Tappan: wealthy New York merchants.
Funded the Anti-Slavery Society, and the Liberator
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g. The organization would eventually split along gender lines;
women’s rights issues
3. David Walker: Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,1829
Advocated violence to end slavery.
4. Sojourner Truth: Freed black woman; pro-emancipation and
women’s rights advocate
5. Elijah Lovejoy: Militant editor of an antislavery newspaper in
Illinois.
a. His printing press was destroyed four times; 4th time it was
thrown into a river and Lovejoy was killed by a mob who
also burned his warehouse in 1837
b. He became an abolitionist martyr.
c. Also a nativist (may have contributed to his death)
6. Martin Delaney
One of the few blacks to seriously advocate black mass
recolonization in Africa.
7. Frederick Douglass
a. Greatest of the black abolitionists
Published The North Star, his own abolitionist newspaper
b. Former slave who escaped slavery at age 21.
c. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845): depicted
his life as a slave, struggle to read and write, and his escape to
the North.
d. Flexibly practical (in contrast to Garrison who was stubbornly
principled)
e. Looked to politics to end slavery.
Backed the Liberty party in 1840 and the Republican party in
the 1850s
8. Eventually, most abolitionists supported the Civil War to end
slavery.
E. Underground Railroad
1. Chain of antislavery homes which harbored hundreds of slaves
escaping to Canada; aided by black and white abolitionists
2. Harriet Tubman ("Moses") (ex-slave from Maryland who
escaped to Canada)
a. Led 19 expeditions from Canada; rescued 300 slaves
including her parents.
b. Served the Union army in South Carolina as a spy during the
Civil War.
3. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842
a. Pennsylvania tried to prohibit the capture and return of
runaway slaves within its borders.
Violated the federal government’s fugitive slave law of 1793
b. The Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional since it violated
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a federal law protecting slave owners’ right to property.
c. Personal liberty laws passed by many Northern states which
prohibited state officials from assisting anyone pursuing
runaway slaves.
4. Significance: by 1850 southerners demanded a new, stronger
fugitive-slave law; the existing law dating back to the 1790s
was weak.
a. About 1,000 runaways successfully escaped per year.
Small in number; more slaves bought their freedom than ran
away
Southerners were infuriated in principle as the Constitution
was not being obeyed by the North
b. Some northern states (e.g., Pennsylvania) failed to provide
cooperation.
c. Southerners blamed abolitionists; claimed they operated
outside the law
VII. Southern Responses to Abolitionism
A. In the 1820s, southern antislavery societies actually outnumbered
northern ones.
B. After the 1830s, white southern abolitionism was silenced.
C. Causes for southern concern
1. Nat Turner’s revolt coincided with Garrison's The Liberator.
a. South saw a northern abolitionist conspiracy and called
Garrison a terrorist.
b. Georgia offered $5,000 for his arrest and conviction.
2. Nullification Crisis of 1832
a. Southerners were concerned the federal gov't might
support abolitionism.
b. Anti-slavery whites in the South were sometimes jailed,
whipped, or lynched.
3. Abolitionist literature that flooded the southern mails infuriated
slave owners.
D. Abolitionist literature was banned in the Southern mail system.
The federal gov't ordered southern postmasters to destroy
abolitionist materials and to arrest federal postmasters who did not
comply.
E. Pro-slavery whites responded by launching a massive defense of
slavery.
1. Claimed slavery was supported by the Bible (Genesis) and
Aristotle (as white slavery existed in ancient Greece).
2. Slavery helped civilize and Christianize Africans.
3. Master-slave relationships resembled those of a "family."
4. George Fitzhugh -- most famous pro-slavery apologist
a. Contrasted happiness of slaves with "northern wage slaves."
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b. Slaves breathed fresh air in the south as opposed to the stuffy
factories that sickened northern workers.
c. Full employment for blacks existed in the South.
d. Slaves were cared for in sickness and old age unlike northern
workers who had no safety net.
F. "Gag resolution" (1836): southerners drove it through Congress
1. All antislavery appeals and petitions in Congress were prohibited.
Seen by northerners as a threat to the 1st Amendment
2. Rep. John Quincy Adams waged an 8-year fight against it; repealed
in 1844
3. (Note: banning of antislavery materials in the mails was a
separate issue)
VIII. Abolitionist impact in the North
A. Abolitionists (e.g. Garrison and Lovejoy) were unpopular in many
parts of the North.
1. Northerners revered the Constitution; slavery was protected by it.
2. Ideal of Union (advocated by Webster & others) had taken deep
root; Garrison's cries to secede from the South was seen as
dangerously radical.
3. Northern industry was dependent on the South for its economic
well-being.
a. Northern bankers were owed by southern planters; about $300
million
b. New England mills were fed by southern cotton.
B. Mob outbursts occurred in response to extreme abolitionists
1. Lewis Tappan’s NY house was ransacked in 1834 to a cheering
crowd.
2. 1835, Garrison was dragged through the streets of Boston with a
rope tied around him.
3. Elijah P. Lovejoy was killed in Illinois.
C. For ambitious politicians, support of abolitionism was political
suicide.
D. By 1850, abolitionism significantly influenced the northern mind.
1. Many saw slavery as morally evil and undemocratic.
2. Free-soilers opposed extending slavery to the remaining Louisiana
Territory and Mexican Cession.
The "Free-soil" movement grew into the Republican Party in the
1850s.
HistorySage.com APUSH Lecture Notes Page 13
Unit 4.5: Slavery in Antebellum America
© 2014 HistorySage.com All Rights Reserved
Terms to Know
“King Cotton” cotton gin, Eli Whitney
Border South Middle South Lower South
“cotton belt” or “black belt” “Peculiar Institution”
Stono Rebellion, 1739 Gabriel Prosser Revolt Denmark Vesey Conspiracy
Nat Turner’s Rebellion “Mountain Whites”
African American Episcopal Church
Richard Allen
abolitionism American Colonization Society
Liberia William Lloyd Garrison
The Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society
Theodore Weld, American Slavery as It Is
Wendell Phillips
Angelina and Sara Grimké Lydia Maria Child
Arthur and Lewis Tappan David Walker Sojourner Truth
Elijah Lovejoy Martin Delaney
Frederick Douglass Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman
Prigg v. Pennsylvania George Fitzhugh
“northern wage slaves” Gag Resolution
Essay Questions
Note: The topic of slavery from the colonial period through the Civil War is a very high probability area overall. Below
are some questions that will help you study the topics that have appeared on previous exams for material related to
this subunit.
1. Analyze several factors that led to the growth and maintenance of the slave system in the South between 1800
and 1850. 2. To what extent was there a unified South politically,
economically and socially?
3. Discuss the ways in which a vibrant slave culture emerged socially, religiously, and musically.
4. Analyze the effectiveness of the arguments in favor of slavery
and the arguments against slavery. What justifications did
each side use to support their respective positions?
HistorySage.com APUSH Lecture Notes Page 14
Unit 4.5: Slavery in Antebellum America
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Bibliography: College Board, AP United States History Course and Exam Description
(Including the Curriculum Framework), 2014: History, New York:
College Board, 2014
Blassingame, John W., The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the
Antebellum South, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979
Foner, Eric & Garraty, John A. editors: The Reader’s Companion to
American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991
Freehling, William, W., The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay,
1776-1854, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990
Gillon, Steven M. & Matson, Cathy D., The American Experiment: A
History of the United States, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002
Hofstadter, Richard, The American Political Tradition, New York:
Alfred Knopf, 1948
Kennedy, David M., Cohen, Lizabeth, Bailey, Thomas A., The American
Pageant (AP Edition), 13th edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 2006
McPherson, James, Battle Cry of Freedom, New York: Balantine Books,
1988
Murrin, John, et al, Liberty Equality Power: A History of the American
People, Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace 1999
Nash, Gary, American Odyssey, Lake Forest, Illinois: Glencoe, 1992
Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States, New York:
Harper and Row, 1980