SKULL / CRANIUM MANDIBLE CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS RADIUS ULNA STERNUM RIB CAGE SPINE METACARPALS...
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Transcript of SKULL / CRANIUM MANDIBLE CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS RADIUS ULNA STERNUM RIB CAGE SPINE METACARPALS...
SKULL / CRANIUM
MANDIBLECLAVICLE
SCAPULAHUMERUS
RADIUSULNA
STERNUM
RIB CAGE
SPINE
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
CARPALS
ILIUM
FEMUR PATELLA
FIBULATIBIA
TARSALSMETATARSALS
PHALANGES
SKELETON
ALL THE YELLOW BONES ARE CALLED ‘FLAT BONES
THESE BONES HELP TO PROTECT OUR VITAL ORGANS. SUCH AS;
BRAIN
HEART AND LUNGS
INTESTINES
ALL THE BLUE BONES ARE CALLED ‘IRREGULAR BONES’
THIS IS BECAUSE THEY ARE A STRANGE SHAPE
ALL THE RED BONES ARE CALLED ‘SHORT BONES’
THEY ALLOW US TO DO FINE MOVEMENTS
ALL THE GREEN BONES ARE CALLED ‘LONG BONES’
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION OCCURS HERE
BONE TYPES AND BONE TYPES AND FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
THE MAIN FUNCTIONS
PROTECTION
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
SHAPE AND SUPPORT
MOVEMENT
A SYNOVIAL JOINT IS A FREELY MOVABLE JOINT SUCH AS THE KNEE, SHOULDER, HIP AND ELBOW
CARTILAGECARTILAGE covers the head of bones forming a joint. It reduces friction and protects the bone by acting as a buffer
LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS are tough bands of fibrous tissue. They hold bones together at the joint. They limit movement and prevent dislocation
SYNOVIAL SYNOVIAL MEMBRANEMEMBRANE
This secretes the Synovial fluid
SYNOVIAL FLUIDSYNOVIAL FLUID
This is found within the joint and it acts like oil by lubricating the ends of the bone. It prevents friction
TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTSJOINTS
BALL AND BALL AND SOCKETSOCKET
HIP OR SHOULDERHIP OR SHOULDERALL ALL DIRECTIONS/ROTATION, DIRECTIONS/ROTATION, FLEXION, EXTENSION FLEXION, EXTENSION ABDUCTION, ADDUCTIONABDUCTION, ADDUCTION
JOINTJOINT MOVEMENTMOVEMENTBODY PARTBODY PART
HINGEHINGE
PIVOTPIVOT
CONDYLOIDCONDYLOID
GLIDINGGLIDING
SADDLESADDLE
KNEE OR ELBOWKNEE OR ELBOW
SPINE/NECK JOINTSPINE/NECK JOINT
WRISTWRIST
TARSALS / CARPALSTARSALS / CARPALS
THUMBTHUMB
FLEXION / EXTENSIONFLEXION / EXTENSION
ROTATIONROTATION
FLEXION, EXTENSION, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ADDUCTION, ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, ROTATIONABDUCTION, ROTATION
A LITTLE IN ALL A LITTLE IN ALL DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONS
LEFT/RIGHT LEFT/RIGHT FORWARDS/BACKWARDFORWARDS/BACKWARDSS
Types of movement
FLEXIONFLEXIONWHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN A JOINT DECREASES. E.G. WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN A JOINT DECREASES. E.G. BENDING KNEE / ELBOW.BENDING KNEE / ELBOW.
EXTENSIONEXTENSIONWHEN THE ANGLE AT A JOINT INCREASES, E.G. WHEN THE ANGLE AT A JOINT INCREASES, E.G. STRAIGHTENING THE ARM OR LEG.STRAIGHTENING THE ARM OR LEG.
ADDUCTIONADDUCTIONMOVING TOWARDS AN IMAGINARY CENTRE LINE OF THE MOVING TOWARDS AN IMAGINARY CENTRE LINE OF THE BODY. E.G. RAISING ARM SIDEWAYSBODY. E.G. RAISING ARM SIDEWAYS
ABDUCTIONABDUCTIONMOVING AWAY FROM THE CENTRE LINE. E.G. BRINGING ARM MOVING AWAY FROM THE CENTRE LINE. E.G. BRINGING ARM BACK DOWN.BACK DOWN.
CERVICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAE7 OF THESE MAKE UP THE NECK
THORACIC THORACIC VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAE12 OF THESE AND THE RIBS ATTACH TO THEM
LUMBAR LUMBAR VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAETHERE ARE 5 OF THESE
SACCRUMSACCRUMTHIS IS TRIANGULAR SHAPED
COCCYXCOCCYX DOES NOTHING NOW BUT USED TO BE THE TAIL
PURPOSES OF THE PURPOSES OF THE SPINESPINE
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
SHAPESHAPE
SUPPORTSUPPORT
PROTECT SPINAL CORDPROTECT SPINAL CORD
MUSCLES OF THE BODY
MUSCLES OF MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN THE HUMAN
BODYBODYPECTORALPECTORALSS
BICEPSBICEPS
ABDOMINALSABDOMINALS
QUADRICEPQUADRICEPSS
GASTROCNEMIUGASTROCNEMIUSS
(BACK OF LEG)(BACK OF LEG)
DELTOIDSDELTOIDS
TRAPEZIUTRAPEZIUSS
TRICEPSTRICEPS
GLUTEALGLUTEALSS
LATISSIMUSLATISSIMUS
DORSIDORSIHAMSTRINGHAMSTRINGSS
Muscle types and actions
TYPES OF TYPES OF MUSCLESMUSCLES
THERE ARE THREE TYPES
VOLUNTARYVOLUNTARY CARDIACCARDIACINVOLUNTARYINVOLUNTARY
VOLUNTARY VOLUNTARY MUSCLESMUSCLES
ARE ONES THAT WE CAN ARE ONES THAT WE CAN CONTROL SUCH AS CONTROL SUCH AS BICEPS AND TRICEPS BICEPS AND TRICEPS WHEN DOING A PRESS WHEN DOING A PRESS UP OR QUADS AND UP OR QUADS AND HAMSTRINGS DURING A HAMSTRINGS DURING A SQUAT. THEY ARE SQUAT. THEY ARE ATTACHED TO BONES ATTACHED TO BONES AND ARE ALSO CALLED AND ARE ALSO CALLED STRIPED OR SKELETALSTRIPED OR SKELETAL
INVOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY MUSCLESMUSCLES
ARE THE ONES WE HAVE ARE THE ONES WE HAVE NO CONTROL OVER. THESE NO CONTROL OVER. THESE INCLUDE THE MUSCLES IN INCLUDE THE MUSCLES IN OUR ARTERIES THAT HELP OUR ARTERIES THAT HELP PUSH THE BLOOD AND PUSH THE BLOOD AND MUSCLES IN THE MUSCLES IN THE STOMACH, INTESTINE AND STOMACH, INTESTINE AND GUT WHICH PUSH THE GUT WHICH PUSH THE FOOD ALONG. THEY ARE FOOD ALONG. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED ALSO CALLED SMOOTH SMOOTH MUSCLESMUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLE
THESE FORM THE THESE FORM THE WALLS OF THE HEART WALLS OF THE HEART AND WORK AND WORK AUTOMATICALLY AUTOMATICALLY THROUGHOUT LIFE. THROUGHOUT LIFE. THEY HAVE THEIR THEY HAVE THEIR OWN BLOOD SUPPLYOWN BLOOD SUPPLY
MUSCLE INFORMATION
FAST TWITCH FIBRES THEY CONTRACT VERY QUICKLY AND ARE VERY THEY CONTRACT VERY QUICKLY AND ARE VERY POWERFUL. BUT THEY TIRE VERY QUICKLY. SPORTS POWERFUL. BUT THEY TIRE VERY QUICKLY. SPORTS THAT NEED A SHORT SHARP POWERFUL BURST OF THAT NEED A SHORT SHARP POWERFUL BURST OF ENERGY NEED LOTS OF FAST TWITCH FIBRES. E.G.ENERGY NEED LOTS OF FAST TWITCH FIBRES. E.G.100 METRES, SHOT.100 METRES, SHOT.
SLOW TWITCH FIBRES THEY CONTRACT MUCH SLOWER AND WITH LESS THEY CONTRACT MUCH SLOWER AND WITH LESS POWER, BUT THEY CAN GO ON FOR ALONG TIME. POWER, BUT THEY CAN GO ON FOR ALONG TIME. SPORTS PEOPLE THAT NEED ENDURANCE REQUIRE SPORTS PEOPLE THAT NEED ENDURANCE REQUIRE SLOW TWITCH FIBRES IN ABUNDANCE E.G.SLOW TWITCH FIBRES IN ABUNDANCE E.G.LONG DISTANCE OR LONG DISTANCE OR
MARATHON RUNNERSMARATHON RUNNERS
MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO TWO DIFFERENT BONES BY TENDONS. ONLY ONE OF THESE BONES WILL MOVE WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS
AGONISTS OR PRIME MOVERS
THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT CONTRACT (SHORTEN) WHEN A JOINT MOVES.
ANTAGONIST THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT RELAX (LENGTHEN) WHEN A LIMB MOVES..
SYNERGISTS THESE MUSCLES HOLD THE STATIONARY BONE THESE MUSCLES HOLD THE STATIONARY BONE STILL, E.G. THE MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE STILL, E.G. THE MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE SHOULDER WHEN YOU BEND YOUR ELBOWSHOULDER WHEN YOU BEND YOUR ELBOW
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AND AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLESMUSCLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONSCONTRACTIONS
ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS
THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE CHANGES LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. A BICEP
CURL.
THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE STAYS AT THE SAME LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. PUSHING AGAINST AN IMMOVABLE OBJECT
AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLES
MUSCLE FATIGUEMUSCLE FATIGUE MUSCLE MUSCLE ATROPHYATROPHY
CRAMPCRAMP
THIS IS WHEN YOU USE THIS IS WHEN YOU USE YOUR MUSCLES TOO YOUR MUSCLES TOO MUCH AND THEY DO NOT MUCH AND THEY DO NOT GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. THEY BECOME TIRED THEY BECOME TIRED AND FATIGUEDAND FATIGUED
THIS IS WHEN YOU THIS IS WHEN YOU DON’T USE YOUR DON’T USE YOUR MUSCLES ENOUGH. MUSCLES ENOUGH. THEY GET SMALLERTHEY GET SMALLER
A SUDDEN A SUDDEN CONTRACTION OF A CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT WON’T MUSCLE THAT WON’T RELAXRELAX
Skeleton and muscle exam tipsSKELETON AND MUSCLE EXAM TIPSSKELETON AND MUSCLE EXAM TIPS
WHEN DESCRIBING WHERE A MUSCLE OR A BONE IS, ALWAYS;
STATE WHERE ON THE BODY THEY STATE WHERE ON THE BODY THEY ARE USING TERMS SUCH AS ARE USING TERMS SUCH AS FRONT, FRONT, SIDE,SIDE, BACK, TOP.BACK, TOP. ALSO SAY WHAT ALSO SAY WHAT THEY THEY LIE BETWEEN.LIE BETWEEN.
FOR EXAMPLE;FOR EXAMPLE;
‘‘THE BICEP IS ON THE THE BICEP IS ON THE FRONTFRONT OF THE OF THE UPPER ARMUPPER ARM BETWEEN BETWEEN THE THE SHOULDERSHOULDER AND THE AND THE ELBOW.ELBOW.’’
OR; ‘OR; ‘THE FEMUR IS IN THE THE FEMUR IS IN THE UPPER LEGUPPER LEG BETWEENBETWEEN THE THE HIP HIP AND THE AND THE KNEEKNEE.’.’
TENDONS LINK MUSCLES TENDONS LINK MUSCLES TO BONETO BONE
LIGAMENTS LINK BONE LIGAMENTS LINK BONE TO BONETO BONE
REMEMBER YOUR REMEMBER YOUR ACHILLES TENDONACHILLES TENDON
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
POSTURE
• THIS IS THE WAY THAT WE HOLD OUR BODY• GOOD POSTURE MEANS A STRAIGHT SPINE
AND A HEALTHIER BODY.• IT CAN BE HELPED BY SITTING AND WALKING
WITH A STRAIGHT SPINE, BY EXERCISING, LIFTING THINGS PROPERLY AND WEARING THE CORRECT CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR