Skylab Experiments

8/8/2019 Skylab Experiments

1/218

Source o f AcquisitionNASA Washington, D. C.


2/218

PREFACE

The intent 'of this document is to provide acurrent description of the Skylab Experiment Program toa level of detail adequate for a general understandingof program rationale and experiment operation. Themajor research areas of Life Sciences, Solar Physics,Earth Observations, Astrophysics, Material Science andManufacturing in Space, and Engineering and Technologyare outlined, relating disciplinary goals and pastaccomplishments to t he Skylab Experiment Program.Appended to these overall disciplinary chapters aredescriptions of the individual experiments, includingexperiment objectives, relation to discipline, hardwaredescription, and operational protocol.


3/218

Ths Skylab Exps~im@n% o g r m 2.

AppandixAppend5%

Appendix IIIBone~ 0 7 8 23Appendix

AppendixAppendixAppendix @ytogeiplet$cS t u d i e s sf the B lood ,mx * 31

Blood 9a"0l~@nd Wdd Cb%lLf%8Span, mf3 36Appendix


4/218

T i t l e

Appendix XVAppendix XVIAppendix X V X IAppendix X V I I IAppendix XLX

Chapter Three

Appendix IAppendix I1Appendix I11~ d p e n dx IV

Appendix VAppendix VSAppend 3.x V I I

Metabolic Activi ty, Ml71Body Mas8 Measurement, MI72Ef fe ct s of Zero-g on Si ng leHuman Cells, SO15Circadian Rhythm - Pocket Mfce,so71Circadian Rhythm - VinegarGnat, SO72Solar Physics

X-Ray/tTV So la r Photography,SO20The H-Alpha Te les cope sWhite Lig ht Coronagraph, SO52X-Ray Sp ec tro gr ap hi c Telescop e,SO54W Scanning PolychromtorSpectrohelimeter, SO55Dual X-Ray Telescopes, SO56XW Spec rograph/Spectrohelf o-graph, SO82


5/218

T i t l eAppendixAppendix

Chapter FiveAppendiAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendix

Chapter SixAppendixAppendix

VIVII

L-Band Microwave Radiometer,sag4 115Astrophysics 117

8

Nuclear Emulsion, SO09 121R

UV S t e l l a r Astronomy, SO19 125W Airglow Horizon Photography,so63 128Gegenscheinhodiacal Ligh t ,so73 131Pa rt ic le Collection, Sl4g 133Galactic X-Ray Mapping, S150 136W Panorama, 8183 139Material Science and Manu-fact urin g i n Space 142Zero Gravity Flammability,n479 144Materials Processing Fac%Zity,


6/218

T i t l eChapter Seven hg inee r in g and Tec%mo%ogyExperiment8 165

Append i.xAppendAx

1 AppendixAppendixAppend%xAppend l xAppend i xAppendix

, .AppendixAppendixAppendixAppend%x

Mdiadion i n Spacecraft, 1x108 168The'p?m% ontrol Coat%nas,W24 17-1

3. Cont~o1Coatings,~43.5 3.75Hsebitabil$ty/Crew Quarters,M U 7Astronaut Mneuvering Equip-ment, Mi509 181Crew Act%vitiespE4aintenance,~53.6 3-85P%anaaa%Navigation Sfghtings,"roo2 3.88In f l igh t A ~ P O S Q ~ nalysis,TO03 . 193-Grewflehic3-e Disturbances,920x3 . . 3.94Foot-Controlled hnueveringg]rra%.t, TO20 3-98

Coromgraph ContaminatLon


7/218


8/218

I n t h e f i r s t S kyla b f l i g h t t h e e f f e c t s of pro lon ge dweight lessness on man 's heal th and behavior w i l l be i nves t i ga t edas we ll a s h i s a b i l i t y t o c a r r y ou t h i s v a r io us d u t i e s . T h i sf i r s t miss ion w i l l l a s t up t o 28 day's o r twice the dur a t io n ofe xi st in g expe rienc e. The second and t h i r d Skylab f l i g h t s a r ep lanned t o l a s t up t o 56 days, approaching th e crew cyc le s ofa s pa ce s t a t i o n o r s p ac e b a se .E f f e c t i v e ~ c o n o m i c a lAmroach t o Develo~mentof a '.. *

Bas is f o r Po ten tLal Fu ture space Frograms - Skylab miss ionsw i l l prbvi.de th e development of th e ca pa bi l i ty f o r man t oopera te i n space f o r i n c ~ e a s i n ~ l yonger per iod s o f t ime. Theba s i s f o r fu tu re l ong -du rat i on space s t a t i o n design and deve l-opment w i l l be explored and eva lua ted on the se missions.MISSIONS

The Skylab vehicle w i l l , op e ra t e i n s p ac e f o rapproximately ei gh t months dur ing 'which t ime th e re w i l l bet h r e e manned mis sio ns and two p er io ds of unmanned op e r a ti o nThe f i r s t manned mission w i l l begin w i t h two launchesfrom th e Kennedy Space C e n te r ' s Launch Complex 39. The f i r s tlauhch, which i s unmanned, w i l l use a two-stage S atu rn Vboos t e r . I t s payload w i l l be Skylab which co ns is ts of th eO r b i ta l Workshop, t h e Air loo k Module, t h e M ul ti pl e DockingAdapter, t h e Apollo Tele scop e Mount, and an Instrument UnitA shroud w i l l cover t he payload du r ing a scen t t o o r b i t ,

Skylab w i l l be i n se r t e d i n t o a n e a r - c i rc u l a r o r b i t a ta n a l t i t u d e o f 235 n a u t i c a l m il es w i t h a nom ina l o rb i t i nc l i n -a t i on of 50 degrees t o the Ear th ' s equa tor . The second launchw l l l occur the day fol lowing the Skylab launch, and w i l l usea Sa tu rn I B t o bo os t t h e Command and S er vi ce Module ( C SM )and i t s crew of t h r e e a s t ro n a u ts i n t o a n i n t e ri m e l l i p t i c a l


9/218

propul s ion system, th e d eor b i t de c le ra t io n maneuver w i l l beperformed fo ll ow ed by se p a ra t i o n of t h e Command Module fromth e Se rv ice Module, and atmospheric e n t ry and para chu te des-ce nt of t h e Command Module t o a splashdown i n th e west A t l a n t i crecovery a rea .The second manned mission w i l l s t a r t w it h a n ot h erS a tu rn I B launch approximately 60 days a f t e r r e t u r n of t h ef i r s t crew. Orbi t in se r t io n , r endezvous and doaking proce-dures w i l l b e s i m i l a r t o t h e p re vi ou s f l i g h t . The a c t i v i t i e sper formed by the crew a f t e r t r an sf e r t o Skylab w i l l be s i m i l a rto tho se i n th e prev ious miss ion . The mission dura t ion w i l l bein cr eas ed Go 56 days w i t h r e cove ry a ga in i n the west A t l a n t i c .Launch of the t h i r d manned mission, about 30 daysa f t e r the second crew re tu rns , w i l l a l s o be from Launch Complex39. I n t h i s mission , a l so of 56 days dur a t io n, th e Skylabexperiment program w i l l be comple ted and addi t iona l s ta t i s -t i c a l d at a w i l l be obta ined on the c r ew ' s ad ap ta b i l i ty andperformance ov er th e planned missio q du ra ti on . Recovery oft h i s crew and da ta w i l l oc c ur i n the m id-Pa ci fi c a r e a .

EXPERIMENTS ,The Skylab experiment program co n s i s t s of more th anf i f t y e xp er im en ts r e pr e se n ti n g v i r t u a l l y ev er y f i e l d t h a thas been recognized a s be ing a b le t o ben ef i t f rom opera t io nsi n ne a r - e a r th o rb i t . The in s t rum e n t s , s e nso r s , and o t he requipment f o r the se e xpe rim en ts a r e loc a te d i n va r ious pa r t sof Skylab, some in si de and some ou ts id e . I n ad di t i on t o th epermanently mounted equipments, t h er e ar e two small ai r l o c ksthrough which smal l sc ien t i f ic ins t ruments can be i n s e r t e df o r o p e r a ti o n o u t s i d e t h e v e h i c l e .


10/218

Solar Physics, in which nine solar instruments willprovide unprecedented observations of solar phen-omena.Astrophysics, in which seven instruments will makeobservations of the solar system and beyond.Material Science, in which the properties of orbitalweightlessness will be exploited to investigate'the advantages of materials processing in space.Engineering and Technology, which will advance the

I knowledge for design and operation of future spacesystems.These experiments and their implications are discussed inthe chapters which follow.


11/218

CHAPTER TWOL I F E SCIENCES

EXPERIMENT PROGRAM BACKGROUNDR a t iona l e

From th e beg inn ing of manned space f l i g h t , th e r e hasbeen a con t in uin g contro versy about whether man can l i v e ande f f i c i e n t l y pe rf or m u nd er sp a ce f l i g h t c o n d i ti o n s . Thec o nt ro v er sy c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d p a r t l y t o c on cer n f o r t h eadequ acy o f ' t h e l i f e s u p p o r t sy st em s f o r man. T h i s a r e a o fconcern mus t be cons ide red as an in he re n t pa r t o f each miss ion .The r emain ing por t i on o f th e con t rover sy concerns the a b i l i t yo f man, a s a l i v i n g or gan i sm , t o a d j u s t t o the s p a c e f l i g h te nvi ronm en t , and t o r e a d ju s t t o t h e e a r th e nv ir onm en t uponr e t u r n .

The c ont r ove r s y ha s c on t inue d t h roughou t t h e f i r s tdecade of manned space f l i g h t because t he miss ions th roughA po ll o h av e b ee n d e di c at e d t o s i n g l e f l i g h t g o a l s t h a t o ve r-r od e a ny c o n ce n tr a te d e f f o r t t o o b t a i n d e t a i l e d b i om ed ic ald a t a .Before NASA can embark on major manned programs of

e x p l o r a t i o n and o r b i t a l o p e r a t i o n s , m an's v i a b i l i t y a nd u s e fu l -ne s s i n s pa c e m ust be a s s u r e d . This can only be done througha c a r e f u l q u a n t i t a t i v e st u d y of m a n' s p h y s i o l o g i c a l , p sy ch ol og -i c a l , a nd s o c i a l ad j u st m e n ts a s t h ey o c c ur i n f l i g h t . M easuresf o r t h e o v e r a l l s t a t u s of t h e crew a t a g i v e n t i m e d u r i n g f l i g h tmust be e s t a b l i s h e d , and an a c c u r a t e ti m e p r o f i l e of t h ead ap ta t io n of men t o space co nd i t i on s must be developed. Wemust f i n d o u t whether th e long-term adju stmen ts a man makes i n


12/218

u n d er s ta n d t h e i r b a s i c m echanism s. The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e n o tconce ived as medica l mon i to r ing p roce dures . The l a t t e r f u n c t i o nw i l l b e p er fo rm e d o p e r a t i o n a l l y - b y known a nd f u l l y t r i e d b i o-in s t r u m e n ta t i o n an d -m ed ica l t e ch n iq u es and p r o ced u r e s.

The Skyl ab medica l program i s a n i n t e n s i v e s t u d y ofn or ma l, h e a l t h y men and t h e i r r e a c t i o n s t o t h e numerous s t r e s s e so f space f l i g h t . Se ldom has such a comprehensive examina t ion !b een pe r fo r med i n gr ou nd -b as ed s t u d ie s , and n ev e r un d er t h e .u nu s ua l s t r e s s e s o f p ro lo ng ed s p ac e f l i g h t . A s u b s t a n t i a l g a i ni n fundame ntal knowledge ab out human phys iolo gy i s a n t i c i p a t e d .I n ad d i t i o n , by p r ep a r in g f o r and co n du c t in g th e s e m ul ti -m anex tend ed m is s io n s , adv an ces i n ea r th - b as ed m ed ical ap p l i -c a t i o n s i n s u ch a r e a s a s n on - in v as i ve b i o - s e n s or s , c o n ti n u ou slong te rm mon i to r ing o f p hy s i o l og ic a l p r oces ses and! b io -t e l e m e t r y w i l l have a s i g n i f i c a n t i m pa ct o n m e di ca l d i a g n o s i san d t r ea tm en t .

A b a s i c s e t o f b i om e di c al d a t a h a s b ee n c o l l e c t e d a sa s a f e t y m o n i to r in g p ro c ed u re on a l l t h e manned f l i g h t s o f t h eMercury, Gemini, and Apol lo programs. The pa ram ete rs rec ord edh av e b een h ea r t r a t e , r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e , body t e m pe r a tu r e andb lo od p r e s s u r e . Th es e w e r e s u pp lem ented by a v a r i e t y o f p r e -a nd p o s t f l i g h t m ea su re me nt s o f s u ch f a c t o r s a s e x e r c i s e c a pa -b i l i t y , c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r e s p o ns e , h e ma to lo gy -b io ch em is tr yf a c t o r s , immunology s t u d i e s , and m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s .I n t h e Gemini pr og ra m, m e d i ca l e x p e ri m e n ts of a n i n i t i a l s c op e,were c on du ct ed i n f l i g h t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e t im e c o u rs e of t h echang es w hich had b een n o t i ced b e f o r e an d a f t e r p r ev io u s m i s s io n s .Taken as a w h ole , t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s h av e g en e r a t edt h e f ol l ow i ng p i c t u r e o f t h e p h y s i o lo g i c a l e f f e c t s o f s p a cef l i g h t o n man:


13/218

th e r e remains some concern t h a t con t inued e f fe c t s i n extendedm i s s io n s co ul d s i g n i f i c a n t l y r ed uc e m a n' s e f f e c t i v e n e s s i ns p ace and i n c r ea s e t h e d ang e r o f r e -ad ap t in g t o t h e g ra v i t yco n d i t i o n s on ea r t h .ROLE OF SKYLAB

Each manned missi on i n t he United S t a t e s space programwas b u i l t upon t he cw nula t ive e x pe r ie n c e of p r e c e di n g f l i g h t s .Skylab w i l l f l y more men, i n a l a r g e r s p ace c ra f t , w i th morev a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s , and f o r l on g e r ti me s t h a n an y p r e v io u sAmerican o r R u s si an f l i g h t . I t w i l l p ro vi de t h e t e s t c o n d i t i on sunder which th e biomed ica l e f f e c t s observed to da te can bes tu d i ed more e x t en s iv e ly t h an h as p rev io u s ly b een p o s s i b l e .The Skylab b iomedical program co ns is ts of fo urp a r t s , e ac h d e si gn ed f o r s e p a r a t e p ur po se s;

1 ) The ac tu a l s t a y o f th re e men i n space , w i t h t h eassoc ia ted opera t iona l med ica l mon i to r ing andt h e observ at io ns of crew performance i n a widev a r i e t y of s c i e n t i f i c and o p e r a t i o n a l t a s k s .Th is i s d e si gn ed t o v e r i f y o u r e x p e c t a ti o n st h a t man can perform s a f e l y and e f f e c t i v e l yi n space '.2 ) The med ica l exper imen ts a r e designed to i n ve s t i -g a t e i n de p th t h e p h ys i o lo g i c al e f f e c t s r e v ea l edi n p re vi ou s f l i g h t s . T h ei r r e s u l t s w i l l prov ideg r e a t e r u nd er st an di ng of t h e f a c t o r s c u r r e n t l yb e l i e v e d t o l i m i t t h e u s e fu l d u ra t i o n of m an 'ss t a y i n s pa ce .3 ) The b io logy exper imen ts a r e des igned t o s tudyf un da me nt al b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e ss e s i n t h e w e i g h t l e ssenv ironment which might u l t im ate ly be th e fa c t o rs


14/218

Three nutrition and musculoskeletal experimentshave been designed to investigate the extent of skeletai andmuscular alterations, and to evaluate biochemical changesand nutritive requirements. These investigations willmeasure input and output of fluid and biochemical consti-tuents (Appendix l), assess hormones and electrolytes inbody fluids (Appendix 2 ) , and measure bone mineral changesby the photon absorptiometric technique (~p pe ndi x ).A cardiovascular study with a lower body negative

pressure device (Appendix 5) will test the cardiovascularreflexes which regulate the regional distribution of bloodthrough the body. This important measurement will help todetermine the onset and progression of changes in thesereflexes. The cardiovascular investi ation also includesinf ight vec torcardiograms (Appendix 8 ) during exerciseon a bicycle ergometer, in order to evaluate the response ofthe cardTovascular system to calibaated workload in weight-lessness.Investigations in hematology and immunology(Appendices 7-11) will investigate the effects of spaceflight on the blood cells, body fluid compartments, thehomeostatic mechanism, body immunity, and chromosomal aber-rat ons.A neurophysiology investigation will evaluateseveral nervous systems responses. A human vestibular exper-

ment (Appendix 12) will investigate the effects of weight-lessness on man's perception of body orientation in spaceand will test for changes in sensitivity and susceptibilityto rotation in weightlessness.A second experiment in this area, sleep monitorin(Appendix 13), will investigate the effects of the spacef iEhtenvironment on sleep state patterns derived from an analysis


15/218

E n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e s ( ~ p p e n d i x 5) w i l l be measuredby comparfng th e metabol ic r a t e observed dur ing r e s t w i t ht h a t fou nd d u r i n g t h e b i c y c l e e r g om e te r e x e r c i s e s ,To p rov ide su ppor t ing in fo rma t ion t o t hes e expe r -ments, man and m a te r i a l s w i l l be "weighedtt i n zero-g wi thtwo mass measurement devices of a pp ro pr ia t e range ( ~ p p e n d ie s3 a n d 1 6 ) ,Ci rcad ian rhythm s tu d i e s a r e conce rned wf th t h ephy s io lo g ica l p e r io d i c i ty o f many body func t io ns abou t t he2 4-ho ur t e r r e s t r i a l d ay /n ig h t c y c l e . I n a d d i t i o n t o o bv io usrhythms such a s s lee p and wakefulness , th e endocr ine , car dio -vasc ular , nervous, and oth er systems and biochemica l proc esse sar e inf lu enced by t h i s c yc l i c phenomenon.A more fundamental i n ve s t ig a t i on of th e func t io n ofthe b io log ica l c lock which i s b e l ie v e d t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o rth e t iming of th es e rhythms i n man and ot h er animals w i l l beconducted by experiments w i t h m i c e ( ~ p p e n d i x 8) and vinegarg n a t s ( ~ p p e n d i x g ) , These ex per im en ts t e s t t h e s t a b i l i t y ofth e cl oc k mechanism under spa ce con di ti on s and may prov idesome ind i ca t io n o f i t s dependence on fa c t o r s a sso c ia t ed w i t ht h e r o t a t i o n of t h e e a r t h .I n a n o t h e r b i o l o g y ex pe ri me nt ( ~ p p e n d i x 7) , t h ebiochem ist ry a,nd microscopic s t r uc tu re of human ce l l s I nt i s s u e c u l t u re w i l l be examined dur ing space f l ight by t ime-la ps e photography and chemical t re at me nt ,I n t h e b i ot e ch n o lo g y a r e a s , a n e v a l u a t i o n w i l l beconducted of a s pe c i a l maneuver ing un i t des igned t o a s s i s tcrewmen i n conduct ing work ou t s i de th e spa cec ra f t . I n ad d i t io na sy s t e m a t ic o b se r v a t i o n w i l l be conducted of th e manner i nwhich crewmen move i n zer o g ra v i t y from one l o ca t i on t o


16/218

FUTURE DIRECTIONSThe 28 and 56-day Skylab f l i g h t s w i l l give us agood pi c tu r e of man 's adaptat ion to the space environmentand h i s a b i l i t i e s t o pe rform many opera t i ons i n space . I t

w i l l t e l l u s w he the r t h e r e i s any fundamenta l l imi ta t ion% n m an 's a b i l i t i e s i n , and t o l e r a n c e t o , w e i gh t le s sn e s s f o ra 2-month s t a y i n space.Should l i mi ta t i on s become ev i den t f rom th e r e s u l t sof t h e Skylab exper iments, th e ba s ic in format ion w i l l havebeen obtained from which future experiments can be planned,th e responses of f l i g h t crews i n fu tu re miss ions can bepr ed ic te d and pr ev en tiv e measures can be implemented. Suchpre ven t iv e measures may have l im i te d e f f e c t s on spa ce cr af tdes ign and program p lanning , such a s d i f f e r e n t e xer c i semethods, o r spec i a l d i e t s , o r t hey may re qu i re r a d i c a l des ignchanges i n o r d e r t o p ro vi de a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . Such ?d e c i s i o n w i l l have a major impact on t h e des ig n and oper-a t i n g p roc ed ure s f o r f u t u r e o r b i t a l s t a t i o n s .I n ad d i t ion t o th e in format ion about man, ourp rese n t approach t o t he des ign of l ong- te rm l i f e suppor tsystems w i l l be seve r ly t es te d i n Skylab, and the exper iencegained w i l l b e i n d i s p e n s i b le i n t h e d e s i g n of l a r g e r , l o n g e rdura t ion sys tems .


17/218

APPENDIX IMineral Balance, 'Experiment M071

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t ig a t o r : G . Donald Whedon, L\R,.D., N I HCo-Prin cipal In ve st ig at or : Loe Lutwak, M . D . , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i tyDevelopment. Center : MSCIn te g ra t i o n Center : MSFCContractor: None

O b j e c t i v e sThe ob je ct iv e of Experiment M071 i s t o d e te r mi n e

t h e e f f e c t s o f s p a c e f l i g h t on t h e m usc le and s k e l e t a l bodys y st em s by q u a n t i t a t i v e a s se s sm e n t o f t h e g a i n s a nd l o s s e s o fb iochemica l co ns t i t ue n t s o f me tabo l i c impor t ance. Thesec o n s t i t u e n t s a r e Water, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium,Sodium, Potas sium, Ni t rogen , Urea , Hydroxypro line, ~ r e a t i n i n eand Chloride.Background

Continuous los se s of ca lc ium and ni t rog en , such astho se which occur i n g round-based s imu la t ion s t ud ie s , dur ingl o ng d u r a t i o n m i s s io n s mi gh t r e s u l t i n i mp ai rm en t o f s k e l e t a land musc le i n t e g r i t y and th e fo rmat ion o f k idney s tones .I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e r a t e s o f a c t u a l d e te r i o r at i o n w i l l al lows p e c i f i c c o u nt er me as ur es t o b e t a k e n o n l a t e r fli gh tiis s u c h a st h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f e x e r c i s e r o u t i n e s and t h e m a n ip u la ti o n o fd i e t a r y c o n s t i t u e n t s .


18/218

Bed rest immobilization studies have shown that inhealthy young adults urinary calcium increases to 2-3 timesthe control level within 5 weeks after confinement. X-raystudies of the bones have demonstrated demineralization assoon as 2-3 weeks after immobilization. Gemini pre- and post-flight X-rays have suggested a similar loss of mineral fromperipheral bones; and the Gemini 7 mineral balance experimenthas demonstrated a trend toward negative mineral balance.This experiment was not conclusive because of operationaldiff5culties.Hardware

The hardware to support MOT1 is supplied by otherexperiments and operational systems. Crew body mass will bedetermined by the Body Mass Measuring Device supplied byExperiment M172. Unconsumed food remnants, feces and vomituswill be mass measured by the Specimen Mass Measurement Devicesupplied by Experiment M074. Facilities for collecting urine,feces and vomitus are supplied by the Waste Management System.This system will also provide for urine volume measurementand sampling, specimen preservation (drying for feces andvomitus, and freezing for urine samples) and storage. TheInflight Blood Collection System will provide the capabilityto draw venous blood and centrifuge the samples for preser-vation. The on-board freezing capability will be used topreserve the samples during the mission and maintain them ina frozen state. They will be returned in a frozen conditionin a urine return container for postflight analysis. Thisinflight blood collection system and allied facilities willbe utilized to obtain, process, preserve and return hematologysamples for Experiments MO71, M073, M112, M113, ~ 1 1 4nd Mll5.The Food Management System includes the food storage andpreparation facilities including the water dispensing and


19/218


20/218


21/218

b) A d i e t of def ined compos i t ion w i l l be useds i nc e th e composi t ion of th e c rewman's d i e tmust be known and c a re f u l ly co nt ro l l ed . Pre-f l i g h t , each crewman w i l l u se t h i s d i e t p r i o rt o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of b a s e l i n e ( o r norm al) d a t at o a l low the es tab l i shmen t o f ind iv idua l meta -b o l i c e q u i l i b r i u m . E ve ry e f f o r t w i l l be madet o make t h e d i e t p a l a t a b l e .

c ) F l u i d ca n b e t ak en a s d e s i r e d b ut a l l i n t a k ew i l l b e r eco rd ed . Th i s i n c lu d es f l u i d u sed f o rf o o d r e c o n s t i t u t i o n .

d ) A l l ur in e , fe ce s and vomitus w i l l b e c o l l e c t e dp r e - ' and p o s t - f l i g h t and pr e se r ve d f o r a n a l y s i s .In - f l i g h t , t h e amount of d a i l y u r in e o u tp u t fromeach crewman w i l l be determin ed, and a measured,homogeneous sample of a t l e a s t 122 m i l l r l i t e r s(45 f o r M071, 75 f o r M073, and 2 f o r t r a c e r methodvolume de te rmina t ion ) t aken , f ro zen and s t o re d fo rr e t u r n a s e x p e r i m e n t d a t a . A l l f e c es and vomituspassed w i l l be co l l ec te d , mass measured, dr i ed ands t o r e d f o r r e t u r n a s e xp er im en t d a t a .e ) Per iod b lood samples p re - , in - , and po s t - f l i gh t

w i l l b e t ak en and t h e co n cen t r a t i o n of s e l e c t edco n s t i t u en t s d e t e rm in ed .Data Return

During t h e Skylab Program, t h r e e crews of t h r e e meneach w i l l o ccup y th e o r b i t a l workshop on t h re e d i f f e re n to c c a si o n s . The i n i t i a l m i s si o n w i l l l a s t f o r up t o 28 daysand t he o th er two f o r up t o 56 days eac h. The Mineral BalanceExperiment w i l l o c cu r on a l l t h r e e m is s io n s s o t h a t by t h eend of t he Skylab Program, a cont inuous qu a nt i t a t i ve assessment


22/218

1. Food consumption - nutritional mfneral andcaloric content.Fluid consumption.

3. Feces - mass and concentration of biochemicalconstituents specified in the Objectives .4. Urine - total voids volume, and concentration ofthe biochemical constituents specified in theObjectives.5 Vomitus - mass and concentration of the biochemicalconstituents specified in the Objectives.6. Body mass.

I n addition, blood samples will be taken periodicallypre-, in-, and post-flight and those parameters specified inthe Objectives in addition to alkaline phosphatase, totalprotein, electrophoresis pattern and sugar will be determined.


23/218

APPENDIX I1Bioa ssay of Body Fl u i ds , Experiment MOT3

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : Caro lyn S. Leach, Ph.D., NASA, MSCi.

% Development C e n t e r : MSCIn te gr a t io n Cent er : MSFCContrac tor : None

O b j e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e of t h i s e xp er im en t i s t o e v a l u at e t h ee n d o c r i n o l og i c a l a d a p t a t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r om ex po su re t o t h es p a ce f l i g h t e nv ir on me nt f o r p e r i o d s up t o 56 days and t or e - a d a p t at i o n p o s t f l i g h t . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e f o l lo w i ng e le me nt si n b lo od a nd u r i n e w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d : A d r e n o c o r t i c o t r o p i cHormone (ACTH),17-Hydroxycorticosterone ( C o r t i s o l ) ,Ang io t ens in 11, Renin, Aldos te ron e , An t i d i ur e t ic Hormone( AD H) E p i n ep h r i ne , N o r e p i ne p h ri n e , u r i n e e l e c t r o l y t e s (sodium

an d p o t a s s i u m ) , u r i n e a nd p la sm a o s m o l a l i t y , e x t r a c e l l u l a rf l u i d volume , t o t a l body wa te r , Ca l c i t on i n , Serum Thyroca l -c i t r o n i n , Pa ra th yr oi d Hormone, Serum Thyroxin e.Background

A lt ho ug h many e x t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h eenvironment of t h e human organism a s a whole, t h e environment


24/218

s a f e t y between normal, hypo and hyper fun cti on of t h es e mechan-isms. Evidence now e x i s t s t o sugges t t h a t derangements of the senormal mechanisms may p l ay a s i gn if ic an t r o l e i n man 's adapta-t i o n t o g r a v i t a t i on a l s t r e s s .Hardware

The hardw are t o s up po rt M073 and M O T 1 a r e i d e n t i c a l .Crew body mass w i l l be d ete rm ine d by t h e Body Mass Meas uringDevice su pp l ied by Experim ent Ml72. Uncomsumed food rem nan tsw i l l be mass measured by the Specimen Mass Measurement Devices u pp li e d by Experiment ~ 0 7 4 . F a c i l i t i e s f o r c o l l e c t i n g u r i ne ,fe c e s and vomitus a r e s up pl ie d by t h e Waste Management System.This system w i l l a l s o provide f o r ur i ne volume measurement andsampling , specimen pre se rva t i on (dry in g f o r fe ce s and vomitus,and fpeez ing f o r u r in e samples ) and s to ra ge . The In f l ig h tBlood C ol le ct io n System w i l l provi de f o r hematology samplingdur ing f l i g h t ( s e e ~ 0 7 1 ) . The Food Management System incl ude st h e foo d s t o r a g e and p r e p a r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i n c l ud i n g t h ewater d ispens ing and measur ing device .P r o to co l

This experiment and th e Mineral Balance Experiment,MO71, a r e c lo se ly coupled and da ta g ene rat ed from MOT1 i sre qu ire d f o r M073. Durtng th e mis sions , combined uri nesamples w i l l b e c o l l e c t e d f o r MOT1 and MOT3 and s p l i t p o s t -f l i g h t . I n a d d it i on , o pe r a ti o na l d a t a w i l l be taken whichw i l l all ow assessm ent of crew member metabolism. Thi s c o n s i s tsof (1) a spac ecr a f t humid ity and temperatu re h i s to r y , pa r t i cu -l a r l y excur s ions from the c rew comfort r ange , (2 ) t imes o fo p e r a t io n ( m i s sio n e l aps ed t im e and id en t i f i c a t i o n of par -t i c i pa t i ng c rew member(s) i n ( a1 Ex perimen t M092, Lower BodyNegative Pr es su re , (b ) Experiment M171, Metabolic A ct iv it y ,and ( c ) E x t r a v e h ic u l a r A c t i v i t i e s , and (3 ) general crewa c t i v i t i e s ( s l e ep p er io ds , p hy si ca l a c t i v i t i e s , e t c . ) .


25/218

b ) A d i e t o f de f ined composi t ion w i l l be used s i nc eth e composi t ion of th e crewman 's d i e t must beknown and ca r e f u l l y co n t r o l l ed . P r e f l i g h t , e achcrewman w i l l u se t h i s d i e t p r i o r t o t he a c qu i s i t i o no f b a s e l i n e ( o r n or ma l) d a t a t o a ll ow t h e e s t a b l i s h -ment of in d i v id ua l metabol ic equi l ib r iu m. Everye f f o r t w i l l be made t o make t he d i e t pa la t a b l e .c ) F l ui d c an b e t a ke n a s d e s i r e d b ut a l l i n t a k e w i l lb e r ecor d ed. T h i s i n c l u d es f l u i d u sed f o r f oo dr e c o n s t i t u t i o n ,d ) A l l u r i n e w i l l be co l l e c t e d p r e - and p o s t - f l i g h tand p rese rved f o r a -na lys i s . In - f l ig h t , t h e amountof da i l y ur in e ou tp ut f rom each crewman w i l l bede ter min ed, and a mea'sured, homogeneous sample ofa t l e a s t 122 m i l l i l i t e r s t ak en (4 5 f o r MO71, 75f o r M073, and 2 f o r br ac er method volume determina-t i o n ) , f r o z e n and s t o r e d f o r r e t u r n a s e xp er im en t

d a t a .e ) Pe r i od ic b lood samples pre- , i n - , and p o s t - f l i g h t

w i l l b e t ak en and t h e co n cen t r a t i o n o f s e l ec t edco n s t i t u en t s d e t e r m i n ed .

During t h e Skylab Prog~ &m,b h ~ e e mws of' three meneash w i l l adcupg t h e o r b i t a l ~ o r k s h e @n three d i f f e r e n to c c as i on s . The i n i t i a l m is s io n w i l l l a s t f o r 28 d ays and t h eo t h e r two f o r 56 days each. The Bioassay of Body FluidsExperiment w i l l o c cu r on a l l t h r e e m is si on s so tha t by the endof th e Skylab Program, a cont inuous qua nt i t a t i ve assessment oft h e e n do c r in o lo g ic a l a d a pt a t i o n f o r n i ne d i f f e r e n t i n d i v id u a l sw i l l have been ob ta ined . Fo r each ind i v id ua l , a p r e f l i gh tb a s e l i n e w i l l be obtaine d fo llowed by a day-by-day p r of i le of


26/218

APPENDIX 111Specimen Mass Measu rement, Ex per im en t M0 74

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t ig a t o r : William E . Thornton, M.D., N A S A , M S C .C o - p r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : John W . Ord, Colonel, U S A F , MedicalCorps, Brooks A F B -evelopment Center: MSCIn te g ra t i on Cen ter : MSFCC o n t r a c t o r : S ou th w es t R e se a rc h I n s t i t u t e , I n c. ,

O b j e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s e x p er im e nt a r e :

1. To p rov ide t h e on-board ca pa b i l i t y f o r spec imenmass measuremen t i n sup por t o f t h e Mine ra lBalance Exper iment , M071, and t h e Bio ass ay ofBody Fl u id s Egpe rime nt, M073.2. To d e m o n st r a t e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f making mass

d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f , u p t o 1 000 gm i n a g r a v i t yf r e e e nv ir on m en t u s i n g c a l i b r a t i o n m as se s.3 . To v a l i d a t e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b e h a vi o r o f t h ed e v i c e un de r f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s which w i l l i n c l u d et h e f i n i t e mass of t h e s p a c e c r a f t and t h e e f f e c t sc a u se d by s p a c e c r a f t e n v ir o n m en t , i n c l u d i n gv i b r a t i o n s , l i f t - o f f s t r e s s e s , a tm o sp he ri c and


27/218

un i que l y de t e rm i ne s t h e pe r i o d ( sec onds pe r c y c l e ) o f t h ede v i c e a nd by m e asu ri ng t h i s pe r i o d , t h e mass o f a n ob j e c tcan be determined.Hardware

The Specimen Mass Measurement ~ e v i c e s a s e l f -c on t a i ne d u n i t c a pa b l e of m e a su ri ng t h e mass o f ob j e c t sup t o 1000 grns i n a zer o gr av i t y environment , The ins t ru -ment c o ns i s t s o f a spe cim en t r a y suppo r t e d on sp r i ng sa t t a c he d t o t h e bo tt om pa ne l o f a n e nc l o s i ng c a se . Thet r a y i s l oc ke d t o p r e v en t o s c i l l a t i o n when n o t i n u s e ,

ITo o p e r a t e t h e u n i t , t h e t r a y i s unlocked anda c t i v a t e d w i th o u t an o b j e c t on t h e t r a y t o i n s u r e t h a t t h edev ice op era tes smoothly wi th no rubbing or b ind ing . Thet r a y i s secured and th e o b j ec t t o be mass measured i s p l a c e don t h e t r a y and s e c ur e d w i t h t h e r e s t r a i n t s p r ov id ed . Thepan i s u nlo ck ed , l a t c h e d i n a p o s i t i o n d i s p l a c e d 3/16 i n c h e sfro m t h e n e u t r a l p o i n t , and r e l e a s e d . The l a t c h i s use d t oi m p a rt a known d i s p l a c e d e n t t o t h e s p r i n g s y ste m t o i n i t i a t eo s c i l l a t i o n ,

An o p t i c a l u n i t s en ds a s i g n a l t o t h e t i m e r eac h t i m et h e me asurem en t s e ns o r c ro s s e s t h e m idpo in t i n i t s o s c i l l a t -i n g c y c l e . The f i r s t two c y c l e s a r e n o t c ou nte d i n o r d e r t h a tany no is e produqed by t h e r e le a s e mechanism i s d i s s i p a t e d ,The n e x t t h r e e c y c l e s a r g t i m e d . The d e v i c e i s shut downby a c t iv a t in g t h e c on t r o l l ev e r which moves t h e measurementt r a y t o t h e o f f s e t p o s i t i on , l a tc h e s t h e t r i g g e r and se t s t h el o ck in g c o n t r o l t o t h e l oc k p o s i t i o n , The r e s u l t s a r e r ec o rd e dand the measurement repeated. The t o t a l crew t i m e r e q u i r e df o r t h e e n t i r e pr oc ed ur e i s a pp roxi m a t el y - f i v e -m inu te s.


28/218

The Specimen Mass Measurement Device is vital tothe success of Experiments M071 and M073. Residue from allpartially eaten food containers must be mass measured* Allfecal material and vomitus passed by each crewman must bemass measured before being preserved by drying.Data Return

The data return from this experiment will be thecalibration curves generated at three different times duringthe mission, The vast majority of the data will consist ofthat required to support M071 and M073. Specifically, themass of a11 unconsumed food and all feces and vomitus passedby each crewman taking part in the three Skylab missionswill be measured.The routine use of the Specimen Mass Measurement

Device will validate the theoretical concept employed andwill evaluate the design of this specific instrument.


29/218


30/218

APPENDIX IVBone Mineral Measurement, Experiment M078

Principal Investigator: John Me Vogel, M.D., USPHS Hospital,San Francisco, California. CO-principal ~nvestigator: John R. Cameron, Ph.D., Universityof Wisconsin Medical Center

Development Center: MSC8Integration Center: NoneContractor: None

Obi ectiveThe objective of this experiment is to determineby the photon absorptiometric technique the occurrence anddegree of bone mineral changes in the Skylab crewmen whichmight result from exposure to the weightless condition,

BackgroundStimulus of bone'metabolism is a function of the

pulling force exerted on the bone by the attached musclesand the force exerted along the longitudinal axis of theskeletal system by gravity. Both forces are altered duringcomplete bed rest and absence of gravity, Consequently,bone mineral losses have been associated with long tern bedrest and were anticipated as a potential problem for thecrews of long term space flights.


31/218

source, is mounted in opposition to an X-ray detector, Thescanning system and its associated electronics will acquiredata on bone mineral content along the left 0s-calcis (heel)and the right radius (forearm) positioned in the beam path.Foot molds and restraining equipment are utilized for accuratepositioning of the subject for the scan.Protocol

Foot molds for the flight crew, backup crew, andcontrol group members will be made at least six weeks priorto the first scheduled measurement at F-30 days. Heel X-rayswill be taken at least seven days prior to the first scheduledmeasurement at F-30 days.Pre-flight scans of the left 0s-calcis and right

radius will be accomplished on the flight crew, backup crew,and control group on days F-3057, F-1422, and F-353.

Post-flight scans of the left 0s-calcis and rightradius will be accomplished on the flight crew and controlgroup on days R+0 (within 10 hours of recovery), R+2 to 3,R+5 to 10, and R+30 to 45. The scan on R+30 to 45 days isnot required if baseline values are reached on the R+5 to 10day scan.Dqta Return

The data returned by this experiment will be thepre- and past-flight bone density measurements of the 0s-calcisand radius of each Skylab crewmember (three from the 28-daymission and six from the 56-day missions) and nine controlgroup members. The data will be used to determine the impactof the space flight environment on the occurrence and degree


32/218


33/218

(3 ) an au tomat ic b lood pr ess ure measur ing system. It has ana u t o m a t i c a l l y i n f l a t a b l e arm cu f f wi th a microphone f o r de t ec t -i n g b l o od f l ow and r eco r d s s y s t o l i c and d i a s t o l i c b lo odpres su re . The exper imen t a l so u ses t he vec torcardiog ramequipm ent from M093and t h e Body T emp era ture Meas uring Systemfrom ML71. The ap pa ra tu s weighs 175 l b s and ha s a stowedvolume of 59 c u b i c f e e t .P r o t o co l

The experiment i s performed on each as t ronaut everyt h r ee d ay s, and an a t t e n d i n g a s t r o n au t i s needed t o a s s i s t t h esu b j ec t f o r each performance o f th e exper imen t. The e n t i r eexper imen t t akes abou t 60 minutes t o perform. During th ef i r s t h al f- ho ur t h e e l e c t r o d e s a nd s en s o rs a r e a t t a c he d t ot h e s u b j e c t a nd h e e n t e r s t h e d e v i c e a nd s e c u r e s t h e w a i s tse a l . Then a 5 -minute r e s t in g ba se l i ne r eco rd ing i s made ofblood pressure,vectorcardiogram, l e g volume, and bodytemperature . This i s fo l lowed by 15 minutes of reco rd ing a tsucc ess i ve ly lower p re ssu re l e ve l s t o a minimum l ev e l de te rminedf o r each crewman, The experim ent ends wi th a 5-minute pos t-n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e r e c o rd i n g of t h e same parameters .Data Return

The i n - f l i gh t vec torcardiog ram, b lood p res su re , volumeof bo th l eg s , body temperature , vo ic e log , and th e tempera tureand p r e s s u r e o f t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e LBNP d ev ic e a r e e i t h e rs t o r e d on t a p e o r t e l e m et e r ed d i r e c t l y , d ep en din g o n t h e a v a i l -a b i l i t y o f g ro un d t r ac k i n g cav er age . A t l e a s t once each dayt h e d a t a i s t o be r e t ur n e d t o t h e ground t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s ,T h e en t r i e s i n t h e d a t a l o g book a r e t o b e r ead down v i a v o i cel i n k .


34/218

ESS

SUBJE


35/218

APPENDIX V IVectorcardiogram, Exper iment M093

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : Newton W e Allebach, M.D., USN Aero-s p a c e M ed ic al I n s t i t u t eC o - P ri n c ip a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : R a ph a el F , Smith, M.D . , V c n d e r b i l tU n i v e r s i t yDeve lopme nt C e n t e r : MSCI n t e g r a t i o n C e nt er : MSFCC o n t r a c t o r : M a r t i n M a r i e t t a C orp .

O b j e c t i v e sTh i s expe r i men t i s d e s ig n e d t o m e as ure t h e v e c t o r -c a r d i o g ra p h i c p o t e n t i a l s o f e a ch a s t r o n a u t p e r i o d i c a l l yt h ro u g h o u t t h e m i s s io n s o t h a t f l i g h t - i n d u c e d c ha ng es i nh e a r t f u n c t i o n c an b e d e t e c t e d a nd co mpa re d w i t h a b a s e l i n ee s t a b l i s h e d p r e f l i g h t .

BackgroundThe t e c h n i q u e o f v e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h y y i e l d s m orei n f o r m a ti o n t h a n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l e l e c t ro c a r d i o g ra m . I na d d i t i o n t o d e t e c t i n g t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y of t h e h e a r t ,

which i s common t o bo t h me thods, t h e vec t o r c a r d i og r ap h i cm ethod o f p r o c e s s i n g s i g n a l s fro m t h e e l e c t r o d e s e n a b l e st h e i n v e s t i g a to r t o d i r e c t l y i n f e r t h e p o s i t i o n of the h e a r ti n s i d e t h e c h e s t a nd i t s c ha ng e i n p o s i t i o n a t v ar i o u si n s t a n t s d u ri n g t h e h e a r t b e a t c y c le . T h is more p r e c i s ei n f o r m a t i o n i s n e ce s sa ry i n a n a l y zi n g h e a r t f u n c t io n i nwe ig ht l es sn es s . The measurements w i l l b e do ne b e f o r e , d u r i n gand a f t e r th e ergom eter ex e rc i s e of M171 and th e Lower Body


36/218

is mounted in the Experiment Support System (ESS) and containscircuits for computing and displaying the heart rate, and formeasuring the electrode-skin resistance. The apparatus weighs54 lbs and has a stowage volume of about 1-5 cubic feet.Protocol

Every three days of the flight each astronaut isscheduled to perform VCG measurements, Five of these scheduledexperiment sessions per astronaut during the 28-day missionand eight sessions per astronaut during the 56-day missionswill utilize data obtained by the Experiment M171 protocol.The remaining sessions will be independent M093 VCG measure-ments taken before, during, and after a two-minute exerciseperiod on the ergometer. An assistant is required to helpthe subject attach and remove the electrodes. Each independentM093 session takes about 45 minutes, including time to set upand attach the electrodes, run the experiment, take down theequipment, and stow it. The vectorcardiogram equipment isalso used in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Experiment,(M092), and its use is described in that experiment protocol.Data Return

The data is recorded on tape to be telemetered tothe nearest ground tracking station. It consists of thethree standard VCG analog voltage signals and a heart ratechannel, along with voice identification of the conditionsof recording. No equipment or samples are to be returned tothe ground.


37/218

BODY WWEMTUm dmASUzPaLHG 5%

PROBE

ELECTRODES BLOOD PRESSUMSYSTEM CUFF.

BPMS ELEC.

NOMENC LK URE ANATOMICALANATOMICAL ABBREVIATIONSRIG KT SACRUM RSL E F T A X I L L A L A


38/218

Cyto genet ic St ud ie s of th e Blood, Experiment M l ~ l

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t ig a t o r : L i l l i a n H. Lockhar t , M.D . , U n i v e r s i t yof Tex as, M edical BranchC o - P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : P . Carolyn Gooch, Brown & Root -NorthropDevelopment Center: MSCIn te g ra t i o n Cen ter : MSFCContrac tor : None

,

O b j e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s ' e x p e r i m e n t a r e t o make p re -and p o s t f l i g h t d e t e r m i n a t io n s of chromosome aberrationf r e q u e n c ie s i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l b lo o d l e uk o c y te s o f t h e S ky la bf l i g h t crewmembers, a nd t o p r o v i d e i n v i v o r a d i a t i o n d o s im e t r y.--

BackgroundI n m i t o s i s , e a ch chromosome d u p l i c a t e s i t s e l f w i t ht h e d u p l i c a t e s b e i ng s e p a r a t e d from ea ch o t h e r a t c e l ld i v i s i on , One du p l i c a t e chromosome goes i n to t h e nuc l eus

o f o ne da u g h te r c e l l and t h e o t h e r d u p l i c a t e g o es i n t o t h en u c l e u s o f t h e se c on d d a u g h t e r c e l l . The e nd p r o d u c t o f t h i sp r o c e s s i s c e l l d i v i s i o n w hich i n v o l v e s s e v e r a l p h as e s. Eachphase i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n o f chromosomeb e h a v i o r . I t i s d u r i n g on e o f t h e s e p h as e s ( t h e m e t a p h a s e ) ,t h a t chromosomal ab er ra t i on s may be mic ros cop ica l ly observed.Chromosome analyses w e r e d on e f o r a l l o f t h e Gemini


39/218

u ne xp ec te d s o l a r f l a r e e v e n ts c o ul d pr od uc e s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e si n a b e r r a t i o n l e v e l s . Even i f no d e t e c t a b l e i n c r e a s e s i n aber-r a t i o n l e v e l s a r e o b se rv ed i n t h e Sk yl ab m i s si o ns , t h e e x p e r i -ment w i l l have se rved th e use fu l purpose o f demo ns t ra t ing th el a c k of a d e t e c t a b l e g e n e t i c h a za r d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s emis s ions .P r o t o c o l

Pe r i o d i c b l o o d sample$ w i l l be take n pre- and posg-f l i g h t be g i nn i n g o ne month b e fo r e l a u n ch a nd t e rm i n a t i n g t h r e eweeks pos t recovery.The leukocytes w i l l b e pl a ce d i n a s h o r t term t i s s u ec u l tu r e . During t h e f i r s t cy cl e of m i t o t i c a c t i v i t y i n t h ei n v i t r o c u l t u r e s , s t a n da r d ch ro io so me p r e p a r a t i o n s o f t h e--eukocy tes w i l l be p repa red .The l e u k o cy t e s from t h e c e l l c u l t u r e w i l l be removeddur ing metaphase and "f ixe d" . A v i s u a l a n a l y s i s w i l l beperformed which in vo lv es co un tin g th e chromosomes, t h e numbero f b r e a k s , and typ es where p o ss i b le , and th en making a comparisonbetween th e i d e n t i f i a b l e chromosome forms wi th groups ofchromosomes comprising the normal human complement.S ta nd ar d s t a t i s t i c a l p r oc ed ur es w i l l b e u s ed t od e te rm i ne i f a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n chromosome a b e r r a t i o nf r e q u e nc i e s a p pe a rs p o s t f l i g h t . T h i s a n a l y s i s w i l l i n c l u d ec om pa ris on s of p r e f l i g h t a b e r r a t i o n l e v e l s i n norm al i n d i v i -d u a l s o f t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a ti o n . " P r e d i c t e d " a b e r r a t i o nl e v e l s f o r p o s t f l i g h t sam ples w i l l b e c a l c u l a t e d by u s i n gi n f l i g h t p h y s i c a l d o se r a d i a t i o n m easurem ents an d e x i s t i n gexper i menta l ly de te rmined chromosome ab e r ra t i on p rodu c t ion


40/218

HardwareNo in f l i g h t ha rdwar e 'is r e q u i r e d s i n c e t h e exper iment

i s p r e- an d p o s t f l i g h t . Ground ba se equipment co n s i s t s o fs t a n d a r d l a b o r a t o r y a p p a ra t u s.Data Return

The da t a f rom t h i s exper iment w i l l consist o f t h echromosome a b e r r a t i o n f r e q ue n c i e s wh ich a ppe a r p o s t f l i g h tf o r n in e men, t h r e e of whom w i l l have exper ienced 28 days i ne a r t h o r b i t and t h e res t 56 days each. An e s t i m a t e o f t h er a d i a t i o n dos e e xpe r i e nc e d by e a c h man w i l l be made based on t h enumber of Chromosome breaks,


41/218

APPENDIX V I I bMan's Immunity, I n V i t r o ' Aspects , Exper iment M l l 2

P r i n c i p a i I i i v e s t i g a t o r s : S te ph an E. Ritzmann, M-D., S h r i n e r sB u r n s I n s t i t u t eW i l l i a m C , Lev in , M , D , , U n iv e r s i t y o fTexas,. Medic.al Branch

Development Center: MSCI n t e g r a t io n Cen te r : NoneContractor : None

O bj c t i v e sThe o b j ec t iv e o f t h e , exp e rim ent i s t o a s s ay chang esi n h um or al and c e l l u l a r im mu nity a s r e f l e c t ed b y th e con cen-t r a t i o n s o f pla sm a and b lo od c e l l p r o t e i n s , b l a s t o i d t s a n s -f o rm a t i o ns and s y n t h e s i s of r i b o n u l e i c (RPJA) a n d d e s o q -r i b o n u c l e i c a c i d s (DNA) by the lymphocytes ,

Background LI n f o r m a t io n o n m an P s h um or al and c e l l u l a r s t a t u s ofimmunity and coagulation phenomena during and fsllawinge xp os ur e t o s pa ce f l i g h t i s e s s e n t i a l b e f or e f l i g h t - c r e w s c anb e com mitted t o e xt en de d m i s s i o n s , S i g n i f i c a n t a l t e r a t i o n s s ft h e immunity mechanisms w i l l p ro du ce p r e j u d i c a l e f f e c t s upon


42/218

P r o t o c o lThe experiment w i l l o b t a i n p r e f l i g h t b a s e li n e s,which w i l l be in di ca t i on s of normal metabol ism, from th ecrewmembers and a Ground C on t rol Group (GCG) composed oft h r e e men phy si ca ll y s i m i l a r t o t he crew members who w i l ls e rv e a s c o n t ro l s wh i le t h e crewmembers a r e i n s p ac e f l i g h t .In f l i gh t b lood samples w i l l be taken f ou r t imes from eachcrewman during the 28 day mission and eight t imes from each

crewman during the 56 day miss ions . Upon recovery a f t e r th es p ace f l i g h t , i n fo rm a t io n w i l l b e a a in o b t a in ed from th ecrewmembers be fo re body f u nc ti o ns 'normalize" and comparedw i th t h e p r e f l i g h t b a s e l i n e s , i n f l i g h t p r o f i l e s , and with theda ta be ing ob ta ined f rom the GCG t o d e t e c t a ny s i g n i f i c a n tde v ia t io ns . An ex te ns iv e ba t t e r y of ana lyses w i l l b e p e r -formed u s in g ap p r o p r i a t e l ab o r a to r y tech n iqu es t o d e t ec tq u a l i t a t i v e a nd /o r q u a n t i t a t i v e ch an ge s. Per iod ic examina t iocsw i l l be made of th e blood pr o t e i ns and lymphocytes u n t i l th ep o s s i b l e a l t e r e d c o nc e nt r at i on s a r e l i k e l y t o have s t a b i l i z e d .Hardware

The I n f l ig h t Blood Co l l ec t i on System w i l l prov ideth e ca pa b i l i ty t o draw venous blood and c en t r i f ug e the samplesf o r p r e s e r v a ti o n . The on-board f r ee z i ng ca pa b i l i ty w i l l beused t o p reser ve th e samples dur ing t he miss ion and main ta inthem i n a f r o z e n s t a t e . They w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a f r o z e nc o nd i ti o n i n a u r i n e r e t u r n c o n t a in e r f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s .T hi s i n f l i g h t b lo od c o l l e c t i o n syste m and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e s ,w i l l be u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n , p r o c e s s , p r e s e r v e and r e t u r nhema tology sqmp les f o r Expe rimen ts MO71, M073, M112, M113,M114, and Ml l5 .Data Return


43/218

APPENDIX I XBlood Volume and Red C e l l L i f e Span, Experiment MI13

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : P h i l i p C. Johnson, J r . , M.D . , BaylorUn ive r s i ty , Co l l ege o f Medicine

Development Cen te r: MSCIn te gr a t io n Cen te r : NoneContrac tor : None

O b j e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e of t h i s e x pe ri m en t i s t o d e t er m in e t h ee f f e c t of e a r t h o r b i t a l m i s s i o n s on t h e p la sm a volum e and t h er e d bl oo d c e l l po p ul at io ns w i t h p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n p a i d t och an ges i n r e d c e l l m as s, r e d c e l l d e s t ru c t io n r a t e , r e d c e l ll i f e sp a n, and r e d c e l l p r o d u c t i o n r a t e .

BackgroundThe r e d b lo o d c e l l s (RBC) o f t h e c i r c u l a t o r y s y st emprov ides th e means o f t r a ns po r t i ng oxygen f rom th e lungs t oa l l p a r t s of t h e body. The oxygen c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h i ssystem i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e amount of RBC a v a i l a b l e , A d e c r e a sei n RBC mass fo rce s t h e sys tem t o compensa te by i nc rea s in g the


44/218

The s i t e of re d b lood c e l l (RBC) p roduc t ion i n th ema tu re adu l t i s the marrow of membranous bones (e .g . st er nu mand ve r te b rae ) w i th t h e r a t e o f -p r odu c t i on dependent on meta-b o l i c demands and t h e c u r r e n t r e d c e l l p o p u l a t i o n . The r a t e o fRl3C produc t ion w i l l b e m ea su re d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y by i n j e c t i o n ofa known q u a n t i t y of a r a d i o a c t i v e i r o n t r a c e r i n t o crewmembers.The radi o i ro n , combined wi t h g lo bu l i n , i s t r a ns p o r te d t o o t h e rp a r t s of th e body. The i r o n (non-tagged and ra di oi ro n) whichre ac he s t h e membranous bones i s i n c or p o ra t e d i n t o the hemepo rt io n of hemoglobin by th e bone marrow. Since no t a l l thei r o n a p p ea r i ng i n t h e p la sm a i s u se d f o r e r y t h r o c y t e p r o du c t io nb u t i s in s t ea d t aken up by th e i ro n poo l s o f th e body, a f r a c t i o nof t h e i n j e c t e d r a d i o i r o n w i l l b e u n a v a i l a b l e f o r i n c o r p o r a-t i o n i n t o d e ve lo pi ng R B C ' s . Thi s can be determined by measuringt h e c o n ce n t ra t i on o f r a d i o i r o n i n t h e c i r c u l a t i n g RBC a f t e rseven days and comparing it w it h t h e i n i t i a l co n ce n tr a ti o no f r a d i o i r o n i n t h e plas ma.

I S i nc e t h e r a t e o f RBC p r o d u ct i o n a c t s w i t h RBC l o s st o i n c re as e o r d ec re as e t h e t o t a l RBC mass present a t a g ivent i m e , any c h an ge s i n t h e r a t e s o f RBC produc t ion and des t ruc t ionw i l l b e n ec es s ar i l y r e f l e c t e d i n t h e r e d c e l l m a s s . Suchc ha ng es i n r e d c e l l mass w i l l be measured and ana lyzed i n t hef l i g h t crewmembers by in je c t io n o f rad ioa c t i ve chromium ( i n th eform of sodium chromate) ta g g e d 'r e d , c e l ls . The sodium chromate.d i f f us es through th e c e l l menibrane where it i s conver tedt o chromium c hl or id e and, i n t h i s form, bound t o hemoglobin .The volume of R B C ' s i s the n c al cu la te d by al low ing t h e chromium-t a gg e d c e l l s t o d i s p e r s e t h ro ug h t h e c i r c u l a t o r y s y st em andmeasur ing t h e e xt en t t o which t h e chromium has become d i l u t ed .The f a c t t h a t chromium does n o t r ee n t e r t he red c e l l makes ita good t r a c e r f o r RBC mass de te rm in at io ns . Chromium in co r-p o r a t e d i n t o t h e hemoglobin s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c i r c u l a t i n gr e d c e l l a l s o pr o v id e s a means f o r e s t i m a t in g t h e r a t e ofrandom c e l l d e s t r u c t i o n by m o n i to r i n g t h e r a t e a t whichchromium disa pp ear s f rom th e re d c e l l mass.


45/218

Finally, plasma volume changes w i l l be measured byadd ing a known amount of r ad io io d in a te d human serum album int o each crewmember's b lood. Albumin i s a major co ns t i tu en tof th e plasma and i s t he p ro te in most resp ons ib le f o r main-t a i n in g t h e 3 sm o ti c p re s s u r e a t t h e c ap i l l a ry membrane. I tac t s t o p rev en t plasm a f l u id f rom l eak in g o u t of t h e c ap i l -l a r i e s i n t o i n t e r s t i t i a l s pace .A g ro un d co n t ro l g rou p, s im i l a r i n age and p h y s i ca l

a t t r ibu tes to the c rewmembers , w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n a l l t e s t sand medical p rocedures under taken by th e f l i g h t c rew.Hardware

The In f l i g h t Blood Co l l ec t i on System w i l l p ro v id eth e c ap ab i l i t y t o d raw venous b lood and ce n t r i fu ge th e samplesf o r p re s e rv a t i o n . The on-boa rd f r eez i n g ca p a b i l i t y w i l l beused t o prese rve th e samples during th e miss ion and mainta inthem i n a f ro zen s t a t e . They w i l l b e r e t ur n e d i n a f r o z e nc o nd it io n i n a u r i n e r e t u r n c o n t ai n e r f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s is .T hi s i n f l i g h t b lo od c o l l e c t i o n s ys te m and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e sw i l l b e u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n , p r o c e s s , p r e s e r v e and r e t u r nhematology samp les f o r Exp erimen ts MO71, M073, M112, M113,M114, and M115.Data Return

The da ta f rom th i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t of t h emass changes, p roduc t ion and des t r uc t io n ra te s , and l i f e spanof th e red blood c e l l s from th e Skylab crewmen, th r e e of whomw i l l have spent 28 days i n o r b i t and t h e o t h e r s 56 days each.


46/218

APPEND IX XRed Blood C e l l Metabolism,' Experiment M I 1 4

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : C h ar le s E , Mengel, M.D . , U n iv e r s i t y o fMi sso uri , School of MedicineDevelopment C ent er : MSCI n te g r a t i o n Cen te r: NoneContractor : None

O b j e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e of t h i s e x pe r im e n t i s t o d e te r m in ei f any met abo l ic and/or membrane changes occur i n t he humanr e d bl oo d c e l l a s a r e s u l t o f e xp os ur e t o t h e s p a c e - fl i g h tenvironment.

BackgroundI n o r d e r t o re ma in f u n c t i o n a l and e f f e c t i v e l y s e r v e

i t s purpose, it i s n e c e ss a r y t h a t t h e r e d c o r p u s c l e m a i n ta i nan optimum o s m o ti c b a l an ce a g a in s t a s t e ep io n i c g r a d i en t ,r e s i s t f o r c e s which t r y t o c hange i t s b iconcave shape t os p h e r i ca l and m a in t a in an ac t i v e t r a n s p o r t m echanism w hicha l lo w s th e pa s s age o f g lu co s e and io n s ac r o s s t h e r ed b lo odc e l l membrane. Energy i s r e q u i r e d t o a c co mp li sh t h e s e f u n c t i o n sand most im po r t an t l y , energy i s r e q u i re d t o m a in t a in t h e c or -p u s c l e ' s a b i l i t y t o t r a n s p o r t t h e oxygen re q u i r e d t o m a i n ta i n


47/218

t r anspo r t p roces s r a the r t han s im p le d i f fu s ion . I t i ssuspect ed t ha t t he membrane, i n pa r t i c u l a r t he l i p i df r a c t i o n , i s f u n c t i o n a l i n t h i s proc ess . Because t h eerythrocyte membrane i s a dynamic component of t h e re dcorpusc le , i t s chemical compos it ion and s t ru c t ur a l i n t e gr i t yw i l l be addressed by t h i s experiment. Standard lab ora tor ytechniques w i l l be used.

The metabolic breakdown of gluc ose f o r energyproduct ion i s accomplished anaerobical ly . I t i s throught h i s g l y c o l y t i c p r o c e ss t h a t e ne rg y i s s to red i n chemica lbonds. To de te ct any changes i n th e glucose metabol icpathway t ha t may occur a s a re s u l t of spa ce fl i ght exposure,s eve ra l key i n t r a ce l l u l a r enzymes w i l l be analyzed usings t andard l abo ra to ry t echn iques .Hardware

The In f l i g h t Blood Co l le ct i on System w i l l providethe c ap ab i l i t y t o draw venous blood and ce nt r i fu ge t he samplesf o r p rese rva t i on . The on -board f r eez i ng ca pab i l i t y w i l l beused t o prese rve th e samples during th e miss ion and maintainthem i n a f rozen s t a t e . They w i l l be r etu rned i n a f rozenc o n ta i n e r i n a u r i n e r e t u r n c o n t a in e r f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s ,T hi s i n f l i g h t bl oo d c o l l e c t i o n s yste m and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e sw i l l be u t i l i z ed t o ob t a in , p roces s , p rese rve and r e tu r nhemato logy samples f o r Experiment M071, M073, M112, M113,M114, and M115.Data Return

,The dat a from t h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t of t h er e s u l t s from t h e a n a l y t i c a l p r oc ed ur es , some 14 i n a l l . A l lnine crewmen from the Skylab Program w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e .


48/218

APPENDIX X IS p ec ia l Hematologic E f f e c t , Exper iment M115

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : S te ph en L. Kimsey, Ph.D., NASA, MSCC o - P ri n c ip a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : C r a i g L. F i s c h e r , M,D., NASA, MSCDevelopment C en te r : MSCI n t e g r a t i o n C e n t e r : NoneCont rac tor : None

O b j e c t i v e sThe pr im a ry o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s e x p er im e n t i s t oe xam in e c r i t i c a l p h y si oc h em i ca l b lo o d p a r a m e t e rs r e l a t i v et o t h e m a in te na nc e o f a s t a b l e s t a t e of equ i l i b r i um betweenc e r t a i n b lo od e l em e nt s and t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f s p ac ef l i g h t on t h e s e p a ra m et er s, A s ec o nd a ry o b j e c t i v e i s t op r o v i d e e s s e n t i a l d a t a on b lo od w hic h w i l l a s s i s t i n i n t e r -p re ta t i o n of ot h e r hematology/imrnunology expe r imen ts ,

BackgroundBlood s t u d ie s made on Gemini and Apol lo a s t ro na u tsh av e shown t h a t c ha ng es i n r e d c e l l m as s, b lo o d c o n s t i t u e n t s ,and i n t h e f l u i d a nd e l e c t r o l y t e b a l a n c e ca n be e x p ec te da s a r e s u l t o f t h e s p a c e e n vi ro n m en t , The d a t a i n d i c a t e dt h a t some of th e changes were caused by ze ro gr av i t y , some


49/218

The follo win g para meter s w i l l be i nves t i ga t ed :red c e l l count ; hematocr it ; hemoglobin; red ce l l ind ices ;r e t i c u l o c y t e c ou nt ; w h it e c e l l c ou nt ; d i f f e r e n t i a l andmorphology; p l a t e l e t count ; ac i d and o sm ot ic f r a g i l i t i e s ;r e d c e l l c r i t i c a l volume and r ed c e l l volume d i s t r i b u t i o n ;photomicroscopy; c e l l u l a r e l ec t r ol yt es ; hemoglobin assay;membrane and c e l l u l a r u l t r a s t r uc tu r e ; i n t r ae r y th r ocy t i ce l e c t r o l y t e s ; r e d c e l l e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c m o bi li ty ; r e d c e l ld e n s i t y s e pa r a ti o n; c e l l u l a r R NA a n d p r o t e i n d i s t r i b u t i o n .Hardware

The In f l i g h t Blood C ol l ec t io n System w i l l provideth e c ap ab i l i t y t o d raw venous blood and c en t r i fu ge t h e samplesf o r p r es e rv a ti o n. The on-board f re ez ing ca pa bi l i ty w i l l beused t o p reserv e th e samples dur ing th e miss ion and main ta inthem i n a f rozen s t a t e . They w i l l be r e t u r n e d i n a f r o z e nc o n di t io n i n a u r i n e r e t u r n c o n t a i n e r f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y si s .T hi s i n f l i g h t blo od c o l l e c t i o n system and a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e sw i l l b e u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n, p r oc e s s, p r e s e r ve and r e t u r nhematology samples f o r Experiments MO71 , M073, M112, M 1 1 3 ,M114, and M115.Data Return ,

The da ta from t h i s experiment w i l l c o n s i s t o fth e r e s u l t s o f t h e many analyse s performed.


50/218

APPEND IX X I 1Human V e s ti b u la r Fu nc tio n, Experiment M131

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : A sh to n G r a y bi e l, M.D. , Naval AerospaceM ei dc al I n s t i t u t e , P e ns a co l a, F l o r i d a0

C O -p r i nc ip a l ~ n v e s t i g a t o r : E a r l F , Miller, Ph.D., Naval Aero-s p a c e M ed ic al I n s t i t u t e , P e n sa c ol a,F l o r i d ab

Developmen t C e n te r: MSCIn te g ra t i o n Cen ter : MSFCCon t r ac t o r : App l i ed Phys i c s Labor a t o r y

O b j e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s e x p er im e nt a r e t o o b t a i n d a t ap e r t i n e n t t o e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f m ea surem ents ofs p e c i f i c behavioral/physiological r e s p o n s e s i n f l u e n c e d byv e s t i b u l a r a c t i v i t y u nd er one g a nd z e r o g c o n d i t i o n s ; t od e te rm i ne man's a d a p t a b i l i t y t o u n us ua l v e s t i b u l a r c o n d i t io n sand p r e d i c t h a b i t a b i l i t y of f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t c on d i ti o n s i n -v o l v i n g re du c ed g r a v i t y a nd C o r i o l i s f o r c e s ; an d t o m ea su ret h e a c c ur a cy a nd v a r i a b i l i t y i n m an 's jud ge men t of s p a t i a l

c o o r d i n a t e s b a se d upon a t y p i c a l g r a v i t y r e c e p t o r c u e s a ndi n a d eq u a t e v i s u a l c u e s .Background

I t i s h y po th e si ze d t h a t t h e b a s i c s e m i c i r c u l a r c a n a lr e s p o n s e s w i l l show acu t e and ch r on i c changes a f t e r no rma l gl o a d i n g i s rem oved a n d t h a t s e n s i t i v i t y t o m o ti on a s pr ov ok ed


51/218

HardwareThe eq uip me nt f o r t h i s e x p e ri m en t c o n s i s t s o f :

1. A l i t t e r c h a i r which c an b e r o t a t e d by a motor a ti t s b a se o r , when n o t b e i n g r o t a t e d , c a n tiltf o rw a rd , b ackw ard o r t o e i t h e r s i d e .2 . A c o n t r o l c o n s o l e t h a t pr o v id e s s u p p o r t i n g d i s p l a y sand c o n t r o l s n e ce s sa r y t o o p e r a t e t h e c h a i r i n i t sro ta t i o n a l mode, and a " re spons e ma t r ix" f o r cod inga s u b j e c t ' s res po ns e t o t h e r o t a t i o n a l t e s t s .3 . An o t o l i t h t e s t g og gl e w i t h a b i t e - bo a r d m ou ntin g.The gogg les con ta in an i l l um ina ted l i n e which canb e a d j u s t e d by t h e man t o h i s p e r c ei v ed v e r t i c a lo r h o r i z o nt a l p o s i t i o n .4 . A r e f e r e n c e s p h e r e w i t h a m ag n et ic r o d , u se d byt h e a s t r o n a u t . t o i n d i c a t e body o r i e n t a t i o n non-v i s u a l l y .

The appar a tu s weig hts 255 lb s . , and has an approxi-mate volume of 29.2 cu bi c fe e t .P r o t o c o l

I n t h e r o t a t i o n t h r e s h o ld p ha se of t h e s e m i c i r c u l a rc a n al t e s t , c a l l e d t h e " o cu lo g yr al i l l u s i o n mode", t h e s u b j e c ti s r o t a t e d o v e r a p r o f i l e t h a t c o n s i s t s o f a c o n s t a n t a n gu la ra c c e l e r a t i o n f o ll o we d by a c o n s t a n t a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y f o l lo w edby a c o n s t a n t a n g u l a r d e c e l e r a t i o n . A t s p e c i f i e d t i m e sd u r in g t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n a nd d e c e l e r a t i o n , t h e s u b j e c t o pensh i s e y e s and r e p o r t s a ny p e r c e iv e d mo tio n o f t h e t a r g e t l i g h t


52/218

This sequence t akes about 30 minutes and i s t o beperformed by two crew members a s a s u b je c t s i x t im es d ur ingt h e 28-day mission .I n t h e s p a t i a l lo c a l i za t i o n t e s t s , t h e s ub j e ct i st i l t e d t o v a r io us p o s i t io n s r e l a t i v e t o t h e s p a c e cr a f t w ithh i s e y e s c l o s e d and i s a sk ed t o i n d i c a t e b o th h i s p e r c ei v edd i r e c t i o n o f g r a v i t y and body o r i e n t a t i o n . He i n d i c a t e s t h i sb ot h by s e t t i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n of an i l l u m i na t ed l i n e i n t h e

t e s t g o gg le s a nd by l i n i n g ' u p a m ag ne ti c i n d i c a t o r r o d on ahand-held sphere .The l o c a l i z a t i o n t e s t s t a k e ab o ut 4 5 minutes anda r e t o b e d on e on ea ch a s t r o n a u t t h r e e t im e s d u r i n g t h e28-day miss ion . The t e s t s a r e no t t o be done on th e sameday as t h e r o t a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s .

Data ReturnThe vo i c e de s c r i p t i o ns o f t h e su b j e c t ' s sym ptoms,e xpe r im e n t c ond i t i o ns , and r e sponse m a t r i x sc o re s a r e r e -c o rd e d on t a p e a nd t e l e m e t e r ed t o t h e n e a r e s t g r ou nd t r a c k i n gs t a t i o n . The o t o l i t h t e s t g og gles a r e r e tu r ne d f o r p o s tf l i g h t c a l i b r a t i o n and 390 f t . o f m otio n p i c t u r e f i l m co v er in gs e v e r a l s e l e c t e d ex p er im e nt s e qu e nc es a r e r e t u r n e d a s e x p e r i -ment data.


53/218

HUMAN VESTIBULAR FUNCTIONSKY L AB EXPER IMENT MI31

.xp- C O N T R O L C O N S O L E

O G I T E S T


54/218

APPEND IX X I 1 11

' S le ep M on i to r in g, ~ x ~ e r i m e n t133

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g at o r : J , D , Frbs t ' , J r , , M.D.B a y lo r U n i v e r s i t y , C o l l e g e06 MedicineI

1 .Developm ent C en te r: MSCIn te g ra t i o n Cen ter : MSFCC o n t r a c t o r : M a r t i n M a r i e t t a C o r p o ra t j on

O b j e c t i v e sThe db je c t iv e of t h i s ekper im 'en t i s t o e v al u at es l e e p q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y d u r in g p ro lo ng ed s p ac e f l i g h t byu t i l i z i n g a u t o m at i c on bo ard a n a l y s i s o f ,E l e c tr o e nc e p h a lo g r a m

(EEG) and Elec t rooculagram ( E OG ) a c t i v i t y and t e le m e t ry o fr e s u l t s ,I IBackqround

An ob je c t iv e m ethod o f de t e r m in ing th e qua n t i t y andq u a l i t y of s l e e p i s t o re co rd t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t h eb r a i n (EEG) and mot ion of t h e eye ( E OG ) d u ri ng t h e s l e e pp e r i o d , A s an in d i v i du a l goes f rom an awake t o a drowsys t a t e , t h e EEG d om in an t f re q u en c y d e c r e a s e s i n a s s o c i a t i o nw i t h a s m a l l d e c r e a s e i n a m p li tu d e, S i m i l a r l y , t h e r e i s acor respondence be tween the EEG and t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s o fs l e e p i n t h a t t h e ~ e r e d e f i n i t e changes i n c e r t a i n wave


55/218

I n o r d e r t o a cc om plish t h e s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e s o f t h eexper iment it w i l l b e n ec e s sa r y t o o b t a i n EEG , EOG and head-movement in fo rm at ion f rom th e su b j ec t con t inu ous ly d ur in g 8-h ou r s l e e p p e r i o d s . The EEG a c t i v i t y w i l l p r o v i d e t h e m os te s s e n t i a l i n fo r m at i on t o t h e a n a l y s i s s y st em and w i l l p e r m i td e t e c t i o n o f t h e awake s t a t e a nd s t a g e s 1 t h rough 4 o f s l e e p .A d d i t io n o f t h e EOG d a t a w i l l a l l ow d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e REMs t ag e o f s l e ep . D e tec t ion o f head povem ent w i l l a l l o w t h ea n a l y s i s c i r c u i t r y t o i g n o r e s e c t i o n s o f d a t a which may bec o n ta m i na t ed w i t h a r t i f a c t s d u e t o h e ad m ovement i n e x c e s so f t o l e r a b l e l i m i t s .Hardware

The major i n f l i g h t h a r d w a r e i t e m s r e q u i re d t o s u p p o rtM133 a r e : ( a ) t h e cap as sem bly, which con ta in s th e . s i g n a ls e n s o r s ; ( b ) t h e p r e a m p l i f i e r a n d a c c e l e r o m e t e r as se m bl y , w hi chf i t s on t o p o f t h e c ap ; ( c ) t h e p a n e l as se mb ly , which a n a l y z e s ,encodes , and r ecord s th e EEG and EOG d a t a ; ( d ) a n a lo g s i g n a lt a p e s , f o r l a t e r more co mp le te a n a l y s i s a nd v a l i d a t i o n o ft e l e m e t e r e d d a t a ; a nd ( e ) c re w l o g s , s t o r a g e an d r e t u r n c on-t a i n e r s . Power and t e l e m e t ~ y r e s u p p l ie d by t h e s p a c e c r a f tsystems.

G round-based s u p p o r t f a c i l i . t i e s i n c l u d e t e l e m e t r yr e c o r d e r s , a n a l y z e r s , a nd d i s p l a y s o f s l e e p - s t a g e i n f o r m at i o n .P r o t o c o l

Crew pa r t i c ip a t i o n i n M133 i s i n t h r e e p h as es :1. P r e f l i g h t : A s tr o n au t t r a i n i n g , and b a s e l i n e s l e e pd a t a on t h r e e c o n s e c u ti v e n i g h t s (8h o ur s t o t a l ea c h n i g h t ) r ec o rd e d f o rone pri me and one backup, crew member.


56/218

Data ReturnThe primary EEG and EOG data will be supplementedby crew self-reports on qualitative aspects of the astronaut'ssleep status, such as comfort and dreams.In-flight data anlysis of EEG and EOG data will con-

vert the analog signals to 3-bit binary codes for near-real-time telemetry, sampled once every 10 seconds. Seven discretestates will b$ encoded: awake, 4 stages of sleep depth, rapideye movements (indicative of dreaming), and head movements.Uncoded continuous analog signals will be tape Pecorded andreturned for more detailed post-flight analysis and comparisonwith in-flight telemetered data.

Near-real-time monitoring and display of sleep datawill be available in the mission control center. It will showthe astronaut's current sleep-state, cumulative time in eachstage, and a graphic continuous sleep-profile display.


57/218


58/218

APPEND IX XIVTime-and-Motion S tu dy , Exp erim ent M151

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : J. F. Kubis, Ph.D., Fordham UniversityC o - Pr i n c i p a l Z n v e s t i g a t o r : E. J. McLaughlin, Ph.D., NASA/MM

*

Developm ent C en te r: MSCI n te g r a t i o n Center: MSFCContractor: None

O b i e c t i v e sThe o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s s tu d y a r e t o e v a lu a t e t h ee f f e c t s of sp a c e c o n d i t i o n s on tim e- an d- mo tio n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f crew p e rf o rm a n ce , by m e asur in g t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s , d i f f e r e n c e s ,and r e l a t i v e c o n s i s t en c i e s between t a s k a c t i v i t i e s i n e ar t h -b a se d s i m u l a t i o n s an d i n z e r o -g r a v i t y s p a c e f l i g h t .I n s u p p o r t o f t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s , t h i s ex p er im e nt w i l l

p h o to g ra p h and a n a ly z e t h e f o l l o wi n g ty p e s o f crew a c t i v i t i e s :1) Locom otion an d t r a n s l a t i o n i n t h e z e ro -genv i ronment , wi th and wi tho u t lo ads .2) F i n e and g r o s s mo to r a c t i v i t i e s d u r in go p e r a t i o n s w i t h an d w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f


59/218

Obje c t ive d a t a on c rew adap t ion s t o zero-g wou ld bev a l u a b l e f o r t h e p l an n i ng an d d e s i g n o f c rew t a s k s , r e s t r a i n t sand t o o l s , and e v a l u a t i n g t h e f i d e l i t y Of p r e s e n t s i m u l a t i o nt ech n iq u es ,

T h i s ex p er im e nt e v a l u a t e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c r e w t a s k st h a t are performed as p a r t s o f o th e r p l an n ed ex p er im ent s ando p e ra t i o n s , The p r im ary t a s k s t h a t w i l l b e s t u d i e d a r e :a ) I n f l i g h t Lower Body Negative Pr es su re (LBNP),Experim ent M092: Biomed ical p r e p a r a t io na c t i v i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e V ec to rc ar di og ra m,Experiment M093, which in vo lv e on-the-bodym a n ip u la t iv e t a s k s r e q u i r i n g f i n e mo tor c o or -d in a t i o n and two-man in t e ra c t i o n f o r s u c ces s fu lcompletion; in g r e s s t o t h e LBNP dev ice , whichi n vo l ve s p r e c i s i o n t r a n s l a t i o n and f i n e motorcoord ina t io n . Egress f rom th e LBNP d ev ice i sa backup s tudy task .b) Me tabol ic A ct iv it y, Experiment M171: Biomedicalp r e p a r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , i n c l ud i n g u se o f t h e meta-b o l i c a n a ly z er , t r a n s l a t i o n t o t h e b i c y c l e erg o-meter, mount ing and use of t h e ergometer . Thise r g o m e t r y t a s k r e p r e s e n t s u n i q u e r e s t r a i n tproblems and i s 'one of t h e few lower to r s o workc o n d i t i o n s i n S k yl ab .c ) Specimen Mass Measurement, Ex pe rim ent M074:Food p repara t ion and specimen mass measurementa t s p e c i f i c m is si on i n t e r v a l s . Food p repara t ioni s a v i t a l l on g- ter m a c t i v i t y and m a s s measure-ment i s a r e l a t i v e l y s im pl e r e p e t i t i v e o p er a ti o n.d) A st ro na ut Maneuvering Un it , Experim ent M509:


60/218

SO19 ( U l t r a v i o l e t S t e l l a r As tr on om y) . A l lo f t h e s e i n v o l v e t a s k s o n l a r g e an d b u lk yequipment th a t mus t be hand led wi th de l i cac ya n d p r e c i s i o n .f ) Op era t ion a l S u i t Donning and Doffing: Thesev i t a l l y i m p or ta n t f u n c t io n s w i l l b e s t u d i e dfrom t h e M509 an d ATM a c t i v i t i e s .

HardwareThe i n f l i g h t c am er as , l i g h t s , v o i c e r e c o r d e r s andt a sk e qu ip me nt a r e t h e same a s t h e o p e r a t i o n a l a n d e x pe r im e n th ar dw are needed f o r t h e s e o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s , an d o n ly a d d i t i o n a lf i l m i s d i r e c t l y r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t M151.I n f l i g h t m otio n p i c t u r e d oc um en tatio n f o r t h i s s tu d yw i l l c o n s i s t o f 38 4 00 -f t. c a s s e t t e s o f 16 nun. c o l o r f i l m .

T h e i r we i g h t a nd volume a r e 28.0 l b s . i n 0.304 c u b i c f t . f o rth e 28-day miss ion (16 ca ss e t t e s ) and 19 .25 lbs . i n 0 .209 cub icf t . on e a c h o f t h e two 56-day m i s s i o n s (1 2 c a s s e t t e s ) .Ground s u p p o r t f 6 a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e r e c o r d in g o f v o i c eand TV communicat ions. ; No: a d d i t io n a l moni to r ing equipment o rt r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s a re : r e q ui r ed f o r M151.

P r o t o c o lCrew p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n M151 i s i n t h r e e p h as es :

1) P r e f l i g h t : A s tr on a ut t r a i n i n g and b a s e l i n ed a t a are i n t e gr a t e d w i th t h e i rt r a i n i n g on t h e t a s k s and e x p er i -ments t o be cove red by M151. These


61/218

Except f o r equipment s e t up (approximately 18 min .)and pos t - t ask sec uri ng (approximately 4 min. ) , n o a d d i t i o n a lt a s k t i m e i s r eq u i r ed f o r MI51 da t a . Task t i m e s w i l l dependupon the t a sk s be ing s tud i ed . Schedules o f observa t ion arebased upon t h e schedul ing of th ose ta sk s .This experiment w i l l be performed on a l l t h r e eSkylab miss ions .

Data Return .Pr im ary m ot io n p i c tu re f i lm d a t a w i l l b e ob t a i n e d a tr a t e s o f two o r s i x frames/ second, depending on th e t as ks be ings tu d i e s . These v i s u a l r eco rd s w i l l be supplem ented by crewvoi ce comments and w r i t t e n lo gs .Real-t ime monitoring w i l l n o t be r e q u i r e d , A l l M151d a t a w i l l be s t a t i s t i c a l l y e va lu at ed p o s t f l i g h t . Th e r e s u l t s

may be used t o id e nt i f y long-term performance ada pta t io ns anda r e a s f o r s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g o r m o n it o ri n g, v a l i d a t e ground-basedt i m e - l i n e e s t i m a t e s and f i d e l i t y o f s i m u l a t i o ns , a nd a s s i s ti n p l ann in g and d es ig n of fu tu re work-aid s and s p ace f a c i l i t i e s .


62/218

A P P E N D I X X VMetabol ic A ct iv i t y , Experiment M171

P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a to r : Edward L. Michel, NASA, MSCC o - P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r : J o h n A . Rwnmel, Ph.D., NASA, MSCDevelopment Center : MSC- In t e g ra t i o n Cen ter : MSFCCo nt ra ct or : MSFC, Mart in M ar ie t t a , Pe rk in E l m e r

Obi e c i v e s-

The p r im a ry o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s e x p er i m en t i s t od e t e r m i n e i f m an 's e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n d o i n g m e ch a ni c al worki s p r o g r e s s i v e l y a l t e r e d by e xp o su r e t o t h e s p a c e e n v ir o n -m ent. Two s e c on d a ry o b j e c t i v e s a r e t o e v a l u a t e t h e b i c y c l ee rg o me te r a s an e x e r c i s e d e v i c e f o r l o n g d u r a t i o n m i s si o ns andt o e v a l u a t e gr ou nd -b as ed r e d u c e d -g r a v i t y s i m u l a t o r s .Backcrround

Man's muscu la r sy s t em needs t o be u sed t o ma in t a ini t s c a p a c i t y a n d e f f e c t i v e n e s s t o p e r f o rm m e ch a ni ca l work;unused , it d e t e r i o r a t e s . S i n ce z er o g r a v i t y r e l i e v e s t h emechanica l s t r e s s o n t h e m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y st em , it i s es sen -t i a l t h a t a mi ss io n p r o f i l e o f t h e c r e w' s work c a p a c i t y ande f f e c t i v e n e s s b e o b t a i n e d . T he se p a r a m e t e rs c an b e e v a l u a t e dby me ta bo l ic measurements.


63/218

T h e m e t a b o l i c a n a l y z e r i s a n e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a lde vic e which measures oxygen consumpt ion, carbon d iox idepro duc t ion and minute volume ( t h e average volume of a i ri n s p i r e d p e r m i n u t e ), The major components of t h e an a l yz era r e an i n s p i r a t i o n s p i ro m e t e r ( a d e v i ce f o r mea su rin g t h evolume o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e l u n g s ) , an e x p i r a t i o n s p i ro m e t er , aMass Spec t romete r f o r measur ing oxygen, n i t ro ge n , ca rbond i o x i d e an d w a t e r v a p or c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , and a c a l i b r a t i o nassembly, The a n a l y z e r e l e c t r o n i c s a r e a l s o c a pa b le o fcom puting v i t a l c a p a c i t y and t h e r e s p i r a t i o n q u o t i e n t ( r a t i oof ca rbon d iox ide ex p i red t o oxygen consumed).

The ergometer i s a r o t a r y b i cy c l e - t y p e d e v i c e d e s i gn e dt o a ll ow a s u b j e c t t o e x e r c is e i n z e ro g r a v i t y us in g e i t h e r h i shands o r h i s f e e t . It i s cap ab le of au to ma t ic a l ly programmingh e a r t r a t e by a f e ed ba ck c o n t r o l which v a r i e s t h e l o a d t op ro du ce t h e d e s i r e d h e a r t r a t e o v e r a r an g e o f 10 0 t o 200 b e a t spe r minu te . H e a r t r a t e i s d e r i v e d f ro m t h e v e c to r c a r d i o p r a msys tem, o r an ea r l ob e sensor . The e rgomete r i s a l s o c a p a j i eo f ope ra t io n wi th manual ly se l e c t ed con s ta n t work load . Bodyt e m p e r a t s se i s m ea su red by an i n d i v i d u a l l y f i t t e d e a r p ro b eand a s s o c i a t e d e l e c t r o n i c s ,

A 1 1 of t h e d a t a d e r i v e d from t h i s e xp er im en t i sr e co r de d on t h e s p a c e c r a f t t a p e r e c o r d e r a nd t r a n s m i t t e d t ot h e ground a t a l a t e r t i m e . Manua l da ta record ing i s a v a i l a b l ea s a backup mode, Voice comments a r e a l s o reco rde d. Motionp i c t u r e d a t a w i l l b e o b t a in e d u s in g t h e o p e r a t i o n a l d a t aac qu i s i t io n camera w i th f i l m prov ided by Exper iment M151,Time and Motion Studies. The we i g h t of t h e h ar dwar e f o r t h em e t a b ol i

Skylab Experiments

Documents

Transcript of Skylab Experiments