Skeletal systemSkeletal systemI.I. FunctionsFunctions

A.A. Support, movement, Support, movement, protection, storage protection, storage (calcium, fat, minerals), (calcium, fat, minerals), blood cell formationblood cell formation

II.II. ClassificationClassificationA.A. Compact bone-dense Compact bone-dense

and looks smoothand looks smooth

B.B. Spongy Bone-small Spongy Bone-small needlelike pieces with needlelike pieces with lots of spacelots of space

III.III. Shape ClassificationShape Classification

A.A. Long bones-shaft and head, shaft Long bones-shaft and head, shaft is mainly compact and head is is mainly compact and head is spongyspongy

B.B. Short bones-cube shaped, mainly Short bones-cube shaped, mainly spongy bonespongy bone

C.C. Flat bones-thin and sometimes Flat bones-thin and sometimes curved, 2 layers of compact bone curved, 2 layers of compact bone sandwiching spongy bonesandwiching spongy bone

D.D. Irregular bones-don’t meet Irregular bones-don’t meet criteria, vertebrae, hipscriteria, vertebrae, hips

IV.IV. Structure of bones-Gross AnatomyStructure of bones-Gross Anatomy

A.A. Diaphysis-ShaftDiaphysis-Shaft

B.B. Epiphysis-ends of boneEpiphysis-ends of bone

C.C. Periosteum-covering around shaftPeriosteum-covering around shaft

D.D. Articular cartilage-covering of ends of bone Articular cartilage-covering of ends of bone (hyaline cartilage)(hyaline cartilage)

E.E. Epiphyseal line/plate (growth plate), Epiphyseal line/plate (growth plate), causes lengthwise growthcauses lengthwise growth

F.F. Yellow marrow-cavity in shaft of bone Yellow marrow-cavity in shaft of bone stores fat (adults)stores fat (adults)

G.G. Red Marrow-forms red blood cellsRed Marrow-forms red blood cells

1.1. In shaft of infantsIn shaft of infants

2.2. Spongy bone in adultsSpongy bone in adults

H.H. Bone Markings-indicate where Bone Markings-indicate where tendons/ligaments attachtendons/ligaments attach

1.1. Facet, process, Tubercle, condyloidFacet, process, Tubercle, condyloid2.2. Fossa, foramensFossa, foramens

I.I. Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy1.1. Osteocytes-mature bone cellsOsteocytes-mature bone cells2.2. Lacunae-cavities where bone cells are Lacunae-cavities where bone cells are

foundfound3.3. Lamellae-rings of lacunae around Lamellae-rings of lacunae around

haversian canalshaversian canals4.4. Haversian Canals-central lengthwise Haversian Canals-central lengthwise

canal, blood and nervescanal, blood and nerves5.5. Calculi-connect haversian canal with Calculi-connect haversian canal with

lacunaelacunae6.6. Perforating canal (Volkmann’s canal)-Perforating canal (Volkmann’s canal)-

run at right angles to shaftrun at right angles to shaft

V.V. GrowthGrowthA.A. Ossification-formation of bone from Ossification-formation of bone from

cartilagecartilage

1.1. Osteoblasts-immature bone cell Osteoblasts-immature bone cell in the matrix that become in the matrix that become osteocytesosteocytes

2.2. Hyaline cartilage is digested Hyaline cartilage is digested awayaway

3.3. Calcitonin-hormone that Calcitonin-hormone that activates osteoblasts, then put activates osteoblasts, then put calcium into Bonecalcium into Bone

4.4. Tubercle-site of bone growth Tubercle-site of bone growth due to stressdue to stress

VI.VI. Bone BreakdownBone Breakdown

A.A. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) activates osteoclastsactivates osteoclasts

B.B. Osteoclasts-bone destroying Osteoclasts-bone destroying cells, which place calcium into cells, which place calcium into bloodblood

C.C. Atrophy-depletion of bone or Atrophy-depletion of bone or muscle due to lack of exercisemuscle due to lack of exercise

VII.VII. Fractures-classified by external Fractures-classified by external appearanceappearance

A.A. KindsKinds

1.1. Closed or Simple-does not go Closed or Simple-does not go through skinthrough skin

2.2. Open or Compound-through Open or Compound-through skin, Infectionskin, Infection

B.B. TypesTypes1.1. Spiral Fracture-twisting stressSpiral Fracture-twisting stress

a.a. Lengthwise fracture along boneLengthwise fracture along bone

b.b. Dangerous because can not set rightDangerous because can not set right

2.2. Transverse Fracture-across shaftTransverse Fracture-across shaft

3.3. Greenstick Fracture-one side broken, one Greenstick Fracture-one side broken, one side connectedside connecteda.a. Happens in childrenHappens in children

4.4. Comminuted-shattering of boneComminuted-shattering of bone

5.5. Compression fracture-fracture from Compression fracture-fracture from landing flat footed, or on bottomlanding flat footed, or on bottoma.a. Usually associated with vertebraeUsually associated with vertebrae

VIII.VIII. Joints (articulations)Joints (articulations)

A.A. Hold bones together and Hold bones together and provided mobilityprovided mobility

B.B. ClassifiedClassified

1.1. Synarthroses-immovable jointsSynarthroses-immovable joints

2.2. Amphiarthroses-slightly Amphiarthroses-slightly movablemovable

3.3. Diathroses-freely movableDiathroses-freely movable

C.C. TypesTypes1.1. Fibrous Joints (mostly immovable)Fibrous Joints (mostly immovable)

a.a. Connected by fibrous tissueConnected by fibrous tissue

b.b. SuturesSutures

2.2. Cartilaginous (mostly slightly movable)Cartilaginous (mostly slightly movable)a.a. Connected by cartilageConnected by cartilage

b.b. Vertebrae, pubic symphysisVertebrae, pubic symphysis

3.3. Synovial Joints-Synovial Joints-mostly movablemostly movablea.a. Joints that Joints that

contain synovial contain synovial fluidfluid

b.b.FeaturesFeaturesi.i. Articular Articular

cartlilage-ends cartlilage-ends of boneof bone

ii.ii. Fibrous articular Fibrous articular capsule-also capsule-also called synovial called synovial membranemembrane

iii.iii. Joint cavity-Joint cavity-synovial fluidsynovial fluid

iv.iv. Reinforcing Reinforcing ligamentsligaments

D.D. Movement of Movement of synovial jointssynovial joints

1.1. Non-axialNon-axiala.a. Plane joint-Plane joint-

between carpalsbetween carpals2.2. Uni-axialUni-axial

a.a. Hinge joint-Hinge joint-humerous and humerous and ulnaulna

b.b. Pivot joint-Pivot joint-radius and ulnaradius and ulna

3.3. Bi-axialBi-axiala.a. Condyloid joint-Condyloid joint-

knucklesknucklesb.b. Saddle joint-Saddle joint-

thumbthumb4.4. Multi-axialMulti-axial

a.a. Ball and Socket-Ball and Socket-hip and shoulderhip and shoulder

IX.IX. Inflammatory DisordersInflammatory DisordersA.A. Sprain-tearing of dense fibrous Sprain-tearing of dense fibrous

connective tissue (tendons and connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)ligaments)

1.1. Long time heal, poor blood supplyLong time heal, poor blood supply

B.B. Arthritis (joint inflammation)-most Arthritis (joint inflammation)-most widespread crippling disorderwidespread crippling disorder

1.1. Acute Arthritis-due to bacterial infectionAcute Arthritis-due to bacterial infection

2.2. Chronic arthritis-long termChronic arthritis-long term

X.X. Chronic arthritisChronic arthritis

A.A. Osteoarthritis-most common, elderlyOsteoarthritis-most common, elderly1.1. Due to “wear and tear” of boneDue to “wear and tear” of bone

2.2. Breakdown of articular cartilage, bone spurs Breakdown of articular cartilage, bone spurs restrict joint movementrestrict joint movement

3.3. Relieved by aspirinRelieved by aspirin

B.B. Rheumatoid-3 times more common in Rheumatoid-3 times more common in womenwomen

1.1. Immune system is destroying own tissueImmune system is destroying own tissue

2.2. Synovial fluid accumulates, white blood Synovial fluid accumulates, white blood enter joint and destroy cartilageenter joint and destroy cartilage

3.3. Bones can fuse togetherBones can fuse together

4.4. Relieved by drugs, exercise, replacement Relieved by drugs, exercise, replacement jointsjoints

C.C. Gouty arthritis Gouty arthritis (acute)(acute)

1.1. Uric acid Uric acid accumulates and accumulates and crystalizes in jointscrystalizes in joints

2.2. Occurs more in Occurs more in malesmales

3.3. Can occur in only a Can occur in only a few joints (Big toe)few joints (Big toe)

4.4. Genetic factors may Genetic factors may be involvedbe involved

5.5. Therapy includes Therapy includes drugs, weight loss, drugs, weight loss, and elimination of and elimination of foods with Uric acidfoods with Uric acid

XI.XI. Developmental aspectsDevelopmental aspectsA.A. Skeletal changes over lifeSkeletal changes over life

1.1. At infancy skull is larger than face, At infancy skull is larger than face, by age 8-9 months skull is adult by age 8-9 months skull is adult size, 6-11 years face starts to grow size, 6-11 years face starts to grow “out”“out”

2.2. At birth, upper body is 1.5 times At birth, upper body is 1.5 times larger than lower body, by age 10 larger than lower body, by age 10 they are equalthey are equal

B.B. Scoliosis-Lateral curvature of Scoliosis-Lateral curvature of spinespine

C.C. Bones need to be physically stressed Bones need to be physically stressed to become stronger (mechanical force)to become stronger (mechanical force)

1.1. Inactivity will lead to thinningInactivity will lead to thinning

2.2. Osteoporosis-loss of bone massOsteoporosis-loss of bone massa.a. Occurs in elderly females mostOccurs in elderly females most

b.b. In neck of femurIn neck of femur

c.c. Also caused by poor diet, lack of Vit D Also caused by poor diet, lack of Vit D calcium and proteincalcium and protein

3.3. Rickets-In children, bones fail to Rickets-In children, bones fail to calcify usually poor diet, lack of calcify usually poor diet, lack of vit D or calciumvit D or calciuma.a. Bowing of legsBowing of legs