Slavery and the New World

Presentation created by Robert MartinezPrimary Content Source: America’s History, James Henretta, David Brody & Lynn DumenilImages as cited.

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Warfare and slaving had been an integral part of African life for centuries, in part because of conflicts among numerous

states and ethnic groups.

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As the demand for sugar increased the demand for slaves (and the price Europeans

would pay for them), skyrocketed.

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Supplying the Atlantic trade became a way of life in Dahomey, where the royal house made the sale of slaves a state monopoly and used European guns to establish a military domination.

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“Whenever the Chief of Barsally wants Goods or Brandy,” an observer noted, “the

King goes and ransacks some of his enemies’ towns, seizing the people and

selling them.”

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Chief of Barsally

Dahomey’s army, systematically raided the interior for captives, between 1680 and

1730, these raids accounted for many of the 20,000 slaves exported annually from

Allada and Whydah.

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The trade in humans produced untold misery. Hundreds of thousands of young

Africans died, and millions more were condemned to the brutal life of slaves in

the Americas.

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Men constituted two-thirds of the slaves sent across the Atlantic because European planters paid more for “men and stout men

boys.”

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African slave traders sold women captives in local or Saharan slave markets as

agricultural workers, house servants, and concubines.

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The expansion of the Atlantic trade went hand in hand with the increased business

in slaves in Africa.

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In Africa, as in the Americas, slavery was eroding the dignity of human life.

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Africans sold into the slave trade experienced a horrible fate. Torn from their

villages, they were marched in chains to Elmina and other coastal ports.

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From there they made the perilous Middle Passage to the New World in overcrowded ships. The captives have little to eat and

drink, and some would die from dehydration.

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The feces, urine, and vomit prompted dangerous outbreaks of disease, which

took more lives.

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“I was so overcome by the heat, stench, and foul air that I nearly fainted,” reported a European doctor who ventured below deck.

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Some slaves jumped overboard, choosing to drown rather than endure more

suffering.

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Believing that “they would be made into oil and eaten,” many Africans staged violent

revolts. Slaves attacked their captors on no fewer than two thousand voyages, roughly

one of every ten Atlantic passages.

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Nearly 100,000 slaves died in these uprisings, and more than a million others,

about 15 percent of those transported, died of sickness on the month-long journey.

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Most died of dysentery or scurvy, others died of measles, yellow fever, and

smallpox, which survivors often carried to American port cities and plantations.

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For those who lived through the Middle Passage, things only got worse. Life on the

sugar plantations of Brazil and the West Indies was a lesson in systematic violence

and exploitation.

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The slaves worked ten hours a day under the hot semitropical sun, slept in flimsy huts, and lived on a starchy diet of corn,

yams, and dried fish.

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And they were subject to brutal discipline. “The fear of punishment is the principle [we use]…to keep them in awe and order,” one

planter declared.

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With sugar prices high and the cost of slaves low, many planters simply worked

their slaves to death and then bought more.

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Between 1708 and 1735, British planters imported about 85,000 Africans into

Barbados, but the island’s black population increased by only 4,000 (from 42,000 to

46,000) during that period, due to the high death rate.

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