Skill Builder 8-StudyGroup1Final Waves Grid

Study Group 1: Waves of EducationMarcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Shaneek Griffith; Cathy Miller

Evolution of Distance EducationOMDE 601-9040

Fall 2015

WAVE 1: Correspondence/Independent Study

Context Theories Developments & Systems

Methods of Teaching/Learning

Technologies

Key Authors

The history of Distance Education can be traced back to early cultures who used pictures and epistles to deliver knowledge.

1728-The first documented correspondence by Caleb Phillipps

1862, 1890- Morrill Land Grant Acts-promotes education for all

1856-Germany offers self-teaching courses

1873- First correspondence schools in the U.S.

1906-The Calvert School in Baltimore established

1920’s-rise of radio broadcasting and another way to deliver education

1930’s-U.S. universities offer correspondence courses

1953-First

The beginnings of education where instructor and student are separated by time and space.

New delivery systems result as a need for a skilled workforce as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Mass production of educational materials

Independent learning with instructions and exercises allows student to learn on their own

DE offers correspondence courses to military and agricultural populations

Independence Theory-learner are autonomous

Postal system leads to development of correspondence schools

Correspondence Universities

Printing presses allow for the mass printing of educational materials

Courses offer students ability to learn on their own

Teachers distributed learning materials via postal mail.

Mailing students recordings, printed material

University courses being instructed by a self-taught person

Printed materials

Printed materials

1840’s-Sir Isaac Pittman-Pittman’s Correspondence Colleges taught shorthand courses by mail (postcards)

1908-H.S. Hermod wrote Hermods Prospectus of

1908-correspondence mail courses

Margaret Haughey

Otto Peters

Börje Holmberg


televised DE courses

Impact of Industrial Revolution and the need to educate a growing workforce.

One to one relationship possible

Empathy (guided didactic conversation)

Behaviorist & Constructivist

Provide educational opportunities to women

Alan Tough’s Self-directed learning

International Correspondence Schools (ICS)

The Benton Harbor Plan

US Postal Service

Michael G. Moore and Greg Kearsley

Use of radio for educational purposes supported farmers furthering their education

Educational Radio

Federal Communications Commission

The U. S. Department of Agriculture developed a network of extension education activities for the farmers through state agricultural colleges. Radio became a natural medium for agricultural extension

Radio Shows and programming

Laine

WAVE 2: Systems Approach to Education (1960’s)



Technologies Key Authors

1960’s-Open Universities expanding the reach of education for everyone-a new age of DE

In 1962 “the Federal

Otto Peters-Industrialization Theory

Michael Moore-TransactionalDistance Theory

Constructivism Theory

1969-The Internet

Formed associations and Gathering

Otto Peters

Tony Bates


Educational Television Facilities Act funded the construction of educational television stations (Peters, 2010)

In 1964-1968 AIM project test delivery different technologies through budget wise and high quality education off campus(Peters, 2010)

In 1969 correspondence educational institutions of higher education became independent study

Another large influx of students-primarily baby boomers born after WW II

Access to education was limited for many which led to open universities

Distinguish from homes schools and secondary education

Systems Approach

allegiancesThe Independent Study Division of the National University Extension Association

Formed variety of communications for the students including counseling, support services, tutoring etc.

professionals in Higher Education who share similar interest

Improving Distance Education processes and approach to teaching at a distance

Börje Holmberg

Alan Tait

In 1951, the City Colleges of Chicago pioneered the first large-scale instructional television programs for credit

Moore expressed concern about the progress of distance education being hindered by lack of attention to what he called the 'macro

Tele-courses Open Universities were available - eliminates the boundary of nations and nationalities

television broadcasting companies

Michael G. Moore and Greg Kearsley


Disabled war veterans (WW 2 and Vietnam) utilized the availability of tele courses

factors'.

Distance education is not just simply a geographical separation of learners and teacher, but more importantly, a pedagogical concept.

Universities offering courses to outside organizations

Systems approach; collaboration between organizations

Teleconferencing Access is more restricted; usually takes place in real-time

Telephone, Video-conferencing, satellite

Gary E. Miller

1972 Michael Moore presented to ICCE(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

General Theory of Pedagogy in Distance Education(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Independent study at University of Wisconsin Madison(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Contiguous teachingDistance teaching(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Print/ElectronicMechanicalOther devices(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Michael Moore(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Work by researchers at University of Tubingen(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Fernstudium(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Hermod’s Correspondence School in Sweden(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Distance education(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Print/ElectronicMechanicalOther devices(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Borje Holmberg(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

1967 Industrial Technological Age(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Distance Teaching and Industrial Production

Organizational Theory(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

University of Tubingen(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Courses distributed to a large number of students(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Systematic planning

Specialization of work force

“Mass production of materials, automation standardization, quality control, full range of modern communication technologies” (Moore, 208)

Otto Peters(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Learner independence and control, global, humanistic psychology, self-directed learning,

Peter’s Organizational Theory which led to Knowles’ andragogy, which led to the Pedagogical

All forms of distance education(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Teaching behaviors executed apart from learning behaviors(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Highly structured industrial system(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Otto PetersMichael MooreCharles WedemeyerMalcolm Knowles


macro factors(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Theory, which led to . . .(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Alan Tough(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

EnvironmentalIndividualsBehavior1980(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

. . .Transactional Distance(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Instructors and learners separate from one another(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

“Pedagogical Phenomenon”(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Highly structured industrial system(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

John DeweyBoyd & Apps(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Student Self-Improvement / Students who left school would benefit from higher education

Creating a one on one atmosphere for the student in writings and interactions

Team Approach

Conversation Model

Open Universities (United Kingdom), Pedagogic Principles with Systems Approach, Structured Courses, Dialogue

Student centered with Teacher Dialogue

Writings and readings geared toward a conversation in tone

Mainly printed material, some radio, television, media conferencing

Literature and study material

Tony Bates (2011)

Barbara Hodgson (1993)

References Bates, A. W. (2011). Tony Bates: The second wave of DE and History of the Open University, UK. [Video]. Available from

https://vimeo.com/32292234

Haughey, M. (2010). Teaching and learning in distance education before the digital age. In M. F. Cleveland Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era. (pp. 4666). New York and London: Routledge

Hodgson, B (1993) Key Terms and Issues in Open and Distance Learning. London: Kogan Page.

Holmberg, B. (2005). The evolution, principles, and practices of distance education. Oldenburg, Germany: BISVerlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg

Laine, E. (1939). Motion pictures and radio: Report of the Regent’s inquiry. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Miller, G. E. (2010). Organization and technology of distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison, D.R. (Eds.), An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 26-45). New York & London: Routledge.

Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. USA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning

Moore, M. (n/a). Theory of transactional distance. Retrieved from http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/support/readings/moore93.pdf


Nassehn, B. (1997). A brief history of distance education. Retrieved from http://www.seniornet.org/edu/art/history.html

Peters, O. (2001). Learning and teaching in distance education. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing Inc.

Peters, O. (2010). The greatest achievement of industrialized education: Open universities. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments and issues (5th edition), (pp. 5781). Oldenburg, Germany: BISVerlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. Available from http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct

Post University. (2015). The Evolution of Distance Education in Higher Learning. Retrieved on October 7, 2015 from http://www.evolution-of- distance-learning.com/

Saba, F. (2015). Distance Education: An Introduction to the Discipline and the Practice. Distance-Educator.com. Retrieved on October 7, 2015 from http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Distance_Education__An_Introduction_to_the_Discip.pdf?paperid=2021499

Simonson, M., Schlosser, C., & Hanson, D. (1999). Theory and Distance Education: A new Discussion. Retrieved from http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/found/simons99.htm


WAVE 3: Internet/Web - Based Communication




Launching of the World Wide Web (publically) in 1990(Bates and Sangra)

Terminology used: “flexible navigation“, “richer context,” “learner centered,” and “social context of learning”(Olson and Wisher)

Increased Speed of communication between teacher and student

First available internet courses(Anderson, 2011)

Need for effective collaboration and meeting diverse student needs(Anderson, 2003)

Need for interactivity(Anderson, 2003)

Opportunities for real learning experiences (daily, work, alumni)

Industrialization TheoryTeaching process is mechanized and automated (Peters, 2010)

Equivalency Theory Distance education that is “equivalent” to face-to-face education(Anderson, 2003)

Interaction Equivalency Theorem Having good interaction with one element (Teaching, Social, Network) alleviates the need for the other two elements(Anderson, 2011)

Internet-based LearningEducation via internet(Holmberg, 2005)

Community of Inquiry (CoI)Teaching, Social, and Network presence(Garrison, 2007)

Constructivism TheoryRole of teacher is reduced; student gains knowledge via training experiences (as with military)(Anderson, 2011)

Learning Management System (LMS) Created in 1994 by Murray Goldberg(Bates and Sangra)

Web-based learning systems (new form of computer based learning) made an entry in the late 90’s.(Moore & Kearsley 2012)

In the late 1990’s CD’s (compact disc) and DVD (digital video discs became dominant.(Moore & Kearsley 2012)

Voice over internet protocol via computer conferences introduced in 1995 by Vocaltec(Francis-Cobley & Coward 2004)

Transport Protocol: “The most appropriate Internet transport protocol for synchronous

Cognitive-based theories of learning(Olson and Wisher)

synchronous and asynchronous learning environments(Peters)

Asynchronous / synchronous communication between students and with instructor(Anderson, 2011)

Web 2.0 (social bookmarking, blogging) for students and instructors (wikis, blogs)(Anderson, 2011)

Learner control(Anderson, 2003)

Different forms of participation and communication by students(Anderson, 2003)

Other learner perspectives(Anderson, 2003)

Simulated interaction between students(Anderson, 2003)

Common interaction types (student-student, student-teacher, student-content, teacher-teacher, teacher-content,

Internet(Anderson, 2011)

Interactive technologies (audio and video conferencing(Anderson, 2011)

Increased computer power and storage capacity(Anderson, 2003)

Further development of programming tools and environments(Anderson, 2003)Multimedia equipment for“Smart classrooms”(Anderson, 2003)

“Java applets, automated testing, quiz forms of feedback, simulations, adaptive computer assisted instruction, and applications of ‘learning objects’” (Anderson, 2003)

“Text based computer mediated communications” (Anderson, 2003)

Open Digital Markup Language(Anderson, 2003)

Smart Notebook

Terry AndersonCreated Community of Inquiry Model (with Randy Garrison and Walter Archer)Created Interaction Equivalency TheoremCreated Equivalency Theorem Website (with Terumi Miyazoe)Used Web 2.0 tools as new pedagogy (with Jon Dron)(Anderson, 2011)

Created Modes of Interaction Model (with Randy Garrison)(Anderson, 2003)

Randy GarrisonCreated Community of Inquiry Model (with Terry Anderson and Walter Archer)Created Interaction-based model of e-learning (with NAME Shale)(Anderson, 2003)


(Anderson, 2011)

Training style based on military(Anderson, 2011)

Using technology to provide a quality educational experience(Peters, 2010)

Students using “nets” to create informal learning opportunities(Anderson, 2011)

Allows for scalability(Anderson, 2011)

Need for different combinations (paced/un-paced, synchronous / asynchronous(Anderson, 2003)

Need for a variety of modes and modularities(Anderson, 2003)

Increased amount of web courses delivered by institutions(Anderson, 2003)Accommodate large scale

Communal Constructivism Theory“Building knowledge in groups, and drawing on real situations and experiences” (Wenger, McDermott and Snyder, 2002; Fulantelli, 2010; Redmond and Lock, 2009; Redmond and Mander, 2009 as stated in Salmon, 2011).

Collaborative Constructivsm Theory“Building knowledge in groups, and drawing on real situations and experiences” (Wenger, McDermott and Snyder, 2002; Fulantelli, 2010; Redmond and Lock, 2009; Redmond and Mander, 2009 as stated in Salmon, 2011).

Concept of Open Learning-makes learning available to thousands of student-more of a policy but created new theories(Bates, 2015)

Connectivism TheoryKnowledge is shared through technology (Siemens, 2004)

audio normally is the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which delivers messages as quickly as possible” (Pullen, 2002).

content-content(Anderson, 2003)

Call center(Anderson, 2003)

Peer moderators(Anderson, 2003)

I-Help system(Anderson, 2003)

Search & RetrievalTutorialsSimulations/GamesVirtual labsE-books(Anderson, 2003)

Independent learning by students(Anderson, 2003)

Computer-mediated groups for students(Salmon, 2011)

Online messaging for students and instructors(Salmon, 2011)

‘Reflections’ by students(Salmon, 2011)

Online socialization and networking for students(Salmon, 2011)

Self-interestCommon interest(Salmon, 2011)

E-moderators to create socialization opportunities for e-learners(Salmon, 2011)

Software

Voice over internet protocol via computer conferences introduced in 1995 by Vocaltec

Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)(Salmon, 2011)

Computer-mediated conferencing (CMC)(Salmon, 2011)

COPE/Decision Explorer(Salmon, 2011)

Web-based Virtual Learning Environment(Salmon, 2011)

Web 2.0(Salmon, 2011)

Mobile phone/tablet(Salmon, 2011)

Conferencing (audio, video, web)(Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Social networks (Twitter, Facebook)(Anderson & Dron, 2011)

CMC (Computer-Mediated Communication)(Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)Computer conferencing(Garrison,

Created Modes of Interaction Model (with Terry Anderson)(Anderson, 2003)

Walter ArcherCreated Community of Inquiry Model (with Randy Garrison and Terry Anderson)(Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Terumi MiyazoeCreated Equivalency Theorem Website (with Terry Anderson)(Anderson, 2011)

George SiemensWrote 2004 article on ConnectivismRan massive open online courses (MOOCs) (with Stephen Downes)(Anderson, 2011)

Stephen DownesRan massive open online courses (MOOCs) (with George Siemens)(Anderson, 2011)Wrote papers on Connectivism


number of students at OUUKSalmon, 2011)

“Span the geographic distance between learners, teachers, and institutions”(Anderson and Dron, 2011)

Andragogy TheoryWhen learning that takes place between teacher and self-directed adult.(Hase, S. Kenyon, C. 2000)

Heutatgogy TheorySimilar to Andragogy, but self-directed students guide their own learning rather than instructor(Hase & Kenyon, 2000)

Transactional Distance TheoryBased on variable levels of class structure, student autonomy, and dialog(Moore, 2006)

‘Bar’/’Café area for students(Salmon, 2011)

Student e-tivities(Salmon, 2011)

E-moderators to provide guidelines and protocols(Salmon, 2011)

Instructor ‘Weaving’ and summarizing discussions(Salmon, 2011)

Participants as online authors rather than transmitters of information(Salmon, 2011)

Learners discuss, create, construct, explore, connect, create, evaluate(Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Teachers lead discussions, act as guide on the side, critical friend, co-traveler(Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Learners will construct meaning through sustained communication and project personal characteristics in the community(Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Teachers will design education experience and facilitate(Garrison,

Anderson, Archer, 2000)

PC(Peters, 2010)

Multimedia(Peters, 2010)

Internet(Peters, 2010)

Hypertext and hypermedia(Peters, 2010)

Simulation(Peters, 2010)

Virtual Reality (Peters, 2010)

Email(Peters, 2010)

Electronic noticeboard(Peters, 2010)

PowerPoint(Peters, 2010)

Worldwide web(Swan, 2010)

Digital multimedia(Swan, 2010)

YouTube(Swan, 2010)

Web 2.0(Swan, 2010)

Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Jon DronUsed Web 2.0 tools as new pedagogy (with Terry Anderson)(Anderson, 2011)

Ellen WagnerIntroduced the Interaction-based model of e-learning(Anderson, 2003) Roderick SimsNamed functions of Interaction-Based Model of e-Learning(Anderson, 2003)

Matthew LipmanCreated learning communities(Anderson, 2003)

Etienne WengerCreated learning communities(Anderson, 2003)

Doug ShaleCreated interaction-based model of e-learning (with Randy Garrison)(Anderson, 2003)

Diana


Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Text-based communication media (email, texting)(Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Promote critical thinking for students(Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Questioning, reasoning, connecting, deliberating, challenging, and developing problem-solving techniques (Lipman, 1991 as stated by Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

‘Teacher immediacy’ is present(Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Students will:

- Exchange information

- Compile folders and collections of text

- Search for info- Solve problems- Navigate

hypertext- Develop/publish

learning- Study learning

contents- Use video

programs on

LaurillardCreated an “ideal conversational model of learning” pertaining to interaction(Anderson, 2003)

Jim Greer and colleaguesDeveloped the I-Help system(Anderson, 2003)

Brent WilsonNamed the three functions of a good educational theory(“Envision new worlds”)(“Helps us make new things”)(“Keeps us honest”)(Anderson, 2003)

Gilly SalmonUsed conferences to build working models of computer-mediated conferencing (CMC)Created ‘reflections’ for feedback messages from tutorsUtilized focus groups to gain understanding of participant experiencesBuilt and ran an e-moderator training program


CDs- Use virtual

reality(Peters, 2010)

Expository teaching and receptive learning(Peters, 2010)

Students can express personalities in virtual environments(Swan, 2010)

Teachers maintain open communication(Swan, 2010)

CMC and computer conferencing (Garrison, Anderson, Archer, 2000)

Developed the 5-Stage Model: Access and motivation, online socialization, information exchange, knowledge construction, development)(Salmon, 2011)

Morten Flate Paulsen Identified three constellations(one person to another person – email)(one person communicates with several – noticeboard(several persons communicate with several persons – virtual conference)(Peters, 2010)


FUTURE WAVE : New Possibilities




By 2007, 90% of colleges in the U.S. have Learning Management Systems (LMS)(Bates and Sangra)

Massive Open Universities offering courses worldwide-MOOC (massive open online course)(Bates)

Increasing social, economic, cultural change(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

“Disruptive technology”(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

Online learning benefiting autonomous, self-regulated learning(Peters, 2010)

Technology’s influence on DE(Anderson and Dron, 2011)

ConnConn

Connectivism TheoryKnowledge is shared through technology (Siemens, 2004)

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)A global expansion to learning-self-directed, learning “nodes” (Siemens, 2013)

Non-directed or Autonomous TheoryLearners take responsibility for own learners; no interference from person or organization(Peters, 2010)

Complexity Theory“Seeks to create learning activities that allow effective behavior to emerge and evolve and ineffective ideas to be extinguished” (Anderson, 2010)

(Marci Applewhite)

Video Media in the form of Streaming video became widely used via YouTube (2005) & Vimeo (2004)Terry Anderson (2011)

Web 2.0 or Social networking and Media applications in the classroom has become prevalent in the past 5 years.(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

Universities like UMUC shift from textbooks to e-books and digital resources(UMUC, 2015)

Future learning movement continues to included real-time, synchronous communication through the use of social media, chat rooms and texting.

Accessing connectivity from anywhere by using technology has increased learning opportunities for students and given teachers various ways of

Intelligent, flexible learning for students(Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Teacher and student interact via CloudWorks(Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Self-planned learning(Peters, 2010)

Self-organized learning(Peters, 2010)

Self-assessed learning(Peters, 2010)

Self-directed learning(Peters, 2010)

Learners who can initiate, plan, implement, control, evaluate, and apply their learning(Peters, 2010)

Faster communication between student and correctors(Peters, 2010)

“Open educational market”(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

(Continued below)

Intelligent databases(Anderson & Dron)

Web 3.0(Anderson & Dron)

Multi-sensory(Peters, 2010)

Animation(Peters, 2010)

Virtual reality(Peters, 2010)

Virtual communication (Peters, 2010)

Network-basedlearning(Peters, 2010)

Digital libraries(Peters, 2010)

“Digitally converged technologies(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

Faster pace of various technologies overlapping(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

(Continued below)

Tony Bates,Moore & Kearsley,Terry AndersonContinue to research DE and explore ways to merge past theories with newer theories

Otto PetersA pioneer in DE, he continues to influence the field of DE

James HendlerSuggested that “mobility, augmented reality, and location awareness” will be part of future waveAnderson & Dron, 2011)

Toby SegaranSuggested the use of ‘collectives’ for DE futureAnderson & Dron, 2011)

J. TaylorSuggested “use of intelligent data bases that create ‘intelligent flexible learning’”Anderson &


Moving towards “shared learning” in a digital world(Siemens. 2013)

(Michele Bodine)

lecturing multiple classes at once. (Clark, 2012)

(Shaneek Griffith)

Customized learning(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

(Cathy Miller)

Instructors and Publishers move to electronic books-math courses taught through online “MyMathLab” by Pearson(Schaffhauser, 2015)

New types of developments within infrastructure of broadband, radio, networks(Evans and Pauling, 2010)Additional connectivity beyond desktops(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

Enhanced content management to ensure security(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

Social web will be platform and database(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

Continued scientific and technological advances(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

Interactive screens(Evans and Pauling, 2010)

(Cathy Miller)

Dron, 2011)

(Continued below)Rolf ArnoldSuggested the implementation for “a pedagogy of enablement”Anderson & Dron, 2011)

Hase & KenyonSuggested that heutagogy (self-determined learning) is how all humans learn

(Cathy Miller)

*Grid Edited by Marci Applewhite

*References and Final Comments follow on the next pages


Final Comments

This final Evolution of Distance Education Grid was completed by the remaining members of Study Group 1: Marci Applewhite, Michele Bodine, Shaneek Griffith and Cathy Miller. Members were asked to select a section to complete. Unfortunately, due to the loss of several original members the remaining members worked collaboratively to fill in the grid. The grid was created using the template from the course in Google Docs. This presented a problem since the original “owner” of the document left the group and was unable to provide access to members for the final section. A recommendation to future students would be to provide ownership of the document to several members to avoid the problems we encountered. The group communicated through the classroom study group area, email and text. We learned firsthand about the collaboration necessary in a virtual classroom to complete an assignment. The final grid is a visual tool demonstrating the developments in distance education history.


References

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